Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Alum Compounds”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Antipruritic and antiinflammatory effects of aqueous extract from Si-Wu-Tang.

Si-Wu-Tang (SWT), a traditional Chinese formula, has been clinically used in the treatment of cutaneous pruritus, chronic inflammation, and other diseases. The present study was carried out to observe the antipruritic and antiinflammatory effects of SWT aqueous extract using compound 48/80 and picryl chloride (PC) models in mice. SWT (500, 1000 mg/kg p.o.) clearly reduced the scratching responses elicited by compound 48/80 in normal mice. At doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, it inhibited the scratching responses induced by PC in mice actively sensitized with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)-ovalbumin (OVA) plus alum. Furthermore, SWT (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the footpad swelling caused by compound 48/80 in mice. In the biphasic ear skin reactions induced by PC in actively sensitized mice, SWT (250, 500 mg/kg) reduced the immediate-phase reaction, but did not affect the late-phase reaction. In vitro, SWT (50-500 microg/ml) showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from rat peritoneal mast cells. The crude drugs contained in SWT, Paeoniae Radix (25, 100 microg/ml), Rehmanniae Radix, and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (100 microg/ml), also showed a clear inhibition, but Angelica Radix did not at the concentrations examined. These findings indicate that SWT aqueous extract has antipruritic and antiinflammatory effects in mice. SWT inhibits histamine release from rat mast cells, and Paeoniae Radix probably plays a crucial role in the formula.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Oxidation of bisphenol A, 17beta-estradiol, and 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol and byproduct estrogenicity.

A human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was used to investigate the cumulative estrogenicity profiles elicited during the oxidation of three estrogenic compounds [bisphenol A (BPA), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol (EE2)]. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a method detection limit (MDL) of approximately 1 nM was used to measure the initial and final concentrations of test compounds during oxidation. Both chlorination and ozonation removed from 75% to >99% of the test compounds in distilled water. Increasing contact time and chlorination dose improved compound removal. Chlorination byproducts of BPA, E2, and EE2 elicited low levels of estrogenicity over an extended period of time. For equivalent molar oxidant dosages, ozone and chlorine had comparable residual proliferative effect values and >99% loss of the parent compounds. For oxidation studies of estrogenic chemicals, ammonium chloride was found to adequately quench residual chlorine without interfering with cell culture assay. Oxidation of test compounds with chlorine and ozone resulted in a similar estrogenicity trend, with a relative higher level of estrogenicity elicited during the early phases of oxidation, which gradually dissipated over the extended exposure time to a stable point. Oxidation with ozone resulted in the rapid transformation of test compounds, reaching a stabilized estrogenic level in 10 min, whereas for chlorination it took more than 120 min for elicited estrogenicity to stabilize.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗
PubMed1982

Synthesis and immunoadjuvant activities of 2-acetamido-5-O-acetyl-6-O-acyl-2-deoxy-3-O-[(R)-2-propionyl-L-alanyl-D- isoglutamine]-D-glucofuranoses as potential prodrug forms of 6-O-Acyl Derivatives of N-acetylmuramyl dipeptide.

2-Acetamido-5-O-acetyl-6-O-acyl-2-deoxy-3-O-[(R)-2-propionyl-L-alanyl-D- isoglutamine]-D-glucofuranoses, designed as prodrug forms of the corresponding immunoadjuvant-active 6-O-acyl derivatives of N-acetylmuramyl dipeptide (MDP), were synthesized from benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-5, 6-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-glucofuranoside and found, when administered to mice in an aqueous medium, to elevate antibody production against bovine serum albumin. The 5,6-di-O-acetyl derivative 8 exhibited activity similar to that of MDP at 50 micrograms/dose. The antibody titer measured for the 5-O-acetyl-6-O-stearoyl compound 9 was comparable to that obtained with 6-O-stearoyl-MDP at 50 micrograms, and both compounds were more active than MDP at 5 micrograms. The more lipophilic 5-O-acetyl-6-O-[2-(behenoyloxy)isobutyryl] compound 10 was considerably more active than MDP at both 50 and 5 micrograms; moreover, its potent adjuvant activity was not diminished at the lower dose. The three 5-O-acetylated 6-O-acylated dipeptidyl furanose derivatives also significantly stimulated production of circulating antibodies against hepatitis B vaccine in mice; titers were comparable to those observed with the alum-adsorbed vaccine. The range of immunoadjuvant activities obtained with 8-10 and control compounds supports a prodrug mechanism for this class of furanoid MDP analogues.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
PubMed1972

Fractionation and isolation of the multiple forms of prorennin (prochymosin).

The heterogeneity of prorennin was studied by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and microgranular DEAE-cellulose columns, as well as by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Prorennin prepared by alum treatment, salting-out and chromatography was resolved into three components by a compound gradient of sodium phosphate on microgranular DEAE-cellulose. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis confirmed the chromatographic results, but crystalline rennin was shown to consist of four bands. When prorennin was isolated directly by chromatography, four zymogen components were resolved on microgranular DEAE-cellulose with a modified compound gradient of sodium phosphate. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis confirmed the existence of four multiple forms of prorennin as well as homogeneity of the chromatographic fractions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Novel halo-oxo-allenic fatty ester derivatives from epoxidized methyl santalbate (methyl trans-11-octadecen-9-ynoate).

Methyl santalbate (methyl trans-11-octadecen-9-ynoate) from Sandal wood seed oil, Santalbum alum) was epoxidized to methyl trans-11,12-epoxy-octadec-9-ynoate (1). Treatment of compound 1 with tetrabutylammonium dihydrogentrifluoride, and boron trifluoride etherate gave the corresponding anti- (2a) (57%) and syn- (2b) (35%) fluorohydrin derivatives, respectively. These reactions were regio- and stereoselective in nature. The structures of the anti- and syn- isomers were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Ring opening of the epoxy system of compound 1 with lithium chloride gave the anti-chlorohydrin derivative (3) (89%). Oxidation of either compound 2a or 2b gave the same fluoro-keto acetylenic fatty ester (4) (75%), and compound 3 on chromic acid oxidation yielded the corresponding chloro-keto acetylene (5) (73%). Isomerization of compounds 4 and 5 with potassium carbonate in dichloromethane furnished the requisite fluoro-allenic (6) (63%, methyl 11-fluoro-12-oxo-9,10-octadecadienoate) and chloro-allenic (7) (80%, methyl 11-chloro-12-oxo-9,10-octadecadienoate) C(18) fatty esters. All products were confirmed by a combination of spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques.

Alkadienes↗
PubMed1992

[Pharmacokinetic study of various fluoride compounds in rats].

The fluoride excretion of 40 rats has been monitored after the consumption of drinking water containing NaF, CaF2 and CaF2 + alum (KRl/SO4/2. The fluoride excretion of the animals containing NaF and CaF2 + alum increased in a significant extent. No significant difference could be found in the fluoride excretion of the two groups. Statistically no significant increase has been observed in the fluoride ion excretion after the consumption of CaF2. These results suggest that by systemic intake of CaF2, no CaF2 absorbtion can be observed. So those undesirable gastric mucosa side effects that can be observed or presumed by the intake of NaF and CaF2 + alum are presumably neglibile.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Treatability of chloro-s-triazines by conventional drinking water treatment technologies.

Recent research shows that herbicide atrazine (ATZ), simazine (SIM), and propazine (PROP), as well as their three chlorinated degrades-desethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and didealkylatrazine (DDA)-may cause a common toxic effect in terms of endocrine disruption. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently considering a regulatory trigger based on the sum of these concentrations of these six chloro-s-triazines. While limited removal data exists for the parent compounds, little information is available for the degrades formed biologically and/or chemically in the environment and in the treatment plants. It is therefore critical to assess the removal efficiency in a typical water plant of the parent herbicides, as well as the daughter products. In this work, conventional drinking water treatment technologies were evaluated under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in removing six chloro-s-triazines: ATZ, SIM, PROP, DEA, DIA, and DDA. Experiments were conducted using synthetic solutions prepared by spiking both distilled water and Missouri River water with the study compounds. Two powder activated carbons (PAC)--Calgon WPH and Norit HDB-were shown to be partially effective in removing the studied chloro-s-triazines. Ozonation efficiency varied, depending on different water sources, with respect to the removal of atrazine and didealkylatrazine. Coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with alum and iron salts, excess lime/soda ash softening, and disinfection by free chlorine were all ineffective methods for removing chloro-s-triazines. It appears that chloro-s-triazine compounds are not readily removed by most conventional drinking water treatment processes, with the exception of use of activated carbon.

Herbicides↗
PubMed2000

Adjuvant activities of immune response modifier R-848: comparison with CpG ODN.

R-848 and imiquimod belong to a class of immune response modifiers that are potent inducers of cytokines, including IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IFN-gamma. Many of these cytokines can affect the acquired immune response. This study examines the effects of R-848 on aspects of acquired immunity, including immunoglobulin secretion, in vivo cytokine production, and Ag-specific T cell cytokine production. Results are compared with those of Th1 CpG ODN. R-848 and CpG ODN are effective at skewing immunity in the presence of Alum toward a Th1 Ab response (IgG2a) and away from a Th2 Ab response (IgE). R-848 and CpG ODN are also capable of initiating an immune response in the absence of additional adjuvant by specifically enhancing IgG2a levels. Both R-848 and imiquimod showed activity when given subcutaneously or orally, indicating that the compound mechanism was not through generation of a depot effect. Although CpG ODN behaves similarly to R-848, CpG ODN has a distinct cytokine profile, is more effective than R-848 when given with Alum in the priming dose, and is active only when given by the same route as the Ag. The mechanism of R-848's adjuvant activity is linked to cytokine production, where increases in IgG2a levels are associated with IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IFN-gamma induction, and decreases in IgE levels are associated with IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha. Imiquimod also enhances IgG2a production when given with Ag. The above results suggest that the imidazoquinolines R-848 and imiquimod may be attractive compounds for use as vaccine adjuvants and in inhibiting pathological responses mediated by Th2 cytokines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2001

The reactivity of natural organic matter to disinfection by-products formation and its relation to specific ultraviolet absorbance.

Five natural waters with a broad range of DOC concentrations were fractionated using various coal- and wood-based granular activated carbons (GAC) and alum coagulation. Adsorption and alum coagulation fractionated NOM solutions by preferentially removing components having high specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). UV absorbing fractions of NOM were found to be the major contributors to DBP formation. SUVA appears to be an accurate predictor of reactivity with chlorine in terms of DBP yield; however, it was also found that low-SUVA components of NOM have higher bromine incorporation. SUVA has promise as a parameter for on-line monitoring and control of DBP formation in practical applications; however, the effects of bromide concentration may also need to be considered. Understanding how reactivity is correlated to SUVA may allow utilities to optimize the degree of treatment required to comply with DBP regulations. The reactive components that require removal, and the degree of treatment necessary to accomplish this removal, may be directly obtained from the relationship between SUVA removal and the degree of treatment (e.g., alum dose).

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Vaccines for herpes simplex virus infections.

Infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) can have serious medical consequences. Although antiviral medications can suppress symptomatic disease, asymptomatic shedding and transmission, they neither cure nor alter the natural history of HSV infections. Manipulation of the immune response is one potential method to decrease disease burden. Current research on prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination approaches is discussed in this review, with a focus on compounds that have entered clinical trials or that display novel compositions or proposed mechanisms of action. One such vaccine is an alum and monophosphoryl lipid A-adjuvanted subunit glycoprotein D2 vaccine that has demonstrated activity in the prevention of HSV-2 infection and disease in HSV-uninfected women in a phase III clinical trial. Further confirmatory clinical trials of this vaccine are currently underway. Other vaccine formats also in development include attenuated live or replication-incompetent HSV-2 strains and technologies that target virus-specific CD8 T-cell responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of additives on alum hematoxylin staining solutions.

All additives tested (ethyl alcohol, glycerine, chloral hydrate, ethylene and propylene glycol, and citric, malonic and maleic acids) in varying degrees limited the conversion of hematein to insoluble compounds. Peak absorbances increased slightly in hematoxylin solutions containing citric, malonic and maleic acids, but decreased with other additives, and in controls. After four months storage the absorbance in all solutions increased about 50%, acidity increased and staining effectiveness increased.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1993

Suppression of IgE antibody response in mice by a naphthalene derivative, TEI-6472.

In the present report, we investigated suppressive effects of a naphthalene derivative, (7E)-N-(2-carboxyphenyl)-8-(2-naphthyl)-5,6-trans-5,6-methano-7- octenamide L-lysine salt (TEI-6472), on in vitro and in vivo antigen-specific IgE response. Anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) IgE response induced in vitro in TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed murine spleen cells was suppressed by about 60% in the presence of 10(-6) M TEI-6472. On the other hand, anti-TNP IgG1 and IgM response were not significantly suppressed under the same conditions. Proliferative responses of BALB/c spleen cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A or allogeneic spleen cells were not inhibited by TEI-6472 at 10(-6)-10(-5) M. Interleukin 4 production from helper T-cell clone, D10.G4.1 was suppressed only slightly (less than 20%) at 10(-6) M TEI-6472. This compound was also effective in suppressing secondary anti-TNP IgE response in mice that were immunized twice with TNP-KLH and alum. When 10-20 mg/kg/day TEI-6472 was administered s.c. for 5 consecutive days starting from one day before the first and the second immunization, secondary anti-TNP IgE response was inhibited most strongly (40-45%). Anti-TNP IgG1 response was also inhibited but to a smaller extent (20-24%), while anti-TNP IgM response was suppressed only slightly (0-15%). These results suggest that, under appropriate conditions, TEI-6472 can suppress IgE responses more preferentially both in vitro and in vivo.

Animals↗