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PubMed1994

MDL 29311, an analog of probucol, decreases triglycerides in rats by increasing hepatic clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein.

MDL 29311 is an analog of probucol that shares probucol's antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties. When fed to rats as a 1% dietary admixture, MDL 29311 decreased triglyceride levels by 65% without affecting total or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Under the same conditions, probucol decreased triglyceride levels by 23% and total cholesterol levels by 29% (with a corresponding decrease in HDL cholesterol level). MDL 29311 treatment did not affect the rate of triglyceride entry into the plasma. However, MDL 29311-treated rats cleared in vivo-labeled very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-associated [3H]-triglyceride ([3H]-VLDL) over threefold faster than control rats. This increase in clearance led to increased levels of [3H]-lipid in liver and decreased [3H]-lipid in fat, muscle, diaphragm, and kidney of MDL 29311-treated rats 1.5 to 2.0 minutes after injection of [3H]-VLDL. MDL 29311 treatment had no effect on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) activities, or on plasma apolipoprotein (apo) C-II-dependent LPL activation. Intravenously injected [3H]-VLDL was allowed to circulate in MDL 29311-treated or control rats for 1 minute, and the undiluted plasma was then perfused through rat livers in a recirculating system. The [3H] in MDL 29311 plasma was cleared threefold faster (t1/2, 1.3 v 3.8 minutes) than the [3H] in control plasma by control livers. Conversely, the [3H] in control plasma was cleared slowly (t1/2 = 3.5 minutes) by the livers of MDL 29311-treated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Decreasing triglyceride by gemfibrozil therapy does not affect the glucoregulatory or antilipolytic effect of insulin in nondiabetic subjects with mild hypertriglyceridemia.

We studied the effects of gemfibrozil on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in subjects with mild endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. Twenty subjects (serum triglycerides, 3.2 +/- 1.4 mmol/L; age, 52 +/- 7 years; body mass index, 27.8 +/- 1.8 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to receive either placebo or gemfibrozil 1,200 mg daily for 12 weeks in a double-blind study. Gemfibrozil decreased serum total and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides by 53% and 57%, respectively, and serum apolipoprotein (apo) B concentration by 21%. Gemfibrozil had no effect on the diurnal concentration of free fatty acids (FFA). Neither did gemfibrozil change diurnal blood glucose or serum insulin concentrations. The endogenous glucose production rate remained unchanged in both groups during the treatment period, and was similarly suppressed by hyperinsulinemia. The rate of insulin-induced whole-body glucose disposal increased similarly both before (basal 10.8 +/- 1.8, low-dose insulin 10.5 +/- 2.1, and high-dose insulin 20.9 +/- 11.9 mumol.kg-1.min-1) and after (11.1 +/- 1.7, 10.7 +/- 1.2, and 18.6 +/- 7.9, respectively) gemfibrozil treatment. Rates of oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism remained unchanged during gemfibrozil treatment. Basal pretreatment and posttreatment FFA turnover rates were similar in both study groups, as were the rates of substrate oxidation. In summary, gemfibrozil proved to be an effective serum triglyceride-lowering agent in patients with mild hypertriglyceridemia, but had no effect on the insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism or of antilipolysis. These data support the idea that triglycerides per se do not cause insulin resistance, and that the triglyceride-lowering effect of gemfibrozil is not mediated via antilipolytic action.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

Food intake after intragastric meals of short-, medium, or long-chain triglyceride.

Food-deprived Sprague-Dawley rats were given equicaloric intragastric infusions of mixed meals consisting largely of short- (SCT), medium- (MCT), or long-chain triglyceride (LCT). When animals were allowed to feed 20 min after infusion, there was an immediate reduction of food intake that was sustained over the 2 hr feeding period. During the first hour of feeding, the SCT, which is digested and absorbed more rapidly than the MCT or the LCT, was more effective per calorie in reducing food intake than these longer-chain triglycerides. However, during the second hour, cumulative intakes after the different triglyceride infusions were not significantly different. Equicaloric infusions of the MCT and the LCT resulted in equivalent reductions of food intake at all times. The satiety effects of these two triglycerides appear to be related to their caloric properties rather than to chain length. Since the LCT reduced food intake before the absorbed fat could have entered the blood to stimulate satiety signals, this satiety effect may be mediated by a gastroenteric signal. None of the triglyceride infusions resulted in a conditioned taste aversion suggesting that food intake was reduced through normal satiety rather than through discomfort.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

i.r. Beta-endorphin, corticosterone, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in rat plasma after stress, cingulotomy or both.

Plasma i.r. beta-endorphin, corticosterone, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats after exposure to running or swimming stressors or after surgical ablation of the cingulum bundle. While cingulotomy alone altered only the plasma triglyceride concentrations, the combination of cingulotomy plus running stress significantly increased plasma i.r. beta-endorphin and triglyceride concentrations above those seen in animals receiving only a running stress. Triglyceride concentrations in cingulotomy plus swimming stress were significantly elevated above those in animals receiving a severe stress only. While the exposure to running and swimming increased plasma beta-endorphin significantly above control levels, plasma corticosterone was not affected by these stressors. Changes in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were also differentially affected by cingulotomy or stress exposure. These results indicate that various stress hormones are affected differentially by exposure to various experimental procedures which are employed as stressors.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

An inverse relationship between plasma carnitine and triglycerides in selected Macaca arctoides and Macaca nemistrina fed a low-fat chow diet.

Plasma carnitine and triglycerides were measured in five male Macaca arctoides and one female Macaca nemistrina during the course of feeding a low-fat (5.2% w/w), high carbohydrate diet and a high-fat (15.9% w/w), low carbohydrate diet. For each individual monkey, an inverse relationship was observed between plasma carnitine and triglyceride levels when the low-fat diet was fed but not when the high-fat diet was fed. The mechanism of the different responses to diet was not investigated but may be related to the primary source of the plasma triglycerides (i.e. endogenous origin or exogenous origin) or to differing hormonal effects. A close coupling between carnitine and triglyceride metabolism may be part of a sensitive homeostatic control mechanism that responds to endogenously-synthesized triglyceride.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Mammary secretion of triglycerides in the cow pre-partum.

1. Regular removal of fluid from the mammary gland, before parturition, stimulated its secretion of triglycerides, and particularly C18 fatty acids in the triglycerides, in some individual cows. 2. Cows that did not respond to pre-partum emptying were stimulated to secrete triglycerides by parturition. 3. The onset of secretion of milk triglycerides correlated with the onset of secretion of mammary fluid. 4. No increase in the ratio of C18:1 to C18:0 in the triglycerides, reflecting an onset of mammary desaturase activity, was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Mammary extraction of plasma triglycerides in the cow during lactogenesis.

1. In control cows, extraction of triglycerides from the circulation by the mammary gland increased abruptly and markedly, and the concentration of triglycerides in arterial plasma fell, on the day of parturition. 2. In cows that had fluid regularly removed from the mammary glands before parturition, these changes occurred at varying times from more than 4 days before parturition in an animal that secreted triglyceride copiously to 24 hr before parturition in an animal that secreted little triglyceride pre-partum. 3. In all animals, the time when triglyceride extraction increased was close to the time when K+ concentration in the mammary secretion became maximal.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

APOA5 gene polymorphism modulates levels of triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and FERHDL but is not a risk factor for coronary artery disease.

Variation in the APOA5 gene has been shown to be associated with triglyceride levels in several independent population studies. It was our objective to determine if a relationship existed between selected genotypes or haplotypes of the APOA5 gene and findings on selective coronary angiography (SCA) in an independent cohort. The Vancouver SCA Cohort consists of individuals referred for angiography between 1993 and 1995. DNA was extracted from 537 patients and analyzed for the -1131T>C and the c.56C>G polymorphisms which define three common haplotypes of the APOA5 gene. Plasma triglycerides and the fractional esterification rate in apoB-depleted lipoproteins (FER(HDL)), an index of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) composition, were significantly higher (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively), and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower (P = 0.03) in Caucasians with genotypes containing the minor allele of the -1131T>C polymorphism compared to the homozygotes for the major allele. However, there was no relationship between the c.56C>G polymorphism of the APOA5 gene and any of the measured lipid and lipoprotein parameters. Subjects homozygous for the common haplotype APOA5*1 had decreased triglyceride levels and FER(HDL) (P = 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively) and increased HDL-C levels (P = 0.01) compared to subjects with all other haplogenotypes. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that the -1131T>C polymorphism remained an independent predictor of triglyceride, HDL-C, and FER(HDL) following adjustment of several variables including age, gender, body mass index, diabetes, lipid lowering and beta-blocker medication. The APOA5*1/*1 haplogenotype remained an independent predictor of HDL-C and FER(HDL) following adjustment of the same variables. The relationship between APOA5 genotype or haplogenotype and FER(HDL) remained significant even after the addition of both HDL-C and triglyceride to the model. However, there was no association between APOA5 gene polymorphisms or haplotypes and coronary artery disease as determined by angiography.

Apolipoprotein A-V↗
PubMed2004

Mechanism of triglyceride lowering in mice expressing human apolipoprotein A5.

Overexpression of human APOA5 in mice results in dramatically decreased plasma triglyceride levels. In this study we explored the mechanism underlying this hypotriglyceridemic effect. Initially we found that triglyceride turnover was faster in hAPOA5 transgenic mice compared to controls, and this strongly correlated with increased LPL activity in postheparin plasma. Furthermore, we show that in vitro recombinant apoAV interacts physically with lipoprotein lipase and significantly increased its activity. We show that both apoB and apoCIII are decreased in hAPOA5 transgenic mice indicating a decrease in VLDL number. To further investigate the mechanism of hAPOA5 in a hyperlipidemic background, we inter-crossed hAPOA5 and hAPOC3 transgenic mice. We found a marked decrease in VLDL triglyceride and cholesterol, as well as apolipoprotein B and CIII levels. These data indicated that apoAV induces a decrease in VLDL size by activating lipolysis and an increase of VLDL clearance. In a postprandial state, the normal triglyceride response found in wild-type mice was significantly reduced in hAPOA5 transgenics. In addition, we demonstrated that in response to this fat load in hAPOA5xhAPOC3 mice, apoAV, but not apoCIII, was redistributed from primarily HDL to VLDL. This shift of apoAV in VLDL appears to limit the increase of triglyceride by activating the lipoprotein lipase.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genome-wide linkage scan for loci influencing plasma triglycerides.

BACKGROUND: Plasma triglyceride concentration is known to be a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous studies have found that the level of triglycerides is strongly influenced by genetic factors. METHODS: To identify quantitative trait loci influencing triglycerides, we conducted a genome-wide linkage scan on data from 485 Australian adult dizygotic twin pairs. Prior to linkage analysis, triglyceride values were adjusted for the effects of covariates including age, sex, time since last meal, time of blood collection (CT) and time to plasma separation. RESULTS: The heritability estimate for ln(triglyceride) adjusted for all above fixed effects was 0.49. The highest multipoint LOD score observed was 2.94 (genome-wide p=0.049) on chromosome 7 (at 65 cM). This 7p region contains several candidate genes. Two other regions with suggestive multipoint LOD scores were also identified on chromosome 4 (LOD score=2.26 at 62 cM) and chromosome X (LOD score=2.01 at 81 cM). CONCLUSIONS: The linkage peaks found represent newly identified regions for more detailed study, in particular the significant linkage observed on chromosome 7p13.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Plasma triglycerides, an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in men: a prospective study based on a population with prevalent metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: We aimed to assess whether fasting plasma triglycerides independently predicted future fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a population having a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. In the Turkish Adult Risk Factor Study, a population-based survey, 2682 men and women 20 years of age or over with fasting triglyceride values available and free of CVD at baseline examination in 1990, were prospectively followed up till 2003/04. Triglyceride concentrations were measured by the enzymatic dry chemistry method and stratified into sex-specific quintiles. Information on the mode of death was obtained from first-degree relatives and/or health personnel of local health office. Diagnosis of coronary heart disease and stroke among survivors was based on history, physical examination of the cardiovascular system and Minnesota coding of resting electrocardiograms. A total of 120 fatal and 221 new nonfatal CVD occurred among adults (mean age 43+/-14) during a mean 9.3 years of follow-up. RESULTS: CVD was significantly and independently predicted by the top versus the bottom fasting triglyceride quintile in logistic regression analyses when adjusted for age, sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, lipid-lowering medication, status of smoking and of glucose regulation (relative risk [RR] in men and all adults 2.38 and 1.79, respectively, p both <0.02). This corresponded to hazard ratios (HR) of 1.43 in men and 1.28 in men and women combined. Adjustment for HDL-cholesterol instead of total cholesterol in the same model gave also significant HRs corresponding to 1.42 in men and 1.32 in sexes combined. CONCLUSIONS: Fasting triglycerides are predictive of future CVD among men with an HR of 1.4, independent of age, diabetes, lipid-lowering medication, traditional risk factors including total cholesterol or HDL-C, in a population in which metabolic syndrome prevails. A modest independent risk increment in women did not reach significance.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Saturated phospholipids promote crystallization but slow down polymorphic transitions in triglyceride nanoparticles.

Some matrix materials proposed for the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles (e.g. trilaurin) are difficult to crystallize after processing by melt-homogenization. In an attempt to overcome this difficulty, the effect of saturated long-chain phospholipids on the crystallization of nanoparticles based on trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin and tristearin was studied. The phospholipids were used as emulsifiers in combination with sodium glycocholate. Saturated phospholipids increased the crystallization temperature of the triglyceride by several degrees compared to soybean phospholipids. The crystallization pattern was more complex in such systems due to solidification of the phospholipid chains prior to triglyceride crystallization. For most triglycerides, egg lecithin also induced crystallization at higher temperatures than natural soybean lecithin. With trilaurin dispersions, the effect of phospholipids can be utilized to induce crystallization at temperatures relevant for larger scale preparation. The polymorphic transitions of the triglycerides were slower in the presence of egg and saturated lecithin leading to a higher stability of the metastable alpha-form. These effects were particularly pronounced in tristearin systems where a predominant fraction of alpha-phase particles could be observed even after long-term cold storage in dispersions containing hydrogenated soybean lecithin or DPPC. The possibility to prepare triglyceride nanoparticles stable in specific modifications offers new opportunities to study effects of polymorphic form on colloidal stability, drug loading and release properties of such dispersions.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed2000

Differentiating the effects of raising low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus lowering normal triglycerides: further insights from the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial.

In the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), a 6% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was associated with a 22% reduction in the incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and death from coronary artery disease. A curvilinear correlation was demonstrated between incremental changes in HDL-C and outcome. However, triglyceride levels, which decreased by 31%, were not predictive of clinical events. Some design limitations may be implicated in this lack of statistical correlation between triglycerides and outcome. Evidence from other studies, notably the Framingham Heart Study, the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster Heart Study (PROCAM), and the Baltimore Coronary Observational Long-Term Study (COLTS) suggest that the triglyceride cutpoint of 200 mg/dL is too high. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) trial found a significant correlation between reduction in death from coronary artery disease and nonfatal MI and reduced triglycerides in a subset of patients with baseline triglycerides >200 mg/dL.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Triglycerides as a risk factor for coronary artery disease.

Triglyceride has not traditionally been considered the cornerstone of lipid risk factors for coronary artery disease. Yet emerging evidence from epidemiologic, clinical, cellular, genetic, and molecular studies suggests otherwise, namely, that levels of triglyceride and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) are indeed independent risk factors for coronary artery disease. Further, triglyceride metabolism is associated with atherogenesis, and diminishing triglyceride levels is pivotal in decreasing the incidence of coronary artery disease, particularly in early-evolving atherosclerotic lesions.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1998

On the effect of 2-deuterium- and 2-methyl-eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives on triglycerides, peroxisomal beta-oxidation and platelet aggregation in rats.

A series of 2-substituted eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derivatives (as ethyl esters) have been synthesized and evaluated as hypolipidemic and antithrombotic agents in feeding experiments in rats. Repeated administration of purified 2-methyl-eicosapentaenoic acid and its deuterium analogues (all as ethyl esters) to rats resulted in a decrease in plasma triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The 2-methyl-EPA analogues were, apparently, four times more potent than EPA in inducing the triglyceride lowering effect. The 2-deuterium-2-methyl-EPA decreased plasma cholesterol level to approximately 40%. A moderate enlargement of the liver was observed in 2-methyl-EPA treated rats. This was accompanied with an acute reduction in the liver content of triglycerides and a stimulation of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity. The results suggest that the triglyceride-lowering effect of 2-methyl-EPA may be due to a reduced supply of fatty acids for hepatic triglyceride biosynthesis because of increased fatty acid oxidation. Platelet aggregation with ADP and A23187 was performed ex vivo in platelet-rich plasma, after administration of different doses of the EPA-derivatives for five days. EPA and 2,2-dideuterium EPA had no effect on ADP-induced aggregation, while 2-deuterium-, 2-methyl- and 2-deuterium-2-methyl EPA produced a biphasic effect, i.e. potentiation and inhibition at low (250 mg/day kg body weight) and higher doses (600-1300 mg/day kg body weight), respectively. A23187-induced platelet aggregation was affected in a similar way by feeding the 2-substituted EPA derivatives, except that 2-deuterium-2-methyl EPA had no effect relative to EPA itself and that the inhibition was far greater than that for ADP-induced aggregation (approximately 100% inhibition with 600 mg 2-methyl-EPA/day kg body weight). The ranking order of the EPA-derivatives to affect platelet aggregation and to cause hypolipidemia was different, suggesting different mechanisms. Our observations suggest that the effects of the EPA derivatives on platelet aggregation could be related to the degree of bulkiness around C2 and that an asymmetric substitution at C2 caused inhibition of platelet aggregation while a symmetric substitution did not. It is suggested that the bulky, asymmetric derivatives inhibit platelet aggregation by altering platelet membrane phospholipid packing.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Triglyceride assay using the ABA-100.

1. A fast, simple, accurate method for the assay of triglycerides on the ABA-100 is described. 2. The Abbott A-Gent Triglyceride kit, Calbiochem Triglyceride Stat-Pack reagent and the Smith Kline French Eskalab Triglyceride reagent were evaluated for use with this method. The reagents were all found to be satisfactory, but the Abbott A-Gent Triglyceride kit was found to be less stable than the other reagents.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1977

A semi-automated enzymatic assay for free glycerol and triglycerides in serum or plasma.

1. A relatively inexpensive semi-automated enzymatic procedure is described for the determination of total glycerol with an Auto Analyzer. Free glycerol is determined without saponification in a deproteinized supernatant. 2. The dilution of triglyceride samples during preparation is such that the samples during preparation is such that the samples can be quantified directly from the free glycerol standards by multiplying by 100. 3. A pyruvate kiluent solution is used in the triglyceride sample preparation to increase the precision by improving the accuracy in determining blank optical densities. 4. The end-point reaction is complete in eight minutes, and the assay is linear up to 6 mg% free glycerol or 600 mg% triglycerides. The within-run and between-run coefficients of variation were both 1.5% for the glycerol assay, and 1.0% and 4.3% for the triglyceride assay. The mean recovery of added glycerol was 100.7% and 102.3% for the glycerol and triglyceride assays respectively.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1981

Serum triglyceride levels in uremic patients receiving polyacrylonitrile dialysis.

Fasting levels of serum triglycerides cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were studied in 20 uremic patients with persistent high triglyceride levels receiving polyacrylonitrile dialysis. Up to the sixth month of the trial there was no change in cholesterol and high density lipoprotein; on the contrary, triglyceride levels decreased progressively and reached at the fourth month the normal range. A statistical significative difference (p greater than 0.01) could be detected between cuprophane and polyacrylonitrile dialysis triglyceride levels. A diffusive procedure using polyacrylonitrile is good enough to lower high triglyceride levels, but treatment must be prolonged for four months at least.

Acrylic Resins↗