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PubMed1990

[Global amnesia syndrome among the initial clinical manifestations of brain tumors].

Global amnesia is observable in different lesions of the nervous system, including glial tumors of the brain. It is emphasized that global amnesia may turn out to be the first clinical manifestation of brain tumors. In such a case severe mnemonic disorders are likely to regress under the influence of vasoactive and dehydration therapy, which does not exclude, however, their tumorous genesis. These data should be taken into consideration during analysis of mnemonic disorders in neurological patients. All the patients with the above syndrome should be subjected to a long follow-up even in cases where the syndrome completely regresses under the therapeutic influence.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1990

Transient global amnesia associated with a right sphenoid ridge meningioma: a case report.

Transient global amnesia is a self-limited disorder and is regarded as a benign syndrome of vascular etiology. We described a 65-year-old woman who experienced a single episode of transient global amnesia and subsequently developed a right hemispheric syndrome and permanent loss of recent memory. Neuroradiologic investigations and surgical operations revealed a right sphenoid ridge meningioma. Although the syndrome is most often benign, the possibility of mass lesion should be carefully assessed.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Neuropathology of the amnesia syndrome in old age].

In the 8-10th decade of life, people can be found who are not demented in the sense of WHO definition, but who are amnestic ("a memory problem only"). This defect is probably a result of the lesion of recent declarative memory. Immediate and remote memory are almost intact. Neuropathology of 17 such brains found numerous plaques and tangles in amygdalas and especially tangles in the IIth and IIIth strata of the entorhinal cortex and in subicula of hippocampi in 11 out of them. The number of plaques and tangles in frontal, parietal and temporal neocortex in these cases was not significant. In two other cases no significant ó "alzheimer-like" changes were found, but there was numerical atrophy of neurons of CA 1 sector of hippocampi in their caudal half perhaps due to chronic ischaemic lesion in one of them. In the other one there was an infarction of the left isthmus collateralis and retrosplenic cortex. In four cases no unequivocal structural basis for the amnesia was found--except slight numerical atrophy of large neurons of the nucleus basalis Meynerti. No significant diencephalic pathology was found. Severe "binswanger-like" changes were found in two cases of amnesia and in one case of control group, all of them were hypertonics. There exists a possibility that a part of "isolated" and relatively "benign" amnestic defects in old people is not a result of the aging of the brain but a sign of evolution of Alzheimer's disease and/or ischaemic vascular lesion of the brain destroying or disconnecting some of its information bottlenecks.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transient global amnesia and antiphospholipid antibodies.

The patient, a 55 year-old man, developed an episode of transient global amnesia. He was a smoker and had hypercholesterolemia. He was found to have a positive rapid plasma reagin test and high levels of anticardiolipin antibodies. Other investigations were negative. The presence in this patient of antiphospholipid antibodies suggests a vascular mechanism for transient global amnesia.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

[Positron emission tomography in two cases of transient global amnesia].

We encountered two cases of typical transient global amnesia (a 53-year-old woman and a 50-year-old man). Both cases showed no evidence of abnormal findings which caused the attack on examinations of CSF, EEG, brain CT, brain MRI and cerebral angiography. Examinations of positron emission tomography, using 15O labeled CO2 and O2, were performed on 14 and 8 days after the attack in the female and male cases, respectively, and those disclosed decreased regional blood flow (CBF), increased oxygen extraction ratio (OER), and decreased oxygen metabolic ratio (CMRO2) in the bilateral medial temporal and occipital lobes, which were supplied by the bilateral posterior cerebral arteries. PET, performed on about one month after the attack, revealed normalized values of CBF, OER, CMRO2 in both cases. These findings strongly suggested that transient global amnesia in our cases may be related to ischemia of the bilateral posterior cerebral arteries.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

[5-HT1 receptors in rats with amnesia].

5-HT1 receptors of the amygdala, midbrain's central gray substance, hippocampus and frontal cortex of the rats were investigated during the memory trace retrieval, using the model of "psychogenic" amnesia. It was found that specific binding of 3H 5-HT in amygdala and central gray substance was decreased in the rats with passive avoidance retention. 3H 5-HT binding in the amnesic rats didn't differ from the control animals. Absence of decrease of 5-HT1 receptors number could be considered as one of the possible mechanisms of the memory trace non-retrieval due to amnesia or its consequence.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1988

Absence of amnesia induction in mice with hydroxyzine in comparison with three other minor tranquillizers.

Hydroxyzine (Atarax) was compared with three traditional anxiolytics (diazepam, meprobamate, triazolam) for potential amnesic activity in a step-through passive avoidance task in the mouse. The doses investigated were: hydroxyzine (4, 8 and 16 mg/kg); diazepam (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg); meprobamate (8, 16 and 32 mg/kg); triazolam (0.0015, 0.003 and 0.006 mg/kg). The doses investigated were chosen on the basis of prior experiments for not having sedative effects as measured in a photo-cell activity meter. All drugs were administered i.p. 30 min before the first trial of the passive avoidance task. The compounds were also investigated for eventual analgesic activity using the hot plate test. The results indicated that hydroxyzine up to sedative doses was devoid of amnesic activity, whereas clear signs of amnesia were induced by diazepam, meprobamate and triazolam at doses at least 8 times lower than those which reduced spontaneous motor activity. None of the compounds showed analgesic activity in the hot plate test suggesting that the signs of amnesia observed in the passive avoidance test were not due to reduced sensitivity to aversive stimulation.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1988

Transient psychogenic amnesia.

Features of transient psychogenic amnesia (TPA) are described and related states of psychogenic amnesia are outlined and discussed. A few remarks on possible therapeutic interventions are given. It is concluded that despite the existence of common attributes in various transient amnesic forms and in spite of the possibility of mixed symptomatologies, distinctive and characteristic features for most cases of TPA can be listed and relied on.

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The transient global amnesia-migraine connection. Case report.

Transient global amnesia is described in two patients suffering from classical and common migraine, respectively. These cases are peculiar in that the amnesic attack was part of the aura in one patient, while it behaved like an accompanying symptom in the other. The close temporal relation between the attacks of transient global amnesia and migraine strengthens the hypothesis of an etiologic role of migraine. The nature of this mechanism could be the cerebral blood flow changes or the neural perturbation which characterize migraine attacks.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: its utility in the determination of closed head injury in acute spinal cord injury patients.

The incidence of closed head injury (CHI) associated with acute spinal cord injury (SCI) has been estimated at 40% to 50%. Closed head injury can be defined as the presence of loss of consciousness (LOC) and/or posttraumatic amnesia (PTA). Consequently, one of the difficulties in establishing a diagnosis of CHI is determining the existence of PTA in those patients without documented LOC. Previous work described the inconsistent evaluation of PTA in the SCI population. This study was conducted to evaluate the utility of the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) in establishing the diagnosis of CHI in a series of acute traumatic SCI patients. The GOAT was administered serially for three to five days to 34 patients admitted to our hospital. When information derived from the GOAT was added to that derived from review of medical records alone, the observed incidence of PTA (and by implication CHI) increased significantly (McNemar statistic = 6.4; p = 0.01). The GOAT is a quick, simple, and reproducible evaluation of spheres of orientation, which is extremely helpful in diagnosis of PTA in this population. This instrument should be used to evaluate patients at high risk for head injury. Although abnormalities in the GOAT evaluation may also be attributable to factors other than CHI (eg, hypoxia, medication effects), such findings provide evidence suggestive of CHI. This will help determine which patients require a more detailed neuropsychologic assessment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reproduction of a memory trace in amnesia and forgetting following alteration in the activity of pre- and postsynaptic dopamine receptors].

The paper deals with analysis of the action of enantiomers 3-PPP on memory trace reproduction disturbed by amnestic effects and spontaneous forgetting in mice. A considerable antiamnestic effect is shown of (+)3-PPP and (-)3-PPP in 10 mg/kg doze changing the activity of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The influence of drugs in 2 mg/kg doze changing the activity of presynaptic receptors consisted in recovery of conditioned habit only in situation of a weak amnestic effect and at forgetting, when the level of reproduction was like a weak amnesia. The range of enantiomers 3-PPP action on reproduction processes disturbed by amnesia or forgetting is determined by the possibility of specific activation of pre- and postsynaptic receptors at different depth of disturbances of memory trace reproduction causing differentiation of 3-PPP effects.

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Amnesia in thalamic infarction].

Restricted thalamic infarctions are in man a useful model for investigating the consequences of limited diencephalic lesions on memory and verbal or visual learning. Two new cases of amnesia with thalamo-sub-thalamic infarctions are presented, with a general review of the problem. The gathering of the different cases according to the vascular thalamic territories and, as a consequence, to nuclear or associative structures concerned, allows a better approach of the relations between amnesia and infarctions. Uni or bilateral anterior lesions are the cause of more important and pure memory deficits, posterior infarctions are more often associated to language involvement or spatial cognitive problems which interfere with memorizing.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Amnesia as a presenting symptom in subacute bacterial endocarditis.

A 33-year-old woman presented with an atypical form of amnesia. The amnesia completely resolved after treatment with intravenous penicillin for subacute bacterial endocarditis secondary to a viridans streptococcus. Neuropsychiatric presentations of bacterial endocarditis and the unique aspects of this case are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Normal olfactory discrimination learning set and facilitation of reversal learning after medial-temporal damage in rats: implications for an account of preserved learning abilities in amnesia.

Recent evidence of preserved skill learning in patients with "global" amnesia has led to the postulation of a qualitative distinction between functionally separate memory systems, one of which may remain preserved when the other is profoundly impaired. On one account, the separate memory systems support either the learning of declarative knowledge, i.e., facts and associations, or the learning of procedural knowledge, i.e., knowledge that permits the expression of skilled performance without reference to specific facts or associations. In an effort to develop a rodent model of amnesia that illustrates the same distinction between memory systems, rats were trained in a series of discrimination and reversal problems using olfaction, a sensory modality in which they rapidly learn new associations. Rats with bilateral fornix, amygdala, or combined fornix and amygdala damage learned successive two-odor discriminations as quickly as normal and sham-operated control subjects. Furthermore, all groups rapidly acquired the skills of discrimination as revealed in the development of a learning set. Subsequent presentation of a reversal of one discrimination elicited a marked dissociation among groups: Normal rats and rats with amygdala lesions required many more trials to acquire the reversal than to acquire a new discrimination problem, whereas rats with fornix lesions learned the reversal rather easily. A detailed analysis of response strategies suggested that normal rats and rats with amygdala lesions first extinguished the prior response tendencies and then abandoned the learning set skills and treated the reversal much as they did the initial discrimination problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Change in the concentration of free amino acids in the brain upon exposure to amnesia producing agents].

A comparison was made of free aminoacids content in the brain of rats after amnesia induced by an electric shock or an injection of iproniazid. Immediately after the electric shock the cystine content rises and there is a drop in the content of aspartic acid, proline and isoleucine. Twenty four hours later the content of most of the amino acids rises. A correlation has been found between the glycine content in the brain and the degree of amnesia. Under the influence of iproniazid the content of aspartic and glutamic acids, alanine, tyrosine and phenylalanine in the brain drops and that of proline, glycine, cystine and valine rises. It is assumed that the differences between the content of free aminoacids in the brain after electric shock and iproniazid reflect those between the mechanisms of amnestic action of the two agents.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence of next-day anterograde amnesia caused by flurazepam hydrochloride and triazolam.

The incidence of next-day anterograde amnesia was evaluated in hospitalized patients who received flurazepam hydrochloride or triazolam. A blinded observer assessed memory and daytime drowsiness in 154 patients after the bedtime ingestion of flurazepam hydrochloride (n = 54), triazolam (n = 49), or no hypnotic drug (n = 51). The hypnotic agents were administered before midnight. At approximately 0800 the next morning, the patients were shown a picture of an object on colored construction paper and asked to remember it as well as the color of the background. Both the observer and patient assessed drowsiness using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. The observer also made a note of the items on the patient's breakfast tray. Patients were then revisited at 1100 and asked to recall the object in the picture, the color of the background, and at least three items from their breakfast tray. Ten of the 54 patients in the flurazepam group failed to recall all three items compared with only two in the triazolam group and two in the control group. The 14 patients who experienced memory impairment were significantly more drowsy at 0800 than those who were able to recall the items. Next-day anterograde amnesia occurred more frequently in patients who received flurazepam hydrochloride than in those who received triazolam or no hypnotic drug. This effect may be related to the next-day drowsiness caused by flurazepam and its slowly eliminated active metabolite.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Anterograde amnesia with oral lorazepam.

The use of intravenous benzodiazepines often results in amnesia for events subsequent to drug administration (anterograde amnesia). To asses the effects of oral administration, a single 2 mg dose of lorazepam was given to 6 normal subjects. No substantial effect on immediate recall of word lists was seen in comparison with 6 placebo control subjects. However, the active drug significantly hindered the delayed recall of words. These findings indicate that lorazepam, taken orally as a daytime tranquilizer, can have amnestic action.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Permanent amnesia as a result of a bilateral lesion of the hippocampus: description of a clinical case].

A case of permanent global amnesia resulting from a bilateral hippocampal lesion is reported, remarkable for its typical clinical picture and prolonged period of observation with repeated neuropsychological testing. No tendency toward spontaneous recovery was noted, even though extra-mnesic cognitive functions remained undamaged. No differences were observed between this amnesic syndrome and the neuropsychological picture during an acute episode of transient global amnesia.

Amnesia↗