Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ALKALIES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Epidermal growth factor in alkali-burned corneal epithelial wound healing.

We conducted a double-masked study to evaluate the effect of epidermal growth factor on epithelial wound healing and recurrent erosions in alkali-burned rabbit corneas. Epithelial wounds 10 mm in diameter healed completely under the influence of topical epidermal growth factor, whereas the control corneas did not resurface in the center. On reversal of treatment, the previously nonhealing epithelial defects healed when treated with topical epidermal growth factor eyedrops. Conversely, the epidermal growth factor-treated and resurfaced corneas developed epithelial defects when treatment was discontinued. Histopathologic examination disclosed hyperplastic epithelium growing over the damaged stroma laden with polymorphonuclear leukocytes when treated with epidermal growth factor eyedrops, but it did not adhere to the underlying tissue. Hydropic changes were seen intracellularly as well as between the epithelial cells and the stroma.

Alkalies↗
PubMed2005

Expression of Smad7 in mouse eyes accelerates healing of corneal tissue after exposure to alkali.

Damage to the cornea from chemical burns is a serious clinical problem that often leads to permanent visual impairment. Because transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been implicated in the response to corneal injury, we evaluated the effects of altered TGF-beta signaling in a corneal alkali burn model using mice treated topically with an adenovirus (Ad) expressing inhibitory Smad7 and mice with a targeted deletion of the TGF-beta/activin signaling mediator Smad3. Expression of exogenous Smad7 in burned corneal tissue resulted in reduced activation of Smad signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling via RelA/p65. Resurfacing of the burned cornea by conjunctival epithelium and its differentiation to cornea-like epithelium were both accelerated in Smad7-Ad-treated corneas with suppressed stromal ulceration, opacification, and neovascularization 20 days after injury. Introduction of the Smad7 gene suppressed invasion of monocytes/macrophages and expression of monocyte/macrophage chemotactic protein-1, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 and abolished the generation of myofibroblasts. Although acceleration of healing of the burned cornea was also observed in mice lacking Smad3, the effects on epithelial and stromal healing were less pronounced than those in corneas treated with Smad7. Together these data suggest that overexpression of Smad7 may have effects beyond those of simply blocking Smad3/TGF-beta signaling and may represent an effective new strategy for treatment of ocular burns.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2001

Ca(2+) function in photosynthetic oxygen evolution studied by alkali metal cations substitution.

Effects of adding monovalent alkali metal cations to Ca(2+)-depleted photosystem (PS)II membranes on the biochemical and spectroscopic properties of the oxygen-evolving complex were studied. The Ca(2+)-dependent oxygen evolution was competitively inhibited by K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+), the ionic radii of which are larger than the radius of Ca(2+) but not inhibited significantly by Li(+) and Na(+), the ionic radii of which are smaller than that of Ca(2+). Ca(2+)-depleted membranes without metal cation supplementation showed normal S(2) multiline electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal and an S(2)Q(A)(-) thermoluminescence (TL) band with a normal peak temperature after illumination under conditions for single turnover of PSII. Membranes supplemented with Li(+) or Na(+) showed properties similar to those of the Ca(2+)-depleted membranes, except for a small difference in the TL peak temperatures. The peak temperature of the TL band of membranes supplemented with K(+), Rb(+), or Cs(+) was elevated to approximately 38 degrees C which coincided with that of Y(D)(+)Q(A)(-) TL band, and no S(2) EPR signals were detected. The K(+)-induced high-temperature TL band and the S(2)Q(A)(-) TL band were interconvertible by the addition of K(+) or Ca(2+) in the dark. Both the Ca(2+)-depleted and the K(+)-substituted membranes showed the narrow EPR signal corresponding to the S(2)Y(Z)(+) state at g = 2 by illuminating the membranes under multiple turnover conditions. These results indicate that the ionic radii of the cations occupying Ca(2+)-binding site crucially affect the properties of the manganese cluster.

Calcium↗
PubMed1984

Effect of alkali on the size dispersity of mammalian DNA measured by filter elution.

DNA from unirradiated and irradiated cultured 9L rat brain tumor cells was held for varying times in low ionic strength solutions at pH 11.0, 12.3, or 12.9. The effect of this exposure to alkali on the DNA size distribution was determined by comparing the DNA filter elution profiles obtained experimentally with those theoretically predicted for monodispersed and random distributions. At pH 12.3 or 12.9, DNA from cells irradiated with 300 rad eluted with first-order kinetics corresponding to a random DNA size distribution. The median size of the distribution decreased if the irradiated DNA was exposed to pH 12.3 for 24 h. At pH 12.3 or 12.9, DNA from unirradiated cells eluted initially with complex kinetics that later became linear (18-21 h for pH 12.3 or 13-15 h for pH 12.9), characteristic of a monodispersed DNA size distribution. Holding either unirradiated or irradiated DNA at pH 11.0, below the critical unwinding pH, produced no effect on the elution profiles. Analysis of these filter elution data indicated that after sufficient exposure to pH 12.3 or 12.9, undamaged DNA molecules from mammalian cells elute as a single-stranded monodispersed size distribution of approximately 1 X 10(10) daltons. While the possibility cannot be completely eliminated that this monodispersed size represents an upper limit determined by physical forces, these results, in conjunction with those obtained using other techniques, lend credence to the existence of a nonrandom higher-order structure in mammalian chromosomal DNA.

Alkalies↗
PubMed2003

An alkali-soluble heteroxylan from seeds of Phoenix dactylifera L.

Alkali-soluble polysaccharides, isolated from the seeds of dates, have been investigated using methylation and partial hydrolysis studies. The polysaccharides are shown to contain D-xylose and 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 5:1. An aldobiouronic acid from hemicellulose was characterized, and investigation revealed that the hemicellulose consists of a polymer of (1-->4)-linked D-xylopranosyl residues having branches of D-xylopyranosyl and 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid.

Alkalies↗
PubMed2002

Retention of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals on an itaconic acid cation-exchange column. Eluent pH, ionic strength and temperature effects upon selectivity.

The unusual selectivity of a methylene succinic (itaconic) acid modified polymeric column was investigated for the separation of alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metals employing non-chelating inorganic eluents. The retention of selected metal ions on the column was investigated with simple HNO3 eluents and eluents prepared from KNO3 and KCl salts of varying pH (adjusted using HNO3). From these studies both the effect of eluent ionic strength and pH upon retention was evaluated for the itaconic acid stationary phase. The results obtained showed that despite slow exchange kinetics causing poor efficiencies, acceptable baseline separations of selected alkaline earth and transitions could be obtained under optimum conditions (the baseline separation of Mg(II), Ca(II), Mn(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Co(II) was possible using a 15 mM KNO3-5 mM KCl eluent at pH 3.50 in under 25 min). The use of an simple ionic strength step gradient was shown that facilitated the addition of Pb(II) to the above group of metal ions. An investigation into the effect of temperature upon peak efficiency and retention showed increased column temperature could be used to improve the resolution of closely eluting metal ions such as Ca(II) and Sr(II) and Ca(II) and Mn(II).

Alkalies↗
PubMed2002

Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions and chlor-alkali industry wastewater using 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-clay.

The 2-mercaptobenzimidazole loaded natural clay was prepared for the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous media. Adsorption of the metal ions from aqueous solution as a function of solution concentration, agitation time, pH, temperature, ionic strength, particle size of the adsorbent and adsorbent dose was studied. The adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetics. The rate constants as a function of initial concentration and temperature were given. The adsorption of Hg(II) increased with increasing pH and reached a plateau value in the pH range 4.0-8.0. The removal of Hg(II) was found to be >99% at an initial concentration of 50 mg/l. Mercury(II) uptake was found to increase with ionic strength and temperature. Further, the adsorption of Hg(II) increased with increasing adsorbent dose and decrease with adsorbent particle size. Sorption data analysis was carried out using Langmuir and modified Langmuir isotherms for the uptake of metal ion in an initial concentration range of 50-1,000 mg/l. The significance of the two linear relationships obtained by plotting the data according to the conventional Langmuir equation is discussed in terms of the binding energies of the two population sites involved which have a widely differing affinity for Hg(II) ions. Thermodynamic parameters such as changes of free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. It was found that the values of isosteric heat of adsorption were varied with surface loading. The chlor-alkali industry wastewater samples were treated by MBI-clay to demonstrate its efficiency in removing Hg(II) from wastewater.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Spectroscopic study of the interactions of alkali fluorides with D-xylose.

The interactions of alkali fluorides with D-xylose have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, 1H and 13C) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. KF and CsF form complexes with D-xylose in a 1:1 molar ratio. These complexes can be obtained by solid state milling the reactants in an agate mortar or from methanolic solutions of the sugar and the salt. LiF and NaF do not form complex with D-xylose. IR and XRD prove the identical nature of the complexes obtained by milling and from solution. IR spectra indicate strong perturbation of the OH stretching vibrations with considerable shifts to lower frequencies, which must be caused by strong hydrogen bond formation to the fluorine anion. The perturbations of C-O bond are weak, indicating that cation binding to the oxygen atoms is not the main interaction responsible for the complex formation. 1H NMR spectra of the D-xylose-KF complex dissolved in deuterium oxide is equal to that of pure D-xylose, indicating the destruction of the complex in solution. The complex is stable in DMSO, and 13C spectra of the complex in DMSO-d6 and in solid state (CPMAS) spectra are in accordance with the observed interactions in the IR spectra. As far as we know, this is the first report of a sugar-halide salt complex in which the anion instead of the cation provides the binding forces.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2000

Vibrational study and spectra-structure correlations in ammonium saccharinate: comparison with the alkali saccharinates.

The FT IR spectra, at temperatures from liquid-nitrogen boiling (LNT) up to room temperature (RT), as well as the RT Raman solid-state spectra of protonated and deuterated ammonium saccharinate and of a series of alkali (Na, K, Rb, Cs) saccharinates are studied. The spectral assignments are aided with ab initio calculations on the free saccharinato anion at the HF/6-31 + + G(d,p) level. Attention is paid to the ND, CO and SO2 stretching regions. Correlation splitting is believed to be responsible for the presence of a v(CO) doublet. The averaged v(CO) frequency in (purely ionic) ammonium saccharinate is found to be the lowest in the so far studied saccharinates, along with the assumptions that the v(CO) frequency (or the corresponding averaged value) can have predictive value for the type of the metal-to-saccharinato ligand/ion bonding. The appreciably higher contribution of the dominating internal coordinate in the corresponding normal vibration in case of v(as)(SO2) than in v(s)(SO2) makes it suitable for spectra-structure correlations. Contrary to RT, even though no phase transitions were observed in the studied temperature range, some polycentered character is prescribed to the hydrogen bonds in which the ammonium ions of effective symmetry C8 participate at LNT. Certain structural predictions about the saccharinates of K, Rb and Cs are made.

Alkalies↗
PubMed2003

Reducing the alkali cation adductions of oligonucleotides using sol-gel-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

The alkali cation adductions of oligonucleotides dramatically degrade MALDI mass spectra and even affect the detection limit. Desalting is generally involved in MALDI sample preparation. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) and 3,5-DABA as the MALDI matrix for oligonucleotide analysis. Furthermore, sodium ion adducts of oligonucleotides were simultaneously reduced in the mass spectra when DABA was used as the MALDI matrix and sol-gel material was used as the sample support. However, depositing the sample on the sample support was very difficult, and the lack of homogeneity of analytes/matrix distribution on the sample support also led the analyte signals to be revealed only in "sweet spots". Alternatively, DABA was doped into sol-gel materials to generate homogeneous DABA/sol-gel hybrid film. The DABA/sol-gel hybrid film was used as the sample substrate to assist the desorption/ ionization of analytes. The analyte signals were evenly found on the sample substrate. The sodium ion adductions of oligonucleotides were also effectively suppressed. The sample preparation used in this approach resembles that used in the authors' previous study, involving sol-gel-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SGALDI) mass spectrometry (Lin, Y.-S.; Chen, Y.-C. Anal Chem. 2002, 74, 5793-5798.) The SGALDI approach was demonstrated to be effective in assisting the desorption/ionization of peptides and small proteins. Herein, the SGALDI material, DABA/sol-gel hybrid material, was successfully applied to oligonucleotide analysis, and good-quality mass spectra were obtained without extra desalting. Additionally, the presence of 0.1% SDS in the oligonucleotide sample solution was tolerated without degrading the mass spectra. The largest detectable molecular size for oligonucleotides was 72 mer. The detection limit for 24 mer of oligonucleotide was 20 fmol.

Aminobenzoates↗
PubMed2006

The alkali molten globule state of ferrocytochrome c: extraordinary stability, persistent structure, and constrained overall dynamics.

This paper describes the structural and dynamic properties of a hitherto uncovered alkali molten globule (MG) state of horse "ferrocytochrome c" (ferrocyt c). Several experimental difficulties mainly because of heme autoxidation and extraordinary stability of ferrocyt c have been overcome by working with the carbonmonoxide-bound molecule under extremely basic condition (pH 13) in a strictly anaerobic atmosphere. Structural and molecular properties extracted from basic spectroscopic experiments suggest that cations drive the base-denatured CO-liganded protein to the MG state. The stability of this state is approximately 5.2 kcal mol(-)(1), and the guanidinium-induced unfolding transition is sharp (m(g) approximately 2.3 kcal mol(-)(1) M(-)(1)), suggesting contents of rigid tertiary structure. Strategic experiments involving the measurement of the CO association rate to the base-denatured protein and intrachain diffusion rates measured by laser photolysis of CO indicate a substantially restricted overall motion and stiffness of the polypeptide chain in the MG state. Possible placement of the state in the folding coordinate of ferrocyt c is discussed.

Alkalies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Solution properties of chitin in alkali.

The solution properties of alpha-chitin dissolved in 2.77 M NaOH are discussed. Chitin samples in the weight-average molecular weight range 0.1 x 10(6) g/mol to 1.2 x 10(6) g/mol were prepared by heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of chitin. Dilute solution properties were measured by viscometry and light scattering. From dynamic light scattering data, relative similar size distributions of the chitin samples were obtained, except for the most degraded sample, which contained aggregates. Second virial coefficients in the range 1 to 2 x 10(-3) mL.mol.g(-2) indicated that 2.77 M NaOH is a good solvent to chitin. The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation and the relationship between the z-average radius of gyration (Rg) and the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) were determined to be [eta] = 0.10Mw0.68 (mL.g(-1)) and Rg = 0.17Mw0.46 (nm), respectively, suggesting a random-coil structure for the chitin molecules in alkali conditions. These random-coil structures have Kuhn lengths in the range 23-26 nm.

Alkalies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Purification and characterization of a novel thermo-alkali-stable catalase from Thermus brockianus.

A novel thermo-alkali-stable catalase from Thermus brockianus was purified and characterized. The protein was purified from a T. brockianus cell extract in a three-step procedure that resulted in 65-fold purification to a specific activity of 5300 U/mg. The enzyme consisted of four identical subunits of 42.5 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and a total molecular mass measured by gel filtration of 178 kDa. The catalase was active over a temperature range from 30 to 94 degrees C and a pH range from 6 to 10, with optimum activity occurring at 90 degrees C and pH 8. At pH 8, the enzyme was extremely stable at elevated temperatures with half-lives of 330 h at 80 degrees C and 3 h at 90 degrees C. The enzyme also demonstrated excellent stability at 70 degrees C and alkaline pH with measured half-lives of 510 h and 360 h at pHs of 9 and 10, respectively. The enzyme had an unusual pyridine hemochrome spectrum and appears to utilize eight molecules of heme c per tetramer rather than protoheme IX present in the majority of catalases studied to date. The absorption spectrum suggested that the heme iron of the catalase was in a 6-coordinate low spin state rather than the typical 5-coordinate high spin state. A K(m) of 35.5 mM and a V(max) of 20.3 mM/min.mg protein for hydrogen peroxide was measured, and the enzyme was not inhibited by hydrogen peroxide at concentrations up to 450 mM. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by cyanide and the traditional catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. The enzyme also showed no peroxidase activity to peroxidase substrates o-dianisidine and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), a trait of typical monofunctional catalases. However, unlike traditional monofunctional catalases, the T. brockianus catalase was easily reduced by dithionite, a characteristic of catalase-peroxidases. The above properties indicate that this catalase has potential for applications in industrial bleaching processes to remove residual hydrogen peroxide from process streams.

Alkalies↗
PubMed2003

Alkali ash material: a novel fly ash-based cement.

The United States generates 110 million t of coal ash annually. Approximately 70 million t of this coal ash is fly ash, of which 27% is recycled and the remaining 73% is landfilled. Disposal of such a huge quantity of ash poses a significant environmental problem. A new cementitious material has been developed, called alkali ash material (AAM), which is used to produce concrete for construction. AAM can be used to create a variety of concrete strengths and could revolutionize the concrete product manufacturing industry due to its economic advantage. AAM contains 40-95% Class F fly ash and is used as cement to bind sand, stone, and fibers creating concrete. AAM concrete has been tested for strength, durability, mechanical properties, and, most importantly, economic viability. AAM concrete is economically and technically viable for many construction applications. Some properties include rapid strength gain (90% of ultimate in 1 d), high ultimate strengths (110 MPa or 16,000 psi in 1 d), excellent acid resistance, and freeze-thaw durability. AAM's resistance to chemical attack, such as sulfuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3), hydrochloric (HCl), and organic acids, is far better than portland cement concrete. AAM is resistant to freeze-thaw attack based on ASTM C-666 specifications. Potential immediate applications of AAM are blocks, pipe, median barriers, sound barriers, and overlaying materials. Eventual markets are high strength construction products, bridge beams, prestressed members, concrete tanks, highway appurtenances, and other concrete products.

Alkalies↗
PubMed1999

Physicochemical and structural characterization of alkali soluble lignins from oil palm trunk and empty fruit-bunch fibers.

Six alkali soluble lignin fractions were extracted from the cell wall materials of oil palm trunk and empty fruit-bunch (EFB) fibers with 5% NaOH, 10% NaOH, and 24% KOH/2% H(3)BO(3). All of the lignin fractions contained rather low amounts of associated neutral sugars (0.8-1.2%) and uronic acids (1.1-2.0%). The lignin fractions isolated with 5% NaOH from the lignified palm trunk and EFB fibers gave a relatively higher degree of polymerization as shown by weight-average molecular weights ranging between 2620 and 2840, whereas the lignin fractions isolated with 10% NaOH and 24% KOH/2% H(3)BO(3) from the partially delignified palm trunk and EFB fibers showed a relatively lower degree of polymerization, as shown by weight-average molecular weights ranging between 1750 and 1980. The results obtained by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation showed that all of the lignin preparations contained a high proportion of noncondensed syringyl units with small amounts of noncondensed guaiacyl and fewer p-hydroxyphenyl units. The lignin fraction extracted with 5% NaOH from the lignified EFB fiber was mainly composed of beta-O-4 ether-linked units. Small amounts of 5-5', beta-5, and beta-beta' carbon-carbon linkages were also found to be present between the lignin structural units. Further studies showed that uronic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and ferulic acids in the cell walls of palm fibers were esterified to lignin.

Alkalies↗
PubMed2006

Molecular dynamics simulations of electron-alkali cation pairs in bulk water.

The structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties of an excess electron interacting with an alkali cation (Na+, K+, Li+) in bulk water were investigated by means of a mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulation technique. This study includes a reparametrization of the electron-cation pseudopotentials. The free energy calculations for all three systems show that a contact electron-cation pair can be observed, which is either as stable as the dissociated pair (Li+) or more stable by only a few kT (Na+, K+). Given that the dissociation barrier is also quite small, we suggest that the average cation-electron distance in the experiments at room temperature will not depend on this free energy profile but rather on the minimization of the Coulombic repulsive interaction between like charges in the solvent medium. This enables us to compare the present molecular dynamics simulations with the spectroscopic data obtained for different ionic strengths. The overall trend of the UV-vis hydrated absorption spectra, namely, the shift toward shorter wavelengths at high ionic strengths, is fairly well reproduced. This confirms our hypothesis of statistical distribution of the cations and solvated electrons.

Cations↗
PubMed2006

Theoretical study of alkali cation-benzene complexes: potential energy surfaces and binding energies with improved results for rubidium and cesium.

High level ab initio quantum chemical calculations have been carried out on the binding of alkali metal to benzene with special attention to heavier metals for which the agreement between the most recent theoretical investigations and the experimental bond dissociation energies (BDEs) is not very good. We performed BSSE-corrected geometry optimizations employing the MP2 level of theory with large basis sets and a modified Stuttgart RSC 1997 basis set for rubidium and cesium and carried out single point energy calculations at the MP4 level, obtaining, also for the latter metals, BDE values in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, in view of the development of empirical correction terms to force fields to describe cation-pi interactions, we evaluated the potential energy surface along the benzene symmetry axis and discussed the role of the BSSE correction on the accuracy of our results.

Algorithms↗