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Results for “subordinate behavior”

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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Psychosocial influences on female 'protection' among cynomolgus macaques.

We evaluated atherosclerosis (coronary artery, aortic and carotid bifurcation), plasma lipids, and blood pressure in 15 male and 23 female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). In addition, female social behavior and ovarian function were monitored. The females lived in stable (unmanipulated) or unstable (periodically altered composition) social groups while males lived in stable groupings. All animals were fed for 30 months an atherogenic diet which resulted in moderate hyperlipoproteinemia (median total plasma cholesterol congruent to 275 mg/dl). Socially dominant females had less extensive and severe coronary artery atherosclerosis than males or socially subordinate females; atherosclerosis extent and severity were similar in these latter two groups. Importantly, dominant females also had regular ovarian function and relatively small adrenal glands while subordinate females had impaired ovarian function (increased frequency of anovulatory cycles and luteal phase deficiencies) and relatively large adrenal glands. The dominant and subordinate females did not differ in plasma lipids. These results suggest that female 'protection' from coronary artery atherosclerosis may be influenced as much by behavioral and hormonal characteristics as by plasma lipids. Among other findings, males had more extensive atherosclerotic lesions at the carotid bifurcations than females. In addition, males had lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and higher blood pressures than females. The gender difference in extent of atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation was unrelated to social factors or plasma lipids; it may have been due, in part, to the higher blood pressures of the males.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of propranolol on behavioral interactions among adult male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) housed in disrupted social groupings.

We report here on the social behavior of 30 adult male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), half of which were chronically administered propranolol HCl. All monkeys were maintained in groups of five, fed an atherogenic diet, and subjected to a social manipulation involving repeated disruption of social groups through redistribution of group memberships. One year of intensive behavioral observations were made, involving quantification of 27 kinds of social interaction typically exhibited by this species in captivity. Propranolol treatment resulted in a significant reduction in heart rate and blood pressure. Comparisons between propranolol-treated and untreated monkeys revealed no effects of beta-blockade on social dominance, aggressiveness, or active aspects of affiliation (e.g., grooming). The fact that few behavioral differences were found between conditions in this investigation indicates to us that such effects as were observed may owe as much to chance as to the action of the drug. Overall, these findings suggest that chronic beta-adrenergic blockade has minimal effects on the most prominent features of macaque monkey social behavior, especially those behavioral factors (aggressiveness and competitiveness) associated with risk for coronary disease in this species and in human beings.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age, testosterone, and behavior among female prison inmates.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine how testosterone levels, both alone and interacting with age, were associated with criminal behavior and institutional behavior among female prison inmates. METHOD: Subjects were 87 female inmates in a maximum security state prison. Criminal behavior was scored from court records. Institutional behavior was scored from prison records and interviews with staff members. Testoster-one levels were scored from radioimmunoassay of saliva samples. RESULTS: Product-moment correlations revealed first-order relationships among age, testosterone, criminal behavior, and institutional behavior. Structural equation analysis suggested a causal model in which age leads to lower testosterone, which in turn leads to less violent crime and less aggressive dominance in prison. CONCLUSION: Testosterone is related to criminal violence and aggressive dominance in prison among women, as has been reported among men. Changes in these behaviors with age are in part explained by a decline in testosterone levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Manager behavior in a social context: the impact of impression management on attributions and disciplinary actions.

Two experimental studies were run to test the effects of subordinate impression management on the appraisals and responses of a manager, following an incident of poor performance. Two common impression management tactics, accounts and apologies, were manipulated in each of the studies. Subjects in both studies were experienced nursing supervisors. On the basis of the "discounting effect" reported in the attributional literature it was hypothesized that accounts of external causes for poor performance, i.e., excuses, would lead subjects to (1) attribute less responsibility to the subordinate, (2) be less personal in their responses, and (3) be less punitive in their responses. Apologies, because of their "equity restoration" effects, were expected to influence subjects' disciplinary responses to the poor performance, without necessarily affecting their attributions of responsibility. Experiment 1. which employed written stimulus materials and a repeated-measures design, provided strong support for all hypotheses. Experiment 2. which employed a film stimulus and between-subjects design, provided strong support for the accounts hypotheses but only minimal support for the apology hypotheses. The results highlight the importance of social information cues in the appraisal of performance.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed1986

Measuring social behavior: social dominance.

Social dominance develops more slowly when young animals are kept in intact peer groups where they need not compete for resources. Learned generalizations may cause smaller and weaker animals to accept subordinate status readily when confronted with strangers that would be formidable opponents. Sexual hormones and sensitivity to them can influence the onset of aggression and status attained. After dominance orders are established, they tend to be stable in female groups but are less so in male groups. Psychological influences can affect dominance relationships when strangers meet and social alliances within groups may affect relative status of individuals. Whether status associated with agonistic behavior is correlated with control of space and scarce resources needs to be determined for each species and each kind of resource. When such correlations exists, competitive tests and agonistic behavior associated with gaining access to scarce resources can be useful to the observer in learning about dominance relationships rapidly. Examples are given to illustrate how estimates of social dominance can be readily attained and some strengths and weaknesses of the various methods.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Environmental factors and age of puberty in female house mice.

Genetics, urinary chemosignals and related social influences, and ambient conditions affect reproduction in female mice. Five experiments tested the effects of environmental stressors on age at first vaginal estrus in female house mice. Environmental disruption in the form of changing the cage bedding and/or nesting material at various prescribed intervals resulted in different degrees of puberty delay relative to non-disrupted control mice. Disruption in the form of a male chasing the female for one to three 15-min intervals each day or the female being trapped and held in a live-trap for one to three 15-min intervals each day resulted in delays in puberty for treatments involving multiple daily disruptions. Food deprivation, but not water deprivation, influenced the onset of puberty. Variations in temperature and humidity resulted in differences in the age of puberty; low but not high temperatures and extremely low humidity levels delayed sexual maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Laterality of hospitalized endogenous-depression patients].

Compared to normals, groups of inpatients with unipolar and involutional depression show a higher proportion of consistent right-handers, whereas bipolar patients do not differ from normals. All patient-groups show a clearly higher proportion of persons with a "dominance" of the right thumb when habitually clasping the hands or fingers. The variables "eyedness" and "familial sinistrality" do not show significant differences between groups. When drawing geometric figures in a bimanual-coordinated fashion, all patient groups demonstrate a prevalence of simultaneous counter-clockwise drawing with both hands, whereas normals overwhelmingly prefer a discordant mode of drawing, the left hand acting counter-clockwise and the right hand clockwise. We interpret this behavior in depressives to be an expression of an interhemispheric functional relationship in which the left hemisphere is subordinated to the right hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Sumo wrestling in ants: major workers fight over male production in Acanthomyrmex ferox.

In the myrmicine ant Acanthomyrmex ferox, major workers have the same number of ovarioles as queens, thrice that of minor workers, making them well suited for egg-laying. In the queen's presence, infrequent aggression allows ranking of majors but they lay only unviable trophic eggs. Major workers engage each other, but not the minors, in antennal boxing and spectacular shaking contests, a novel interaction in ants. The absence of reversals allows a clear ranking of major workers. After queen removal, aggression becomes very frequent, but previous ranking is maintained. All majors start laying reproductive eggs although they show a skew in ovary development according to ranking. The dominant major, however, actively patrols the egg-pile and cannibalises eggs laid by subordinates.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute stress disrupts risk assessment behavior in mice.

The effects of stress on risk assessment behavior in mice were studied by examining latency to emerge from a safe compartment into a large, well-lit open field. In the first experiment different groups of mice were exposed for 1 h to tube restraint, fixed interval 2-min foot shock, or attack by an aggressive conspecific. Nonstressed controls were left undisturbed in the home cage. Thirty minutes following stress animals were placed in the safe compartment and latency to emerge was recorded. Results showed all of the stressed groups exhibited significantly faster emergence latencies than nonstressed controls. In the second experiment the duration of this effect was examined by testing different groups at varying intervals following tube restraint stress. Results showed that mice tested 0.5 and 1 h following stress exhibited short entry latencies and reduced head poke responses. Performance had returned to nonstress levels 3 h after stress. These data suggest that stress reduces caution by disrupting risk assessment behaviors.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Differential effects of two corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists on conditioned defeat in male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in mediating the expression of conditioned defeat in male Syrian hamsters. The present study examined the effects of two different competitive CRF receptor antagonists on the expression of conditioned defeat. Specifically, Experiment 1 examined whether peripheral administration of CP-154,526, a specific non-peptide CRF1 receptor antagonist, would reduce the expression of conditioned defeat. Experiment 2 examined whether D-Phe CRF(12-41), a nonspecific CRF1/CRF2 receptor antagonist, infused directly into the brain, would reduce the expression of conditioned defeat. The results revealed that i.p. injections of CP-154,526 did not reduce the expression of conditioned defeat, whereas i.c.v. injections of D-Phe CRF(12-41) successfully reduced the expression of conditioned defeat. The duration of submissive/defensive behaviors in hamsters that received the high dose of D-Phe CRF(12-41) was significantly less than that exhibited by animals that received a vehicle control. The present data suggest that central CRF may be involved in mediating the expression of conditioned defeat and other behavioral responses to stressful stimuli.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2002

Neutralizing substitutes for leadership theory: leadership effects and common-source bias.

The purpose of this research was to examine alternative models of substitutes for leadership theory given the general lack of empirical support for the moderating effects postulated by the theory. On this basis, the research posited that the effects of substitutes also could be conceptualized as mediated relations. The research examined moderated and mediated relations for several sets of leader behaviors and substitutes that have been examined in the literature. The research design sampled 49 organizations, with 940 subordinates rating 156 leaders. Results, although generally not supportive of the moderator or mediator hypotheses, essentially demonstrated that leadership matters. The findings also suggest that prior significant effects in substitutes literature may be merely a statistical artifact, resulting from common-source bias.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Evidence of the construct validity of developmental ratings of managerial performance.

The construct validity of developmental ratings of managerial performance was assessed by using 2 data sets, each based on a different 360 degrees rating instrument. Specifically, the authors investigated the nature of the constructs measured by developmental ratings, the structural relationships among those constructs, and the generalizability of results across 4 rater perspectives (boss, peer, subordinate, and self). A structure with 4 lower order factors (Technical Skills, Administrative Skills, Human Skills, and Citizenship Behaviors) and 2 higher order factors (Task Performance and Contextual Performance) was tested against competing models. Results consistently supported the lower order constructs, but the higher order structure was problematic, indicating that the structure of ratings is not yet well understood. Multisample analyses indicated few practically significant differences in factor structures across perspectives.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Personality characteristics of men with liberal sex-role attitudes.

The present study was conducted to provide some initial information on the personality attributes of men oriented toward liberal sex-role views. Fifty-one male college students were given the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and divided into conservative, moderate, and liberal groups. Personality differences among the groups were assessed by comparing scores on nine scales from the Adjective Check List. Findings for liberal men were found to parallel results reported for liberal women on some personality dimensions and complement them on others. As with liberal women, liberal men were found to be more spontaneous, action oriented, risk taking, individualistic, and unconventional than the other male groups. There were also some indications of less self-control. Sex-role attitudes and heterosexuality were curvillinearly related. In direct opposition to results for liberal women, male liberals evidenced the least need for achievement and dominance.

Achievement↗