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PubMed2000

Multichannel speech intelligibility and talker recognition using monaural, binaural, and three-dimensional auditory presentation.

In a 3D auditory display, sounds are presented over headphones in a way that they seem to originate from virtual sources in a space around the listener. This paper describes a study on the possible merits of such a display for bandlimited speech with respect to intelligibility and talker recognition against a background of competing voices. Different conditions were investigated: speech material (words/sentences), presentation mode (monaural/binaural/3D), number of competing talkers (1-4), and virtual position of the talkers (in 45 degrees-steps around the front horizontal plane). Average results for 12 listeners show an increase of speech intelligibility for 3D presentation for two or more competing talkers compared to conventional binaural presentation. The ability to recognize a talker is slightly better and the time required for recognition is significantly shorter for 3D presentation in the presence of two or three competing talkers. Although absolute localization of a talker is rather poor, spatial separation appears to have a significant effect on communication. For either speech intelligibility, talker recognition, or localization, no difference is found between the use of an individualized 3D auditory display and a general display.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1986

Prospective study of attainment of social class of severely obese subjects in relation to parental social class, intelligence, and education.

Cross sectional population studies have shown that subjects who are severely obese are of lower social class than comparable subjects who are not obese. This may be ascribed to lower parental social class, poorer education, and lower intelligence test scores of the obese subjects. In this study based on 242 633 draftees appearing before the draft board in Copenhagen between 1956 and 1977, 1144 extremely overweight men (body mass index greater than or equal to 31 kg/m2) were compared with 2123 young men randomly chosen from the remainder of the population. The two groups were followed up for an average period of 12 X 5 years, after which time their occupation was obtained from the National Population Register. Social class was derived from a ranking of occupations based on prestige from 0 (unskilled, manual worker) to 7 (for example, judge, professor). Among the obese subjects, only 300 (30%) out of 1006 attained a position above social class 2, compared with 988 (51%) out of 1948 in the control group. At each level of education and intelligence test score, as registered at the draft board, the obese subjects still showed a significantly lower attainment of social class than the controls. Inclusion of parental social class, information which was available for part of the population, did not eliminate the difference in attainment of social class. The results of this study show that obese subjects not only suffer from a higher risk of somatic diseases but have to live with a social handicap that is independent of parental social class, intelligence, and education.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1997

Intelligence indices in people with a high/low risk for developing Huntington's disease.

Intelligence in 20 presymptomatic subjects with an increased risk (> 95%) for carrying the gene for Huntington's disease (HD) was studied in a prospective, case-control, single blind study. No significant differences between the groups were detected for intelligence indices and subtest scores (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). The high level of the performance IQ and the significant discrepancy between performance IQ and verbal IQ found in both the high risk and the low risk groups contrasted with our expectations based on anamnestic information, general clinical opinion, and the results of previously conducted studies. We propose that psychosocial circumstances could explain the test results and discuss the consequences of our findings for clinical genetics practice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tool use, aye-ayes, and sensorimotor intelligence.

Humans, chimpanzees, capuchins and aye-ayes all display an unusually high degree of encephalization and diverse omnivorous extractive foraging. It has been suggested that the high degree of encephalization in aye-ayes may be the result of their diverse, omnivorous extractive foraging behaviors. In combination with certain forms of tool use, omnivorous extractive foraging has been hypothesized to be linked to higher levels of sensorimotor intelligence (stages 5 or 6). Although free-ranging aye-ayes have not been observed to use tools directly in the context of their extractive foraging activities, they have recently been reported to use lianas as tools in a manner that independently suggests that they may possess stage 5 or 6 sensorimotor intelligence. Although other primate species which display diverse, omnivorous extractive foraging have been tested for sensorimotor intelligence, aye-ayes have not. We report a test of captive aye-ayes' comprehension of tool use in a situation designed to simulate natural conditions. The results support the view that aye-ayes do not achieve stage 6 comprehension of tool use, but rather may use trial-and-error learning to develop tool-use behaviors. Other theories for aye-aye encephalization are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A perceptual study of the influence of pitch on the intelligibility of sung vowels.

A perceptual study of the influence of pitch on the intelligibility of vowels was carried out using a corpus containing all 15 French vowels sung by a professional soprano across her entire voice range. Four untrained subjects underwent identification tests whose results show statistically that vowel intelligibility is inversely proportional to pitch. A perceptual analysis based on confusion matrices revealed that intelligibility drops rapidly starting at the middle register. Classification of the confusions showed that incorrectly identified vowels tend to be confused with [a], most certainly because the shape of the vocal tract when in the upper register corresponds to that of the vowel [a].

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Association of intelligence with severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Vietnam Combat veterans.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether intelligence predicts variance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms beyond that predicted by extent of combat exposure. METHOD: The subjects were 105 male Vietnam combat veterans. They completed the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, the Combat Exposure Scale, and the Shipley Institute for Living Scale, a measure of general intelligence. Number of years of education was recorded for each subject. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses revealed that estimated full-scale IQ significantly predicted variance in PTSD symptoms beyond that predicted by extent of combat exposure. The lower a subject's intelligence, the more severe were his PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive variables may affect the ability to cope with trauma, thereby affecting whether a person develops chronic PTSD.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Effects of speech intelligibility level on concurrent visual task performance.

Four experiments were performed to determine if changes in the level of speech intelligibility in an auditory task have an impact on performance in concurrent visual tasks. The auditory task used in each experiment was a memory search task in which subjects memorized a set of words and then decided whether auditorily presented probe items were members of the memorized set. The visual tasks used were an unstable tracking task, a spatial decision-making task, a mathematical reasoning task, and a probability monitoring task. Results showed that performance on the unstable tracking and probability monitoring tasks was unaffected by the level of speech intelligibility on the auditory task, whereas accuracy in the spatial decision-making and mathematical processing tasks was significantly worse at low speech intelligibility levels. The findings are interpreted within the framework of multiple resource theory.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Would you rather take orders from Kirk or Spock? The relation between rational thinking and intelligence.

This article considers the relation between rationality and intelligence. The article is divided into three main parts: In the first, I consider the concept of rationality and conclude that rational thinking is a part of intelligence, but not a major part. In the second, I consider Stanovich's concept of dysrationalia, and propose that an alternative concept, practical intelligence (or the lack thereof), may better accomplish the goals that Stanovich wishes to achieve with his concept. Finally, I draw some conclusions.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measures of emotional intelligence.

This study investigated the convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of one ability test of emotional intelligence (EI)--the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso-Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)--and two self-report measures of EI--the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) and the self-report EI test (SREIT). The MSCEIT showed minimal relations to the EQ-i and SREIT, whereas the latter two measures were moderately interrelated. Among EI measures, the MSCEIT was discriminable from well-studied personality and well-being measures, whereas the EQ-i and SREIT shared considerable variance with these measures. After personality and verbal intelligence were held constant, the MSCEIT was predictive of social deviance, the EQ-i was predictive of alcohol use, and the SREIT was inversely related to academic achievement. In general, results showed that ability EI and self-report EI are weakly related and yield different measurements of the same person.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A multilevel approach to the relationship between birth order and intelligence.

Many studies show relationships between birth order and intelligence but use cross-sectional designs or manifest other threats to internal validity. Multilevel analyses with a control variable show that when these threats are removed, two major results emerge: (a) birth order has no significant influence on children's intelligence and (b) earlier reported birth order effects on intelligence are attributable to factors that vary between, not within, families. Analyses on 7- to 8 - and 13- to 14-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth support these conclusions. When hierarchical data structures, age variance of children, and within-family versus between-family variance sources are taken into account, previous research is seen in a new light.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Voice quality and intelligibility characteristics of the reconstructed larynx and pseudolarynx.

The ideal laryngeal substitute would provide a voice with good intelligibility, volume, and character. The basic components of these qualities are being studied in our laboratories to refine laryngeal reconstruction and replacement techniques. Exact definition of these characteristics may then be translated into specific requirements for reconstruction. In this study the phonation of laryngectomees using hand-held artificial laryngeal devices and patients with reconstructed larynges was compared with that of normal speakers. Presentations were evaluated by adult listeners with normal voice and hearing, and intelligibility scores were developed. These studies show, in part, that the fundamental frequencies at which various artificial speech aids are used do not significantly correlate with user intelligibility. Computerized spectral analysis was then utilized to ascertain the unique acoustic characteristics of the voices. Further computer analysis was carried out to determine what characteristics of the normal speakers' voices were shared in common with patients using artificial devices and patients with reconstructed larynges. Initial attempts at using these findings in laryngeal reconstruction based on computer modeling will be presented.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between malingerers' intelligence and MMPI-2 knowledge and their ability to avoid detection.

One of the most frequently administered psychometrics is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Occasionally, those participants taking the MMPI-2 will malinger or exaggerate their symptoms. Several malingering detection devices are available, and a significant body of literature exists concerning their efficacy. However, little research is available considering those factors that facilitate successfully evading detection as a malingerer. Some of these studies have identified general intelligence and knowledge of the MMPI-2 as key variables in the likelihood of escaping detection as a malingerer. The extant research considered the utility of general intelligence and knowledge of the MMPI-2 as predictors in avoiding detection as a malingerer. To detect malingering, the two traditional detection devices were employed: the F-Scale and the F - K Index. Results indicate that intelligence and MMPI-2 knowledge contribute significantly to the likelihood of successfully escaping detection as a malingerer.

Aptitude↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive function during early abstinence from opioid dependence: a comparison to age, gender, and verbal intelligence matched controls.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with opioid dependence have cognitive deficits during abuse period in attention, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function. After protracted abstinence consistent cognitive deficit has been found only in executive function. However, few studies have explored cognitive function during first weeks of abstinence. The purpose of this study was to study cognitive function of individuals with opioid dependence during early abstinence. It was hypothesized that cognitive deficits are pronounced immediately after peak withdrawal symptoms have passed and then partially recover. METHODS: Fifteen patients with opioid dependence and fifteen controls matched for, age, gender, and verbal intelligence were tested with a cognitive test battery When patients performed worse than controls correlations between cognitive performance and days of withdrawal, duration of opioid abuse, duration of any substance abuse, or opioid withdrawal symptom inventory score (Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale) were analyzed. RESULTS: Early abstinent opioid dependent patients performed statistically significantly worse than controls in tests measuring complex working memory, executive function, and fluid intelligence. Their complex working memory and fluid intelligence performances correlated statistically significantly with days of withdrawal. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a rather general neurocognitive deficit in higher order cognition. It is suggested that cognitive deficit during early abstinence from opioid dependence is related to withdrawal induced neural dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex and is partly transient.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Incremental validity of a measure of emotional intelligence.

After the Schutte Self-Report Inventory of Emotional Intelligence (SSRI; Schutte et al., 1998) was found to predict college grade point average, subsequent emotional intelligence (EI)-college adjustment research has used inconsistent measures and widely varying criteria, resulting in confusion about the construct's predictive validity. In this study, we assessed the SSRI's incremental validity for a wide range of adjustment criteria, pitting it against a competing trait measure, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992), and tests of fluid and crystallized intelligence. At a broad bandwidth, the SSRI total score significantly and uniquely predicted variance beyond NEO-FFI domain scores in the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Revised (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrono, 1980) scores. Higher fidelity analyses using previously identified SSRI factors and NEO-FFI item clusters revealed that the SSRI's Optimism/Mood Regulation and Emotion Appraisal factors contributed unique variance to self-reported study habits and social stress, respectively. The potential moderation of incremental validity by gender did not reach significance due to loss of power from splitting the sample, and mediational analyses revealed the SSRI Optimism/Mood Regulation factor was both directly and indirectly related to various criteria. We discuss the small magnitude of incremental validity coefficients and the differential incremental validity of SSRI factor and total scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Teachers and artificial intelligence. The Logo connection.

This article describes a three-phase program for training special education teachers to teach Logo and artificial intelligence. Logo is derived from the LISP computer language and is relatively simple to learn and use, and it is argued that these factors make it an ideal tool for classroom experimentation in basic artificial intelligence concepts. The program trains teachers to develop simple demonstrations of artificial intelligence using Logo. The material that the teachers learn to teach is suitable as an advanced level topic for intermediate- through secondary-level students enrolled in computer competency or similar courses. The material emphasizes problem-solving and thinking skills using a nonverbal expressive medium (Logo), thus it is deemed especially appropriate for hearing-impaired children. It is also sufficiently challenging for academically talented children, whether hearing or deaf. Although the notion of teachers as programmers is controversial, Logo is relatively easy to learn, has direct implications for education, and has been found to be an excellent tool for empowerment-for both teachers and children.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

Resolving the genetic and environmental sources of the correlation between height and intelligence: a study of nearly 2600 Norwegian male twin pairs.

The main aim of this paper was to resolve the correlation between intelligence test scores and standing height into genetic and environmental components. Data on 1181 identical and 1412 fraternal twin pairs (all males) were retrieved by matching files from the Norwegian Army with twin registries. The data were analyzed by means of a structural equation model comprising latent genetic, shared environmental and nonshared environmental factors and correlations between them. A major part of the height--intelligence correlation was due to correlated shared environments (59% of the phenotypic height--intelligence correlation), but statistically significant effects of correlated genes and nonshared environments were also found (respectively 35% and 6% of the phenotypic correlation).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

How good is the evidence linking breastfeeding and intelligence?

BACKGROUND: We conducted a critical review of the many studies that have tried to determine whether breastfeeding has a beneficial effect on intellect. DESIGN/METHODS: By searching Medline and the references of selected articles, we identified publications that evaluated the association between breastfeeding and cognitive outcomes. We then appraised and described each study according to 8 principles of clinical epidemiology: 1) study design, 2) target population: whether full-term infants were studied, 3) sample size, 4) collection of feeding data: whether studies met 4 standards of quality- suitable definition and duration of breastfeeding, and appropriate timing and source of feeding data, 5) control of susceptibility bias: whether studies controlled for socioeconomic status and stimulation of the child, 6) blinding: whether observers of the outcome were blind to feeding status, 7) outcome: whether a standardized individual test of general intelligence at an age older than 2 years was used, and 8) format of results: whether studies reported an effect size or some other strategy to interpret the clinical impact of results. RESULTS: We identified 40 pertinent publications from 1929 to February 2001. Twenty-seven (68%) concluded that breastfeeding promotes intelligence. Many studies, however, had methodological flaws. Only 2 papers studied full-term infants and met all 4 standards of high-quality feeding data, controlled for 2 critical confounders, reported blinding, used an appropriate test, and allowed the reader to interpret the clinical significance of the findings with an effect size. Of these 2, 1 study concluded that the effect of breastfeeding on intellect was significant, and the other did not. CONCLUSION: Although the majority of studies concluded that breastfeeding promotes intelligence, the evidence from higher quality studies is less persuasive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Intelligence evaluation with short forms of WAIS for populations of low socioeconomic status].

A WAIS-S short form for the assessment of intelligence as a confounding variable is proposed. A number of 161 complete WAIS-S protocols, relating to women of lower-middle and low socioeconomic status were analysed. Six subtests (Social Comprehension, Similarities, Vocabulary, Block Design, Picture Completion and Object Assembly) were chosen using two criteria: specific functions evaluated by each subtest and correlation coefficients relating IQ to the subtests. Five WAIS-S short forms were evaluated: one consisting of six subtests and the others with different combinations of four of them. Data showed that they were all appropriate for the measurement of intelligence as a confounding variable; the correlation coefficients between short forms and total IQ ranged from 0.90 to 0.94. The standard errors of the short forms for the estimation of total IQ were of 3 or 4 points, and 3 to 7% of the subjects were wrongly classified. When maternal intelligence had to be measured in relation to infant development the short form that included Social Comprehension, Similarities, Block Design and Picture Completion seemed the most appropriate. Nevertheless when choosing a WAIS-S short form not only economy of time but also the specific relevant functions assessed in each subtest must be considered.

Adolescent↗