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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Bacterial resistance and implications for daily practice].

Present and future solutions to the problem of bacterial multiple resistance involve physicians, patients and veterinarians. Their behaviour should evolve to take into account the medical and economical issues of antibiotic prescription. The clinical diagnosis requires a more rigorous assessment, based on bacteriological and rapid antigenic tests. Vaccination in both young people and the elderly, is an essential prophylactic tool, which is too often neglected. When a bacterial infection is suspected or proven, priority should be given to a targeted antimicrobial therapy with a bactericidal activity, in order to quickly eradicate pathogens. Therapies should be shorter and questionable antibio-prophylaxis should also be avoided. A watch laboratory network should provide physicians with an adequate information on local bacterial resistance patterns on a regular basis, in order to allow them adjusting their prescription.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

Considerations in receiving and quarantining laboratory rodents.

The development of increased bacteriologic and viral screening has revealed evidence of exposure to possible pathogens in animals from even the best suppliers. Because the cost in money and space to quarantine all rodents in many types of research institutions is great, and because of an increased ability to detect possible pathogens, a dilemma exists. At the same time, regulations are being implemented which, in many cases, mandate a quarantine period. In all cases, however, the professional judgement of laboratory animal medicine specialists is increasingly needed to interpret the best course of action. A proper matching of animal quality with a realistic assessment of research requirements seems the best course, with quarantine implemented where truly appropriate.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The post-Loeffler-Frosch era: contribution of German virologists.

This presentation dealt with the contributions of German virologists in the rapid development of virology following the Loeffler-Frosch era. Thereby, only research was included which was undertaken within German institutions, even though guest scientists from other countries or international cooperative efforts have in some cases contributed to the work. Contributions to the field of veterinary virology were not considered here, since this topic was treated separately during this centennial symposium. The overview includes contributions of the very early period when interest was focussed mainly on the determination of the physicochemical properties of the fast growing number of newly detected viruses, and of the pioneering period when fundamental discoveries of the nature of viruses were made. The concepts that derived from those studies made the development of modern virology possible. Some highlights of the present period were presented describing the findings of selected virus families. This part was followed by a description of the results which were relevant to problems of how viruses become pathogens, and the role of the immune response to virus infections. Finally, attention was drawn to the contributions of molecular studies which became important not only for the field of virology but also for life sciences in general.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Visceral larva migrans and alveolar hydatid disease. Dangers real or imagined.

For both visceral larva migrans and alveolar hydatid diseases, it is the feces of companion animals that are the primary source of human infection. Clearly, whatever is done to reduce this form of environmental contamination and the prevalence of the parasites' infective stages will help to protect the health of the human population in the United States and Canada, particularly the children. Very important are appropriate anthelmintic treatment programs, especially for T. canis, and proper control of close associations between pets and people. Probably the known incidence of visceral larva migrans in humans and the range of its known pathogenicity will increase as better diagnostic methods become available. In addition, other animal helminths, for instance Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina, may become more substantially documented as causes of human visceral larva migrans. Until more is known of the geographical distribution and prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis among animals in North America, it will be difficult to assess accurately the future significance of alveolar hydatid disease in the continent's human population. Another important advance would be the development of anthelmintics that are effective for somatic second stage larvae of T. canis, and others effective for adult or larval Echinococcus species. Meanwhile it is a most important responsibility of the veterinary profession to educate its clients thoroughly concerning these dangerous helminths.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens and ducks in Tamilnadu, India.

During 1993, outbreaks of Newcastle disease occurred on many farms in Tamilnadu, India. Six Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from the chickens on five different farms and from the birds on one duck farm during outbreaks of the disease. All the isolates were characterized as velogenic, based on the mean death time, intravenous pathogenicity index, intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI), stability of haemagglutinin at 56 degrees C, agglutination of equine erythrocytes, haemagglutination elution pattern and adsorption of haemagglutinin by chick brain cells. The isolate obtained from ducks resembled a group D strain, based on its ICPI and its reaction with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The other five NDV isolates obtained from chickens were placed in groups B(1), C1(2) and D(2) on the basis of their binding patterns with the panel of monoclonal antibodies. In challenge experiments, it was found that LaSota vaccine provided 100% protection against each of these field isolates and against a local NDV strain obtained from the Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Tamilnadu, India, while unvaccinated chickens succumbed to challenge. The possible origin of epizootic viruses causing outbreaks in vaccinated flocks is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Complete genome sequence of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).

Streptomyces coelicolor is a representative of the group of soil-dwelling, filamentous bacteria responsible for producing most natural antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. Here we report the 8,667,507 base pair linear chromosome of this organism, containing the largest number of genes so far discovered in a bacterium. The 7,825 predicted genes include more than 20 clusters coding for known or predicted secondary metabolites. The genome contains an unprecedented proportion of regulatory genes, predominantly those likely to be involved in responses to external stimuli and stresses, and many duplicated gene sets that may represent 'tissue-specific' isoforms operating in different phases of colonial development, a unique situation for a bacterium. An ancient synteny was revealed between the central 'core' of the chromosome and the whole chromosome of pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The genome sequence will greatly increase our understanding of microbial life in the soil as well as aiding the generation of new drug candidates by genetic engineering.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Highly cited article published in the Veterinary Quarterly in 1991.

In early 1991, the Dutch pig industry was struck by the so-called mystery swine disease. Large-scale laboratory investigations were undertaken to search for the aetiological agent. We focused on isolating viruses and mycoplasmas, and we tested paired sera of affected sows for antibodies against ten known pig viruses. The mycoplasmas M. hysonoviae, M. hyopneumoniae, and Acheloplasma laidlawii, and the viruses encephalomyocarditis virus and porcine enterovirus types 2 and 7 were isolated from individual pigs. An unknown agent however, was isolated from 16 of 20 piglets and from 41 of 63 sows. This agent was characterized as a virus and designated Lelystad virus. No relationship between this virus and other viruses has yet been established. Of 165 sows reportedly affected by the disease, 123 (75 per cent) seroconverted to Lelystad virus, whereas less than 10 per cent seroconverted to any of the other virus isolates or to known viral pathogens. Antibodies directed against Lelystad virus were also found in pigs with mystery swine disease in England, Germany, and the United States. We conclude that infection with Lelystad virus is the likely cause of mystery swine disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: pathogen, pathogenesis and diagnosis.

Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic intestinal infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The usually fatal disease is characterised by cachexia, and in some species diarrhoea, after a long pre-clinical phase. Treatment is ineffective and economically impracticable. The infection primarily affects domestic and free-ranging ruminants, but has also been reported in primates, rabbits, stoats and foxes. Since paratuberculosis is often subclinical, under-reporting is suspected, even though the disease is notifiable in numerous countries. Herd prevalence of bovine paratuberculosis in Europe ranges from 7% to 55%. In the United States of America, herd prevalence is strongly associated with herd size; 40% of herds of more than 300 head were found to be infected. In Australia, reported dairy herd infection rates range between 9% and 22%. Paratuberculosis in domestic livestock entails significant economic losses due to several factors (e.g. reduced production, premature culling and increased veterinary costs). Free-ranging and captive wildlife are also at risk from paratuberculosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Mucosal immunology: overview and potential in the veterinary species.

A large part of the immune system is dedicated to protection from infection at mucosal surfaces. The concept of the common mucosal immune system has been investigated in several veterinary species where traffic of mucosally activated lymphocytes from induction to effector sites has been demonstrated. The dominant isotype found in secretions of the upper respiratory tract and gut of normal healthy and diseased animals is IgA. B lymphocytes have a relatively short half-life and there is continuous production of IgA at these sites, which is achieved by constant secretion from T helper and epithelial cells of cytokines that are critical for B cell maturation and IgA secretion. Specific stimulation of mucosal immune responses using intranasal presentation of live and inactivated antigens (with adjuvants active at mucosal surfaces) has shown great promise for inducing protective immunity to respiratory pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Methods for investigating Trichinella infections in domestic and wild animals].

Trichinellosis is an important parasitic zoonosis that is caused by the intracellular nematode Trichinella spp.. Infection of humans occurs through consumption of raw (or undercooked) meat containing infectious larvae. In Europe, meat from pork, horse, and wild boar have been identified as most important sources of Trichinella infections in humans. In Switzerland, both the domestic pig and wild boar population are considered free of Trichinella. Conversely, Swiss foxes, lynxs and recently a wolf were found to be infected, the species identified in these animals was always referred to as Trichinella britovi. Although this species rarely infects pork and, compared to Trichinella spiralis, only causes reduced pathogenic effects in humans, the basic presence of Trichinella in Switzerland cannot be neglegted. This fact has gained increasing importance since the responsible authorities in the European Union (EU) are preparing regulations for the official Trichinella-control in meat in order to improve food safety for consumers. These regulations will be implemented as a consequence of the recent association of east European countries with the EU. This new legislation particularly takes into account, that in the past by far most cases of human trichinellosis in the EU were due to consumption of imported east European meat.Within the framework of the bilateral agreements of Switzerland with the EU, the Swiss veterinary public health authorities will have to comply with the foreseen EU regulations. Although diagnostic methods for the direct demonstation of Trichinella in pork meat are already routine practice in several Swiss abattoirs, the implementation of a meat control program for Trichinella for the entire slaughter pig population of the country would lead to an enormous increase in costs for the administration and will require an increased infrastructure in veterinary services. In order to find a reduced testing format for monitoring Trichinella infections in Swiss pork, an infection risk-oriented survey strategy is currently evaluated. In the present article, this minimized survey strategy is discussed regarding its compatibility with the EU regulations laying down rules for the official control of meat for Trichinella.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Mycoplasma infection of the hand acquired from a cat.

Mycoplasmas, the smallest known organism capable of a free existence, have been recognized as human pathogens for 25 years. However, a soft tissue cellulitis caused by a mycoplasma has never been reported in a human subject. This case report of a mycoplasma infection of the hand acquired from an infected cat describes the clinical presentation, operative findings, mycoplasmology, and treatment of this infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The application of scid mouse technology to questions in reproductive biology.

Mice expressing the scid gene have been used to study major questions in the field of reproductive immunology. Transfer of Mus caroli embryos to the uteri of pseudopregnant scid/scid mice disproved the hypothesis that antigen-specific immune rejection of fetuses was occurring in this model of midgestational pregnancy failure. The results of breeding studies of mice having the scid/scid.bg/bg genotype suggested that uterine lymphocytes have little or no role in promoting embryonic survival under pathogen-free conditions. Further, the results of in vitro studies using uterine lymphocytes from these immunodeficient mice suggested that the cytokines important for pregnancy success were not lymphocyte-derived. Xenogeneic engraftment of embryonic and uterine tissues into scid/scid and scid/scid.bg/bg mice is also successful and has the potential for facilitating studies of the fetomaternal interface in domestic animal species, such as cows and horses, as well as in humans.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1997

[Frequency and cost of health problems in Swiss dairy cows and their calves (1993-1994)].

Between July 1993 and July 1994 morbidity and management information related to dairy cows and their calves up to the age of 8 weeks were recorded in 113 randomly selected dairy herds. Also recorded were any costs incurred through disease and prevention. Blood and faeces were analysed with respect to selected pathogens. The health problems most frequently diagnosed in cows were reproductive and udder diseases. Calves suffered most often from diarrhea, omphalitis and pneumonia. The directly disease-related costs per cow-year on average amounted to CHF 139.44 and CHF 4.18 per calf. For prevention, farmers spent on average CHF 10.18 per cow-year. Results from the laboratory analyses indicate that in 68.1% of the farms antibodies against Leptospira hardjo and in 61.9% against Coxiella burnetii were detected. In 8.0% of the farms antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were found. Antibodies against BVD virus was present in 99.4% of the farms. Cows from 63.7% farms were infected with gastrointestinal strongylids. Veterinary assistance was required on average 1.96 times per cow-year. In almost all reproductive and puerperal disease cases a veterinarian was consulted while lameness in the majority of cases was treated by the owner. The veterinary profession was hardly ever involved in disease prevention.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the pathogenicity for pregnant sheep of Rift Valley fever virus and a live attenuated vaccine.

A live attenuated mutant of Rift Valley fever virus, MV P12, was previously shown to be non-pathogenic in young lambs, but capable of producing protective immunity. The studies reported here show that the abortion in sheep caused by an infection with virulent virus is the result of necrosis of the maternal villi and cotyledons arising from an acute inflammation of the maternal caruncles. Pregnant ewes infected with the attenuated mutant virus MV P12 showed none of these lesions in the placenta and gave birth to healthy lambs. Colostrum from ewes infected with MV P12 virus was able to induce protective immunity in the offspring. These data along with previously published results suggest that the mutant virus MV P12 is an excellent candidate for use as a live attenuated veterinary vaccine.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2005

Spatial and temporal patterns of pig herds diagnosed with Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) during the first two years of its occurrence in Denmark.

The clinical syndrome Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in pigs has emerged globally during the last decade. In October 2001, the first pig herd diagnosed with PMWS was reported in Denmark, and since then the number of herds diagnosed with PMWS has increased markedly. The etiology of PMWS is not well understood, but increased knowledge of the causal factors is prerequisite for applying preventive interventions. In this study we described the temporal (time of diagnosis), spatial (location of herds) and spatio-temporal pattern of Danish pig herds diagnosed with PMWS during the first two years after the first herd was diagnosed, and we tested for spatial and spatio-temporal clustering using scan statistics. The study population consisted of pig herds that during the study period (October 2001-September 2003) performed diagnostic submissions to the two major veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Denmark (6724 herds). Of these, 277 herds were diagnosed with PMWS. Two statistically significant spatial clusters of herds diagnosed with PMWS were identified. These clusters included 11% and 8% of the study herds, respectively. Within these two clusters the relative risk for a herd to be diagnosed with PMWS was twice as high as expected. One statistically significant spatio-temporal cluster was identified between February and May 2002. We discuss different hypotheses that could explain why pig herds diagnosed with PMWS were clustered both spatially and spatio-temporally, and conclude that the results support the hypothesis that PMWS is caused by introduction of a new, unidentified, pathogen into the Danish pig production.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Continuing education needs assessment for on-farm food safety services.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the perceived market or client demand for dairy on-farm food safety services by veterinarians, the need for a food safety continuing education program, and the educational issues that might be addressed in an on-farm food safety curriculum. DESIGN: Survey. STUDY POPULATION: Consulting dairy veterinarians, government veterinarians located in California, and meat packers slaughtering cull dairy cows in California. PROCEDURE: Results of a questionnaire supplied to veterinarians and telephone interviews with meat packer representatives were analyzed by use of univariate and multivariate logistic regression procedures. RESULTS: Some meat packers considered the quality of incoming cull dairy cattle as a control point for food safety hazards. More than 50% of dairy and government-employed veterinarians believed that a current market for on-farm food safety services exists; > 85% believed that a potential market exists. Duration since graduation was negatively correlated with belief in a current market. Government-employed veterinarians were more likely to believe in a current market. Veterinarians were more likely to express a strong interest in offering on-farm food safety services if they believed a current market exists, indicated that they already offer such services, or listed residues and pathogens as the most important issues facing the dairy industry. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although a potential market for on-farm food safety services is perceived, veterinarians are unsure of their role in this area. new demands of meat packers slaughtering cull dairy cows may be the motivation practitioners need to broach the subject of food safety with clients.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of antigenic structure and pathogenicity of bovine intestinal Chlamydia isolate with an agent of epizootic bovine abortion.

A bovine fecal Chlamydia, isolated from a clinically normal cow, had pathogenic capabilities and antigenic structure similar to those of a chlamydial agent of epizootic bovine abortion (EBA). Intravenous inoculation of the fecal chlamydia into a pregnant heifer caused abortion and lesions in the fetus indistinguishable from those of experimentally induced EBA. In serotests with species-specific complement fixation antigens, the intestinal agent was similar to the EBA agent.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1985

[Microbiological studies of waste from medical practice and household refuse].

Microbiological investigations were made during a one year period on refuse from consulting rooms of general practitioners, E.N.T.-specialists, dermatologists, dentists, and veterinarians. Concentrations of total aerobic bacteria, hyphomycetes, yeasts, actinomycetes, indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, feacal streptococci, anaerobic sulfite reducing spore-forming bacteria), of some facultative pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus), and pathogens (Salmonella sp.) were estimated. The refuse from medical consulting rooms showed definitely differences in microbiological properties. Usually the highest counts of microorganisms were found in the refuse from veterinarian consulting rooms. In generally, refuse from medical consulting rooms had lower microbial counts as compared to the municipal refuse. Feacal indicators and facultative pathogenic bacteria, however, were found more frequently, and usually at higher concentrations in refuse from medical consulting rooms. Salmonella sp. was not found in the refuse samples under test. Conclusively, refuse from medical consulting rooms should be handled with caution. However, the results of this study do not indicate those kinds of refuse as a source of acute hygienic risk.

Bacteria↗