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PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural variations in the socialization of young children's anger and shame.

Tamang and Brahman Nepali children have culturally specific emotion scripts that may reflect different emotion socialization experiences. To study emotion socialization, the child-adult interactions of 119 children (3-5 years old) were observed and 14 village elders were interviewed about child competence in Tamang and Brahman villages. Tamang rebuke the angry child but reason with and yield to the child who appears ashamed. Brahmans respond to child anger with reasoning and yielding but ignore shame. Tamang practices are consistent with their view that competent children are socially graceful and never angry. Brahman practices appear to be consistent with the privileges and duties of high caste status. The roles of cultural heritage, religious differences, and majority and minority status in emotion socialization are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1993

The impact of anger between adults on siblings' emotions and social behavior.

Peer and sibling dyads (older children = 5-7 years; younger children = 2-5 years) were presented with simulations of friendly, angry, and resolution interactions between a male adult and the mother in the context of play sessions. Expressions of positive effect increased among female siblings during the anger period and continued to be more common in the resolution period than in other groups. Prosocial behavior among male siblings greatly increased in the resolution period, with siblings generally more prosocial towards each other than peers in this period. The findings suggest that siblings may attempt to buffer each other from the stress of exposure to adults' discord.

Anger↗
PubMed1995

Self-defense against verbal assault: shame, anger, and the social bond.

With many years of experience and refinement, the arts of self-defense against physical assault are highly developed. Without an effective theory and and a useful practice, there is little in the way of self-defense against verbal assault. For THEORY, I draw upon ideas from aikido, family systems theory, and the sociology of emotions. Since unacknowledged shame seems to generate rage and damage social bonds, I emphasize the management of shame, anger, and bonds. To illustrate the meaning of these principles, I offer several episodes as examples, using the METHOD of discourse analysis. I apply this theory and method to the PRACTICE of psychotherapy by describing some rudimentary principles of defense of self against verbal aggression, especially the subtle aggression of innuendo. Psychotherapy is often an arena of verbal aggression by both therapist and client, even though it is usually unintentional and outside of awareness.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Reactions of primary and secondary psychopaths to anger-evoking situations.

Offender patients at a psychiatric security hospital were classified as primary or secondary psychopaths or as conforming or inhibited non-psychopaths, and compared on a Situations-Reactions Inventory of Hostility. Prior factor analysis of this inventory indicated two classes of situation, labelled attack and frustration, and three classes of reaction - aggression, anger, and arousal. Psychopathic subjects generally rated their reactions as more intense but differed significantly from non-psychopaths only in their response to attack. Secondary psychopaths produced the most intense reactions, but differed from primary psychopaths in reporting greater somatic arousal. The results suggest that psychopaths as a group more readily interpret provocation or threats from others as unwarranted attack. It is proposed that an attributional bias towards perceiving malevolent intent may be central to psychopathy.

Aggression↗
PubMed1987

Self-reported anger intensity and blood pressure.

During a health survey of a New Zealand community, two S-R inventories measuring responsiveness to anger and to anxiety provoking situations were administered to 1127 adults. With age treated as a covariate, no association was found between scores on these measures and blood pressure.

Anger↗
PubMed1988

The Spielberger Anger Expression Scale: some psychometric data.

Some general population norms for the Spielberger, Johnson et al. (1984) Anger Expression Scale (AX) are reported for a sample of over 1000 adults tested in a general health survey of a New Zealand community. Factor analysis confirmed the independence of the Anger/In and Anger/Out subscales, and the measure was found to have satisfactory levels of reliability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anger control training for adolescents in residential treatment.

A group of twelve adolescents exhibiting aggressive behavior in a residential treatment center received six weeks of anger control training consisting of thought stopping, relaxation training, and rehearsal of problem-solving, self-talk patterns. The subjects were divided into two groups, and a multiple baseline design was employed. Houseparents kept daily observational records of subjects' verbal and physical aggression. Both observational data and teacher ratings indicated that nine of the subjects reduced their rates of aggression. Two did not behave aggressively during the study period. One briefly deteriorated following a major disappointment, after which his aggression rate also declined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Trait anger and blood pressure recovery following acute pain: evidence for opioid-mediated effects.

Previous work has suggested that positive associations between trait anger (TRANG) and pain sensitivity are due to dysfunctional endogenous opioid analgesic systems. In this study, we examined whether TRANG is associated with impaired opioid modulation of blood pressure (BP) recovery. A total of 46 pain-free normotensive controls and 69 normotensive chronic low back pain (LBP) sufferers received opioid blockade (8 mg naloxone i.v.) or placebo in randomized, counterbalanced order in separate sessions. During each, participants underwent a 1-min finger pressure pain task followed by an ischemic forearm pain task. Opioid blockade impaired post-pain BP recovery in controls but not LBP participants (ps < .001). In controls, low TRANG was associated with blockade-induced recovery impairments, with no blockade effect in high TRANG participants. In LBP participants, blockade did not alter recovery regardless of TRANG (interaction ps < .05). Results support dysfunctional opioid modulation of BP recovery in healthy high TRANG controls and further suggest chronic pain-related impairments in opioid-mediated cardiovascular recovery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Anger expression in the Picture-Frustration study under stressful conditions.

In order to study anger expression in health and illness, the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration study was administered to hospitalized depressives, parents of seriously ill children, and healthy controls. A follow-up study then compared responses of acutely and chronically ill adults. Externally directed aggression was lower in people experiencing more severe stress, and was negatively correlated with external locus of control and with depression. It is suggested that within limits outer-direction of blame for frustration may characterize unstressed, well-adjusted people, and that further research with the Rosenzweig in relation to assertion training would be valuable.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Anxiety and anger as predictors of MMPI elevations in chronic pain patients.

Studies utilizing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) with chronic pain patients have almost without exception found marked elevations on the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), and Hysteria (Hy) scales. The present data reveal that Trait Anxiety was a significant predictor of elevations on all three of these scales for both males and females. Trait Anger emerged as a classical suppressor variable for males only. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Masculine gender-role stress: predictor of anger, anxiety, and health-risk behaviors.

We suggest that male gender-role identification affects whether specific situations are appraised as stressful. A questionnaire was developed to measure masculine gender-role stress (MGRS). Correlational data and multiple regression were used to validate the MGRS scale as a measure of gender-related stress in men, and compare its predictive utility with Spence's commonly-used measure of masculinity. Findings indicate that stress appraisal is gender related, that is, men experience more masculine-role stress than women. Further, the construct of MGRS was distinguished from the concept of masculinity. Finally, MGRS predicted increased anger, increased anxiety, and poorer health behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression.

This article reviews the literature on the relationship between interpersonal rejection and aggression. Four bodies of research are summarized: laboratory experiments that manipulate rejection, rejection among adults in everyday life, rejection in childhood, and individual differences that may moderate the relationship. The theoretical mechanisms behind the effect are then explored. Possible explanations for why rejection leads to anger and aggression include: rejection as a source of pain, rejection as a source of frustration, rejection as a threat to self-esteem, mood improvement following aggression, aggression as social influence, aggression as a means of reestablishing control, retribution, disinhibition, and loss of self-control.

Affect↗
PubMed1991

Feminism and the cognitive theory of emotion: anger, blame and humor.

Feminists, especially radical feminists, have advocated the use of anger, rage and blame yet undermine humor and positive emotions. This position appears to lack a substantial basis in contemporary theories of emotion. It is argued that the cognitive, or Rational Emotive Theory (RET), would be one of the best theories of emotion to help advance an enlightened and humanistic feminism.

Anger↗
PubMed2005

Latent variable models for partially ordered responses and trajectory analysis of anger-related feelings.

A general framework is presented for the analysis of partially ordered set (poset) data. The work is motivated by the need to analyse poset data such as multi-componential responses in psychological measurement and partially accomplished cognitive tasks in educational measurement. It is shown how the generalized loglinear model can be used to represent poset data that form a lattice and how latent-variable models can be constructed by further specifying the canonical parameters of the loglinear representation. The approach generalizes a class of latent-variable models for completely ordered data. We apply the methods to analyse data on the frequency and intensity of anger-related feelings. Furthermore, we propose a trajectory analysis to gain insight into the response function of partially ordered emotional states.

Anger↗
PubMed2005

Factors associated with the efficacy of a group intervention for anger in people with intellectual disabilities.

OBJECTIVES: There is a growing literature that suggests cognitive behavioural interventions aimed at reducing inappropriately expressed anger by people with intellectual disabilities are effective. However, interventions provide little information about which aspects of the individual or their treatment may be contributing to the overall efficacy of the approach. DESIGN: A group intervention is compared with a waiting list control. A cross-sectional regressional method was used to explore the relationship between change in a provocation inventory score over the course of an intervention and a number of other variables. METHODS: Data was collected from 50 participants who attended a series of groups with the aim of reducing aggressive behaviour. This was compared with a waiting list control of 36. Outcome was measured by a provocation inventory, which was administered pre-, post-group, and at follow-up. Other variables were also measured including, receptive vocabulary, age, gender, experience of primary therapist and whether staff accompanied participants to the group or not. RESULTS: A 2 x 2 split plot ANOVA identified a statistically significant treatment effect. However, analysis examining clinical significance was more equivocal with only 11 of the individuals in the intervention group showing reliable change as defined by Jacobson and Truax (1991). Regression analysis indicated that 17.5% of the variance in change of provocation inventory scores could be accounted for by the independent variables. Immediately on completion of the group, being accompanied by a member of staff and increased receptive language scores contributed significantly to the variance. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in provocation inventory scores immediately after the group was more likely to occur if the participant was accompanied by a member of staff who knew them and if they had a higher score on the test of receptive vocabulary. This pattern changed with time. The implications of the results will be discussed and the relatively large amount of variance that is not accounted for will also be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

I feel like a scrambled egg in my head: an idiographic case study of meaning making and anger using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

What does it feel like when one's meaning making is impoverished and threatens to break down? The aim of this study is to show how meaning making is achieved in the context of one's life and how this achievement is often a struggle for the individual. The study reports data from semi-structured interviews with a female participant, which was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). This paper examines how cultural discourses and conventions are experienced and given meaning by the individual. First, the analysis demonstrates how dominant discourses are used to explain anger and aggression. These include hormones, alcohol, and the influence of past relationships on present action. Second, it examines how the participant's meaning making is often ambiguous and confused, and how she variously accepts and challenges available meanings. Finally, the analysis demonstrates how meaning making can break down and the consequences of this for the individual's sense of self.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Toward an anthropology of senility: anger, weakness, and Alzheimer's in Banaras, India.

Dementia has seldom been subject to cross-cultural and cross-class analyses that localize the obviousness and meaningfulness of its pathology. Fieldwork with old persons and their families in four neighborhoods of Banaras, India, stratified by class, is presented to suggest the need for an anthropology of senility. The centrality of "hot brain"--of anger rather than memory as a fundamental index of senile difference--is explored through its differential construction across class and gender in these neighborhoods. The hearing of the angry voice is examined in relation to local knowledge about weakness, madness, and "sixtyishness" and to practices that maintain intergenerational difference through the construction of what is here termed a familial body.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Brief aikido training versus karate and golf training and university students' scores on self-esteem, anxiety, and expression of anger.

The purpose of this research was to investigate if aikido training for 10 weeks for 69 beginning students is effective in improving selected aspects of personality. The hypothesis was that subjects' scores would significantly increase on self-esteem but decrease on anxiety and anger expression. Change in means from pre- to posttest did not support the hypothesis.

Anger↗