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PubMed2005

Somatic and physical traits affecting sprint swimming performance in young swimmers.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anthropometry, physical capacity, and sprint swimming performance in swimmers of both genders aged 12 - 14 years old. Anthropometric characteristics (body height and mass, total upper extremity, hand and foot lengths, chest circumference, certain body breadths, and skinfolds), as well as leg explosiveness (horizontal jump) and arm strength (handgrip strength test) were evaluated in 263 competitive swimmers (178 boys and 85 girls) aged 12 - 14 years. Skeletal age was assessed with the Tanner-Whitehouse method. All variables, except for the ankle and shoulder flexibility as well as the skeletal age, correlated with 100 m freestyle performance in boys (r = - 0.46 to - 0.73, p < 0.01). Using a split-sample approach, upper extremity length, horizontal jump, and grip strength were detected as significant predictors of 100 m freestyle performance in boys (R (2) = 0.59, p < 0.01). In girls, body height, upper extremity and hand length, shoulder flexibility, and horizontal jump were all significantly related to 100 m freestyle time (r = - 0.22 to - 0.31, p < 0.05) but the degree of association was markedly lower than in boys. In addition, only 17 % of the variance in performance was explained by a combination of body height, hand length, and horizontal jump in girls. These results suggest that 100 m freestyle performance can be partially explained by anthropometry and physical capacity tests in young swimmers. The contribution of these factors to sprint swimming performance is different in boys and girls and this requires further research. These findings could be used for male young swimmers' selection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Relationships of body size, segmental dimensions, and ponderal equivalents to muscular strength in high-strength and low-strength subjects.

There are conflicting results in prior studies concerning the relationships among body size, muscle size, and muscular strength. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate how body size, body shape, and segmental dimensions related to individual differences in muscular strength. Subjects were tested on four dynamic measures of strength and then classified into one of two groups as high strength (HS; N = 21) and low strength (LS; N = 21). Individual differences in strength were then related to body composition and segmental anthropometry. Strength was assessed during high-resistance, low-velocity standing squat and supine bench press with an isokinetic dynamometer, and during seated bench press and knee extension with a hydraulic resistance dynamometer. Anthropometry and body composition included 11 girths, six fatfolds, predicted fat-free mass (FFM), thigh and upper arm volume, muscle + bone cross-sectional area (CSA), and the Behnke Ponderal Somatogram (PSom) body profiling system. There was a 21.3% difference in strength between HS and LS (p less than 0.05), but no significant differences in age, stature, and fatfolds. MANOVA revealed that seven of 11 girth components of PSom were larger for HS (p less than 0.05). The correlations between strength vs body mass, FFM, thigh and upper arm volume, and CSA and fatfolds in HS and LS ranged from r = -0.52 to 0.56 (r = -0.70 to 0.70 when corrected for restriction of range). We conclude that individual differences in muscular strength are poorly related to various measures of body size and segmental body dimensions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Anthropometric and dietary survey of elderly Chinese.

The study was conducted to provide reference values of anthropometry and dietary intakes of elderly Chinese aged greater than or equal to 70 years and to investigate differences between urban and rural groups. A total of 441 subjects comprising 260 urban elderly (126 men and 134 women) and 181 rural elderly (83 men and 98 women) participated in the anthropometric study. One hundred subjects (50 men and 50 women) from both urban and rural locations were selected randomly from the anthropometric cohort for dietary survey using the method of diet recall. For both men and women, the urban elderly had significantly higher intakes of protein, fat, calcium, iron, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid than did the rural elderly. Significant sexual differences were also observed: men had higher intakes of total energy and three macronutrients than women. Both regional and sexual differences in anthropometry (but not blood pressure) seemed to be consistent with the results of the dietary survey. Positive correlations were found between systolic blood pressure and the ratio waist:hip circumference for both men and women. As a marker of adipose tissue distribution, it seemed that this ratio was more predictive of high blood pressure than body-weight.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

BMI and morbidity in relation to body composition: a cross-sectional study of a rural community in North-East India.

This paper deals with BMI and morbidity in relation to body-fat mass (BFM) and fat-free mass (FFM). The analysis was based on cross-sectional data concerning the age, household income, anthropometry and morbidity of 575 males aged 18-59 years from a rural community in North-East India. Data on morbidity were based on the self-reported morbidity (SRM) of the subjects during the last 4 weeks before the survey, whereas data on BMI and body composition were estimated from anthropometry. It was found that SRM was significantly associated with age and income. However, the relationship between BMI and SRM was not significant after adjusting for age and income. Separating the BMI into body-fat mass index (BFMI being BFM in kg divided by height squared in metres) and fat-free mass index (FFMI being FFM in kg divided by height squared in metres), it was found that BFMI was significantly associated with SRM after adjusting for age, income and FFMI. The subjects with a low (<2.9 kg/m(2)) BFMI were about 4.7 times (odds ratio 4.7, 95 % CI 2.6, 8.6) more likely to become sick than those with a normal (2.9-5.0 kg/m(2)) BFMI. In addition, the risk of becoming sick was higher in the subjects with a high (>5.0 kg/m(2)) BFMI than in those with a normal BFMI (odds ratio 3.9, 95 % CI 1.3, 9.8). However, the relationship between FFMI and morbidity was not clearly perceptible. It is therefore speculated that BMI may not always provide accurate information about the variation in body fat and body composition that is associated with morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Milk as a food for growth? The insulin-like growth factors link.

OBJECTIVE: The mechanisms underlying the association of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and leg length (a marker of prepubertal growth) with cancer risk are uncertain. One hypothesis is that diet in early childhood might provide the link. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between early diet - in particular, the intakes of cows' milk and dairy products - and height, leg length and IGF-I levels at age 7-8 years. SUBJECTS: Children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. DESIGN: Diet was assessed using a 3-day unweighed food record. Anthropometry, IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were measured by standard methods. RESULTS: Data on both diet and height were available for 744 children (404 boys) and on diet and IGF for 538 (295 boys). After adjusting for energy, both cows' milk and dairy product intakes were positively associated with IGF-I (P=0.040 and 0.027, respectively) and IGFBP-3 levels (P=0.082 and 0.067, respectively). These associations persisted on adjustment for potential confounders, but were abolished on controlling for protein intake. In energy-adjusted models there was only weak evidence of associations of milk and dairy product intakes with anthropometry. In boys only, dairy product intake was positively associated with leg length (equivalent to a 0.058 (0.002, 0.114) standard deviation score increase in leg length per 100 g increase in daily intake). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide some evidence that variation in childhood milk and dairy product intakes underlies associations of leg length, IGF-I and cancer risk. The association appears to be due to the protein content of milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

School furniture and the user population: an anthropometric perspective.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between reported spinal symptoms in an adolescent student population, and the match between their individual anthropometric dimensions and their school furniture. The hypothesis was that students who were too large or too small for their school furniture, i.e. with anthropometric measurements furthest from the group whose anthropometry was the 'best fit' with the furniture, would have a higher frequency of reported symptoms. From data collected from 1269 schoolchildren, reported spinal symptoms and anthropometric measures were examined. Stature measures were divided into quartiles. A standard government issue school chair and desk was measured and the anthropometric quartile of the population having the 'best fit' with the furniture was identified using standard ergonomics recommendations. Odds ratios were calculated for spinal symptoms reported within each quartile group. The first quartile group (the smallest students) was identified as having the 'best fit' with the school furniture. An overall higher odds of reporting low back pain was noted in students with anthropometric dimensions in the fourth quartile (the tallest students). While it is acknowledged that there is a multifactorial nature of causality of adolescent spinal symptoms, it is contended that the degree of mis-match between child anthropometry and school furniture set-up should be further examined as a strong and plausible associate of adolescent low back pain.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Anthropometric data for describing the kinematics of the human hand.

The major goal of this investigation was to collect statistically-based anthropometry describing the kinematics of the human hand and to model this anthropometry as a function of external hand measurements, so that it may be predicted noninvasively. Joint centres were anatomically estimated as the centre of curvature of the head of the bone proximal to the given joint. Joint centres determined using Reuleaux's method for PIP and DIP were within 1.4 mm of this anatomical estimate. Models using bone length as the independent variable explain more than 97% of the variability in the anatomically estimated joint centre position along the mid-line of the bone. Models for estimating the lengths of the kinematic segments using external hand length as the independent variable account for between 49 and 99% of the variability in segment length. Models for estimating the axial location of the finger MCP and thumb CMC joints with respect to the distal wrist crease using external hand length as the independent variable account for between 82 and 96% of the variability in these locations. Models for estimating the radio-ulnar location of the finger MCP and thumb CMC joints with respect to the long axis of the third metacarpal using external hand breadth as the independent variable account for between 30 and 74% of the variability in these locations.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1994

Soft tissue segmentation of the body and fractionation of the upper and lower limbs.

The aim of this cadaver analyses study was to provide regression models for the prediction of major tissue components of the human body. Altogether 182 anthropometric measurements were taken bilaterally on six cadavers (3 male, 3 female). The cadavers were segmented by severance through soft tissue only and gross segments weighted in both air and water. Each limb segment was then fractionated into four components--skin, adipose tissue, muscle and bone--and each component was also weighed in both air and water. Regression equations were developed for the prediction of total segment masses from anthropometry and the prediction of intra-segmental tissue component masses from anthropometry. Weight, volume, density and percentage of body weight are given for 14 body segments and are compared with 19th and 20th century cadaver data. Ten regression equations were generated for the prediction of segmental masses and per segment the major issue components generated a total of 24 regressions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

External and internal geometry of European adults.

The primary objective of the study was to bring a deeper knowledge of the human anthropometry, investigating the external and internal body geometry of small women, mid-sized men and tall men. Sixty-four healthy European adults were recruited. External measurements were performed using classical anthropometric instruments. Internal measurements of the trunk bones were performed using a stereo-radiographic 3D reconstruction technique. Besides the original procedure presented in this paper for performing in vivo geometrical data acquisition on numerous volunteers, this study provides an extensive description of both external and internal (trunk skeleton) human body geometry for three morphotypes. Moreover, this study proposes a global external and internal geometrical description of 5th female 50th male and 95th male percentile subjects. This study resulted in a unique geometrical database enabling improvement for numerical models of the human body for crash test simulation and offering numerous possibilities in the anthropometry field.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Statistical validation of air-displacement plethysmography for body composition assessment in children.

BACKGROUND: Body composition assessment of children has been hindered by the absence of a safe, quick, and easily tolerated gold standard technique. Existing validation studies of air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) have been based on small, narrowly defined samples, using simple linear regression or Bland-Altman analyses. AIM: Correlations within a multitrait-multimethod matrix (MTMM) and factor analytic methodologies were used to evaluate ADP as a valid and reliable body composition technique for children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and per cent body fat (%BF) were measured in 139 children, 7-10 years old, by ADP, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry (ANTH). MTMM and factor analysis were used to compare assessment techniques. RESULTS: Reliability estimates were lower for ADP than for either ANTH or DXA. Convergent and discriminant correlations between ADP and ANTH or DXA were high for identical as well as non-identical measures. Two body composition factors (Fatness, Leanness) and two technique-related factors (Bod Pod, Anthropometry) were identified. CONCLUSION: ADP offers a valid and reliable means of assessing body composition in children but does not perform as well as ANTH or DXA. MTMM and factor analytic methodologies offer an effective alternative to assessing body composition.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethnic and environmental factors affecting fetal growth in Papua New Guinea.

We studied 738 live singleton births in Papua New Guinea to examine the contribution of ethnic origin and environmental factors to birth weight and gestation. Maternal history, examination and post-partum anthropometry, infant anthropometry and clinical gestational assessment were performed, and placental blood slides and histology were examined. Mothers from Highlands provinces who delivered on the coast had larger babies (mean birthweight 3.34 SD 0.48 kg) than either indigenous coastal mothers (mean 3.10 SD 0.51 kg) or those migrating to Port Moresby from other coastal regions (mean 3.14 SD 0.51 kg). This was due to a combination of longer gestation and better intrauterine growth (assessed by birthweight standard deviation scores). Gestation was slightly longer in Highlands mothers delivering on the coast compared with those delivering in the Highlands, but birthweight standard deviation scores were unchanged. Malarial infection of the placenta was almost never found. Stepwise regression analysis showed that parity, maternal height, Highlands origin and maternal body mass index (weight/height2) were all significant predictors of birthweight standard deviation score, while maternal body mass index and Highlands origin were predictors of gestational length. We conclude that Highland mothers have a tendency to deliver heavier babies, and do not demonstrate the fetal growth-retarding effects of altitude seen in other races. Although the incidence of low birthweight was only 7.1% in our study, we found that indices of maternal nutrition were predictors of birth weight.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Body composition of children with myelomeningocele, determined by 40K, urinary creatinine and anthropometric measures.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a method to prevent obesity in myelomeningocele (MM) children by determining the effects of growth, calories and physical activity on body composition and to apply this data to clinical practice, specifically, to correlate lean body mass (LBM) with calorie needs and to correlate body fatness with anthropometry measures. METHODS: The body compositions of 14 children (four males and ten females) with MM were estimated from potassium content (40K), urinary creatinine and anthropometry measurements at the beginning and end of a six-month period. Three subjects who did not have MM were also evaluated as controls. Dietary and physical activity and dietary-goals estimates were taken from records kept by the patients after initial discussion of physical activity and dietary goals with the families. RESULTS: The study showed potassium content (40K), or LBM, in children with MM to be approximately 50% of the potassium content (40K) of children without MM. The percentage of LBM correlated with physical activity, but not with the location of neurological lesion. Lean body mass and creatinine excretion also were significantly correlated, indicating that creatinine excretion is a good measure of lean body tissue in these children. Thorax and abdominal skinfolds, as well as total circumferential measurements (waist being highest), showed significant correlations with the percent of body fat. The caloric intake requirement to maintain the growth of a child with MM was found to be approximately 50% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for a child without MM of the same age. Changes in LBM were observed in children with MM who increased physical activity over a six-month interval and were greater than in those who reduced calories alone, however not significantly, presumably due to the short duration of the study. CONCLUSION: To prevent obesity, physical activity should begin in infancy; this will increase LBM and thereby calorie needs. Skinfolds and circumferences (abdominal and thorax skinfolds and waist circumference) which significantly correlated with body fat should be used clinically. Calorie needs according to LBM should be reduced to 50% of the RDA or approximately nine cal/cm height for maintenance or seven cal/cm height for weight loss in MM children after age six (possibly at three to four years of age if nonambulatory).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Association of a mutation in the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene with obesity and response to dietary intervention in Chinese children.

UNLABELLED: This study aimed to determine whether the Trp64Arg mutation in the beta3-adrenergic receptor beta3-adr) gene is related to childhood obesity and the response to dietary intervention for obesity. The study included 311 healthy children aged 8-11 y selected at random from 4 primary schools in Beijing. Fasting insulin and lipids were measured and anthropometry was carried out for all samples. The mutation of the beta3-adr gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Forty-seven obese children were selected and divided into two groups. One group received dietary intervention (36 subjects); the other served as the control group (11 subjects). After 3 mo of dietary intervention, anthropometry was carried out again in 47 obese children. The frequency of the mutated allele was similar in 73 overweight and 238 normal-weight children (0.18 and 0.17, respectively). Adjusted for age and sex. there was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) and the levels of fasting lipids and insulin between those with and without the mutation of the 311 children. However, after 3 mo of dietary intervention. increases in weight and BMI were significantly lower in obese children without the mutation than in the control group (2.41 +/- 0.56 vs 4.43 +/- 0.70. p < 0.05: 0.48 +/- 0.24 vs 1.55 +/- 0.35, p < 0.05. respectively), but the changes in weight and BMI in obese children with the mutation were similar to the results in the controls (4.32 +/- 0.69 vs 4.43 +/- 0.70; 1.47 +/- 0.32 vs 1.55 +/- 0.35). CONCLUSION: The Trp64Arg mutation of the beta3-adr gene may predict the result of dietary intervention in obese children to some extent, but it was not a major factor affecting weight in Chinese children.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Guidelines for using body composition measurement in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Wasting remains a significant condition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection despite antiretroviral treatment. Early identification requires the measurement of various body composition parameters, particularly body cell mass (BCM). Anthropometry may provide some useful information. Cost and complexity issues make many body composition techniques unsuitable for the clinical setting. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) may be the best method available to caregivers for monitoring serial changes in BCM over time and for determining the occurrence of wasting. It is not useful, however, for detecting body composition changes in patients with fat redistribution syndromes. Portability, low cost, ease of use, and patient acceptance make anthropometry and BIA ideally suited for the clinical setting.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1993

A study of nutritional deficits of long-stay geriatric patients.

Current information suggests that dietary intake of nutrients declines with age and that undernutrition in elderly long-stay hospital patients may be under-recognized. We undertook to describe the daily dietary intakes of a group of elderly long-stay hospital patients (n = 92) (group A), using 7-day weighed dietary records. The aim of the study was to determine the adequacy of the diet and investigate whether any differences existed in the intakes of the hospital patients. An assessment of nutritional status was carried out by anthropometry, haematology and biochemistry and was validated by comparison with two further groups: fit young subjects (n = 41) (group B) and fit community elderly subjects (n = 92) (group C). Men in group B had the highest mean values for mid-arm circumference, arm-muscle circumference, corrected arm-muscle area and arm-fat area while women in group A had the lowest mean values for all measured anthropometric indices. There were significant correlations between daily energy intake and anthropometry for men in groups B and C. In group A 68% had intakes < 2/3 recommended daily allowance for energy, 100% for vitamin D, E, B6, folic acid; 98% for magnesium and zinc; and 90% for retinol. Serum calcium and serum alkaline phosphatase were correlated with vitamin D intake in men in group A. There was no biochemical or haematological evidence of undernutrition in the three groups. Elderly long-stay hospital patients were grossly undernourished and their dietary intake did not satisfy basal metabolic demands, based on recommended daily allowances.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Anthropometric assessment of energy-protein malnutrition and subsequent risk of mortality among preschool aged children.

This paper examines the usefulness of various anthropometric classification systems of nutritional status in prognosticating the subsequent risk of mortality among 2019 children aged 13 to 23 months residing in a rural area of Bangladesh. The indices investigated included: weight-for-age; weight-for-height; height-for-age; arm circumference-for-age; arm circumference-for-height; weight quotient; and height quotient. Cross-sectional anthropometry was conducted during October 1975 to January 1976 and the mortality experience of the study children was followed prospectively over 24 months. Results indicated that severely malnourished children, according to all indices, experienced substantially higher mortality risk. Normal, mild, and moderately malnourished children all experienced the same risk. All indices were found to discriminate mortality risk; weight/age and arm circumference/age were strongest and weight/height weakest. For each index, a threshold level was noted below which mortality risk climbed sharply. The discriminating power of anthropometry was enhanced when maternal weight, maternal height, or housing size were included.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1991

Body composition in elderly people: effect of criterion estimates on predictive equations.

The purposes of this study were to determine whether there are significant differences between two- and four-compartment model estimates of body composition, whether these differences are associated with aqueous and mineral fractions of the fat-free mass (FFM); and whether the differences are retained in equations for predicting body composition from anthropometry and bioelectric resistance. Body composition was estimated in 98 men and women aged 65-94 y by using a four-compartment model based on hydrodensitometry, 3H2O dilution, and dual-photon absorptiometry. These estimates were significantly different from those obtained by using Siri's two-compartment model. The differences were associated significantly (P less than 0.0001) with variation in the aqueous fraction of FFM. Equations for predicting body composition from anthropometry and resistance, when calibrated against two-compartment model estimates, retained these systematic errors. Equations predicting body composition in elderly people should be calibrated against estimates from multicompartment models that consider variability in FFM composition.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of anthropometric equations to assess body-composition changes in young women.

BACKGROUND: Healthy young women who engage in an exercise program may lose fat that is not reflected in body weight changes because of concurrent gains in fat-free mass (FFM). OBJECTIVE: This study addressed the question of how well anthropometry-based predictive equations can resolve these changes. DESIGN: Several widely used skinfold-thickness- or circumference-based equations were compared by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to study 150 healthy young women before and after 8 wk of Army basic combat training (average energy expenditure: 11.7 MJ/d). RESULTS: Women lost 1.2 +/- 2.6 kg fat (mean +/- SD) and gained 2.0 [corrected] +/- 1.5 kg FFM. Fat loss (r = 0.47), but not FFM gain (r = 0.01), correlated with initial fatness. Thus, for many women who lost fat, body weight did not change or increased. Fat loss was associated with a reduction in abdominal circumference but this alone was not a consistent marker of fat loss. One circumference equation and one skinfold-thickness equation yielded the smallest residual SDs (2.0% and 1.9% body fat, respectively) compared with the other equations in predicting body fat. The sensitivity and specificity of the best equations in predicting changes in percentage body fat were not better than 55% and 66%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that for women, anthropometry can provide better estimates of fatness than body mass index but it is still relatively insensitive to short-term alterations in body composition. Not surprisingly, the circumference equation that includes the most labile sites of female fat deposition (ie, waist and hips instead of upper arm or thigh) proved to be the most reliable.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗