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PubMed1988

Activity-induced patterns of dental abrasion in prehistoric Pakistan: evidence from Mehrgarh and Harappa.

A detailed investigation of worn teeth should reveal a record of past activity patterns including information regarding diet, food preparation methods, and craft or occupational activities. Anthropological studies of the extensive dental samples from Neolithic (MR 3) and Chalcolithic (MR 2) levels at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan, and Bronze Age Harappa, Punjab, yielded several interesting examples of unusual dental abrasion. This paper provides macro- and microscopic (scanning electron microscope) descriptions of three types of activity-induced dental abrasion: 1) interproximal tooth grooving and interproximal abrasion patches, 2) facial abrasion of maxillary anterior teeth, and 3) lingual abrasion of maxillary incisors in association with rounded wear of lower incisors. The gross size and shape of abrasion features, the orientation of microscopic wear striae, and ethnographic parallels are employed in inferring causal factors involved in their formation. Behavioral activities and dietary explanations possibly associated with each type of dental wear are considered and their implications for reconstructing prehistoric activity patterns discussed. The need for extensive ethno-anthropology research into variations of tooth use among living people with different diets, subsistence bases, and craft specializations is essential to further progress in this field.

Female↗
PubMed2001

High glycemic index carbohydrate diet alters the diurnal rhythm of leptin but not insulin concentrations.

Morning serum leptin values in humans are inconsistently altered by diet, and the molecular mechanisms controlling the diurnal leptin pattern remain unexplained. We determined whether leptin values after meals or the leptin diurnal pattern was altered by the type of carbohydrate (CHO) ingested in diets containing either 20% or 30% fat. In a randomized, crossover study design, nine healthy lean adults ate one of four isocaloric diets for 8 days. Diets contained 15% protein: A, high glycemic index (GI) CHO, 30% fat; B, low GI CHO, 30% fat; C, high GI CHO, 20% fat; and D, low GI CHO, 20% fat. Serum glucose, insulin, and leptin were measured at intervals on Day 8 for 24 hr, and on Day 9 during an oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). Although the 24-hr glucose and insulin profiles did not differ with the diets, diets A and C altered the serum leptin diurnal pattern. In contrast to the usual evening rise in leptin concentration, which begins after 2200 hr, diets A and C caused a rise in leptin beginning at 1300 hr. The area under the curve for leptin between 1230 and 2400 hr was 17% greater for diets A and C. During the GTT, leptin concentrations were similar for each diet. These results suggest that the pattern and amount of leptin secretion may be altered by high GI CHO or the simple sugar content of the diet, unrelated to differences in insulin concentration, that high GI foods may have little or no effect on serum insulin in the context of a mixed meal, and that a single 0800-hr leptin value may not be sufficient to reveal a diet-induced change in leptin secretion

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Haemorheological changes in obese adolescents after short-term diet.

Along with other risk factors in coronary heart and cerebrovascular disease, obesity is frequently associated with the development of atherosclerosis, a disease in which the rheological characteristics of blood are important. We studied the influence of weight reduction on haemorheological parameters of 20 obese adolescents (10 female, 10 male; aged 12-17 years) without metabolic and/or cardiovascular diseases. The control group composed 39 health non-obese subjects (19 female, 20 male; aged 13-17 years). At the beginning of the study the mean (+/- s.d.) body mass indices (BMI) of the obese adolescents were 36.0 +/- 5.3 kg/m2 in males and 36.8 +/- 5.0 kg/m2 in females. This was significantly reduced (31.5 +/- 4.9 kg/m2 in males and 32.5 +/- 4.7 kg/m2 in females) after one month following a diet of 1000 kcal/day: 25% proteins, 26% lipids and 49% carbohydrates. Before dieting, plasma fibrinogen level, whole blood viscosity at low shear rates and plasma viscosity were significantly higher in obese patients than in normal subjects, while the microhaematocrit values of the two groups were not significantly different. After dieting, plasma viscosity, the plasma fibrinogen level and the mean erythrocyte aggregation index of the patients decreased significantly compared to basal values, while whole blood viscosity did not change. Our data seem to indicate that short-term diet improves the haemorheological pattern in obese adolescents, probably as a consequence of an important metabolic rearrangement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Lipid patterns in haemodialysed and transplanted patients.

The plasma lipid pattern was investigated in 103 dialysis patients and 66 renal transplant patients. Only 32 percent of dialysed patients and 30 percent of transplanted patients had a normal lipid pattern. In other patients the most frequent disorder with hypertriglyceridaemia, and less frequently combined or isolated hypercholesterolaemia. Since these lipid abnormalities are known to predispose to an accelerated atherosclerosis, a dietetic therapeutic approach was tried. Fifteen transplanted patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia were submitted to a hypocaloric (1700 kcal) and low carbohydrate (130 g) diet. During dieting the plasma lipid pattern was normalised and maintained in a normal range for the period of observation (3-12 months).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Cancer of the colon: socioeconomic variables in a community.

Carcinoma of the colon was studied in Omaha-Douglas County, Nebraska (population 345,000). A total of 154 cases of colon cancer were diagnosed in 1964 (44.7/100,000). The frequency distribution of these patients in specific census tracts of this community was determined. Statistical analysis of the data showed a greater frequency of colon cancer in patients living in census tracts with higher average income. Colon cancer appears to be nonrandomly distributed with respect to the income and socioeconomic status of its victims, suggesting that hypotheses consistent with environmental variables--particularly those characterizing extremely high versus extremely low socioeconomic groups, including occupation, diet and other life patterns--should be pursued. All of these data have implications for cancer epidemiology, cancer control, and carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[The connection between food and alcohol intake habits among 48.763 Danish men and women. A cross-sectional study in the project "Food, cancer and health"].

Variation in diet associated with drinking patterns may partly explain why wine seems to reduce ischaemic heart disease mortality. In a cross-sectional study conducted in Copenhagen and Aarhus from 1995 to 1997 including 23,284 men and 25,479 women aged 50-64 years, the relation between intake of different alcoholic beverages and selected indicators of a healthy diet was investigated. In multivariate analyses, wine, as compared with other alcoholic drinks, was associated with a higher intake of fruit, fish, cooked vegetables, salad, the use of olive oil for cooking and not using fat spread on rye bread. In conclusion, the association between wine drinking and an intake of a healthy diet may have implications for the interpretation of previous reports of the relation between type of alcoholic beverage and ischaemic heart disease mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Incisor microwear, diet, and tooth use in three Amerindian populations.

Incisor microwear patterns have been shown to reflect aspects of diet and ingestive behaviors in a wide range of nonhuman primates. While some studies have suggested that anterior dental microwear might be used to infer unusual front tooth use practices in archaeological populations, quantitative work on modern human incisors has thus far been limited. In this study we examined dental microwear on the maxillary central incisors of three groups of humans: Aleutian Islanders (n = 16), Arikara from the Mobridge Site in South Dakota (n = 15), and a Late Woodland Bluff sample from Jersey County, Illinois (n = 17). High-resolution replicas were prepared and examined by scanning electron microscopy following conventional procedures. Photomicrographs were taken at consistent locations on the labial surface, and microwear was quantified using Microware 3.0 (Ungar, 1997). Statistical test results revealed significant differences among the groups in microwear feature densities, sizes, and shapes. The Aleut, Arikara, and Illinois Bluff samples showed a gradient of increasing microwear density, increasing linearity in feature shape, and decreasing feature size. These differences evidently correspond to amount of meat consumption, and apparently to degree of use of the incisors in heavy loading. No differences were observed between groups in heterogeneity of feature orientations, and no sex-related differences were found. Associations between incisor microwear on the one hand and subsistence practice and anterior tooth use on the other likely have important implications for the study of hominid paleobiology.

Fossils↗
PubMed1994

Alterations in plasma total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic rats fed diets with varied content of selenium and vitamin E.

The effect of dietary selenium and vitamin E on plasma total (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) was evaluated in 54 Sprague Dawley rats fed cholesterol/cholic acid enriched diets. Diets 1, 2, and 3 had no added selenium (low Se) and 0 (low), 60 (adequate), and 600 (high) mg/kg dL alpha tocopheryl acetate added respectively. Sodium selenite at 0.2 mg/kg (adequate Se) was added to diets 4, 5, and 6 and at 4.0 mg/kg (toxic Se) to diet 7, 8, and 9 with the same pattern of vitamin E added to the diet as described above. TC and HDLC were measured using the Kodak Ectachem system. Rats in the low and adequate Se groups fed high vitamin E had lower TC values than rats fed lower vitamin E levels but differences were not significant. In the toxic Se groups, rats fed high vitamin E had significantly (p < 0.05) higher plasma TC values than did lower Vitamin E groups. Rats on the high vitamin E diets with low or adequate Se had significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean plasma HDLC values when compared to rats fed low or adequate vitamin E diets. HDLC values for animals on Se toxic diets were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in rats fed a low vitamin E diet. In rats fed Se deficient and adequate diets, a high vitamin E intake resulted in a decrease in TC and an increase in HDLC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Dietary hypercalciuria in patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones.

The relative importance of dietary factors in causing hypercalciuria was assessed in 282 unselected patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones. The 124 patients found to be hypercalciuric on either their customary free diet or on a 25-mmol (1000-mg) calcium defined diet (or both), were classified according to their pattern of calcium excretion on the two diets. Unexpectedly, about half of the patients who were hypercalciuric on their free diet exhibited a calcium excretion that fell markedly or normalized on the high-calcium defined diet. These patients were defined as having dietary hypercalciuria. For all 282 patients, multiple-regression analysis suggested that dietary sodium was at least as important as was dietary calcium, and more important than dietary protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, purine, or oxalate, in contributing to calcium excretion on the free diet. Among the 124 hypercalciuric patients, urinary calcium excretion increased by 0.0193 mmol (0.77 mg) per mmol sodium excretion. Dietary habits, particularly a high sodium intake, may commonly contribute to hypercalciuria in patients with calcium oxalate stones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effects of the inclusion of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and fermentation patterns in the rumen of steers.

The effects of including yeast culture (YC; Saccharomyces cerevisae plus growth medium; 5 x 10(9) organisms/g) in diets for ruminants was examined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 32 multiparous Friesian dairy cows were fed between wk 7 to 12 of lactation one of four completely mixed diets based on either hay or straw plus rolled barley (mixed to give concentrate:forage ratios of either 50:50 or 60:40, respectively) with or without 10 g YC/d in a 2(3) factorial design. Supplementation with YC increased DM intake of the cows by a mean of 1.2 kg/d (P less than or equal to .062) and increased milk yield by 1.4 liters/d (corrected to 4% butterfat; P less than or equal to .05). There was an interaction (P less than .05) between diet composition and YC addition; effects of YC were greatest in diets containing 60:40 (concentrate:forage) ratio. In Exp. 2, three steers were fed a diet of 50% hay and 50% rolled barley (DM basis). Hay was available for the major part of the day but barley was fed in two meals/d. Addition of YC to the diet increased (P less than .05) ruminal pH for 4 h after the barley meal. This elevation in pH probably was due to a reduction (P less than or equal to .01) in the concentration of L-lactate in the ruminal liquor of steers given YC (1.43 vs 3.55 mM; P less than or equal to .01). Peak ruminal L-lactate concentration (7.75 mM) in the controls coincided with time of minimum pH values (2 h after the meal of barley); this peak was absent in steers given YC. YC had no effect on the concentration of VFA in ruminal liquor, but the ratio of acetate to propionate was reduced (P less than or equal to .01) from 3.3:1 to 2.8:1 in steers given YC. The extent of DM degradation of hay incubated in the rumen of steers fed the hay and rolled barley diet was increased (P less than .05) in the presence of YC at 12 h of incubation, but degradation was similar in all treatment groups after 24 h of incubation. Presence of yeast culture in the rumen had effects on ruminal stoichiometry. An increased rate of forage degradation may have increased forage intake and productivity of these dairy cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Evidence of a dietary selection for methionine by the piglet.

The objective of the current study was to investigate if there is a preference of piglets for diets varying in Met content and whether these preferences change with time. For this purpose, a feeding trial was carried out over a period of 6 wk. Piglets (equal numbers of males and females) with an initial BW of 7.2 +/- 0.1 kg were randomly subdivided into 4 groups of 12 pigs each. Two reference groups were fed either 0.19% Met (low-Met group) or 0.26% Met (high-Met group) diets. Two other groups had the choice between 2 diets containing 0.19 or 0.23% Met (Met-choice 1 group), or 0.19 or 0.26% Met (Met-choice 2 group). Compared with the low-Met group (397 g), daily feed intake was increased by 43%, 60%, and 82% (P < 0.05) in the Met-choice 1, Met-choice 2, and the high-Met group, respectively. Piglets on the Met-choice 1 and Met-choice 2 groups, respectively, selected 72 and 80% of the higher Met diet. In the first week, piglets on both Met-choice groups selected the diets at random, but they increased their preference for the diets higher in Met up to 81 and 89%, respectively, in the last experimental week. For the total experiment, mean Met contents of total diets were 0.22 and 0.25% in the Met-choice 1 and Met-choice 2 groups, respectively. Average daily gain of 195 g in the low-Met group was more than doubled (P < 0.05) in the high-Met group. Daily gains of 306 and 366 g in the Met-choice 1 and 2 groups, respectively, were (P < 0.05) improved compared with the low-Met group but lower (P < 0.05) than in the high-Met group. Plasma Met concentration of 46.3 micromol/mL in the Met-choice 2 group was greater than in the low-Met or the Met-choice 1 groups (25.3 and 32.8 micromol/mL, respectively) but lower (P < 0.05) compared with the high-Met group (59.6 micromol/mL). Conversely, the sum of essential AA showed a greater (P < 0.05) concentration in plasma from pigs on the low-Met and Met-choice 1 groups than in plasma from pigs on Met-choice 2 group and the high-Met group. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that piglets are able to discriminate among diets of varying Met content. When given a choice, they prefer a diet better balanced for Met to a Met-deficient diet. As a result of the altered feeding pattern, piglets are able to partly redress the depressed performance and altered plasma AA pattern resulting from the ingestion of the diet more limiting in Met concentration.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

Protein v. enzymic protein hydrolysates. Nitrogen utilization in starved rats.

The present study was carried out to compare the effects of four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets on the N utilization, total serum protein concentration and serum amino acid profile in starved rats at weaning. These diets differed only in the molecular form of two milk proteins (whey protein and casein), which were either native or partly hydrolysed. Male Wistar rats at weaning were fasted for 3 d and then refed with one of the four diets for 48 h. No differences were observed in the body weight gain, protein digestibility and total serum protein concentration between groups after the refeeding period and all the N balances were positive. N retention was higher in the two groups of rats given the protein-hydrolysate-based diets compared with those given the intact-protein-based diets. This was associated with a lower urinary N excretion in rats, given the whey-protein-hydrolysate and the casein-hydrolysate diets. Despite this fact, the serum amino acid pattern of rats given the hydrolysed protein diet was very similar to that of those given the corresponding native protein diet. In conclusion, we have proved that enzymic hydrolysates from milk proteins have equivalent effects to native proteins in recovery after starvation in rats at weaning, on N absorption, total serum protein concentration and serum amino acid profile, and even give a higher N retention. We did not observe any harmful effect in using protein hydrolysates instead of native proteins.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Dietary cholesterol enhances torpor in a rodent hibernator.

Dietary cholesterol can affect both body lipid composition and steroid hormone concentration. We investigated whether a diet rich in cholesterol influences torpor patterns of hibernating chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) and, if so, whether these changes are better explained by diet-induced changes in body lipid composition or the concentration of testosterone, which at high levels inhibits torpor. Two groups of chipmunks were maintained either on a cholesterol diet (rodent chow containing 10% cholesterol) or a control diet (rodent chow) during pre-hibernation fattening and throughout the hibernation season. Torpid chipmunks on the cholesterol diet had significantly lower minimum body temperatures (-0.2 +/- 0.2 vs -0.6 +/- 0.2 degree C), lower metabolic rates (0.029 +/- 0.002 ml O2 g-1 h-1 vs 0.035 +/- 0.001 ml O2 g-1 h-1), and longer torpor bouts at -1 degree C (6.8 +/- 0.5 vs 4.1 +/- 1.0 days) than chipmunks on the control diet. Dietary cholesterol resulted in a significant increase in blood plasma cholesterol (sevenfold), liver cholesterol content (6.9-fold) and liver triglyceride content (3.5-fold) in comparison to controls. In contrast, dietary cholesterol had no detectable effect on the concentration of plasma testosterone, which was very low in both groups. Since torpor was deeper and longer in animals on the cholesterol diet our study suggests that torpor patterns of chipmunks were either directly affected by the dietary cholesterol or via changes in body lipid composition.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dental microwear in anubis and hybrid baboons (Papio hamadryas, sensu lato) living in Awash National Park, Ethiopia.

We describe dental microwear in baboons (Papio hamadryas sensu lato) from the anubis-hamadryas hybrid zone of Awash National Park, Ethiopia, outline its variation with sex and age, and attempt to relate the observed microwear pattern to environment and diet. Casts of the maxillary second molar of 52 adult and subadult individuals of both sexes were examined with a scanning electron microscope at x 500. Digitized micrographs were taken at a consistent location on facet 9, and microwear was recorded with an image analysis software package. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to investigate the shape, size, and density of microwear features. The overall pattern of microwear exhibits an unusual combination of high feature density, with numerous small pits and relatively wide striations, and a high correlation between width of pits and striations across individuals. We interpret this pattern as predominantly the consequence of abrasion by relatively small-caliber environmental grit when accidentally ingested with tough foods such as dried seeds and fruits, as expected in a terrestrial omnivore living in a dusty habitat. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between groups defined by sex, age, or troop membership, a result consistent with qualitative observations of feeding habits in this population, and which lends no support to the hypothesis that the longer jaws of adult males should result in longer striations. A trend towards greater feature density in females, however, might be due to limited sexual dinichism, and merits further investigation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of fat and carbohydrate content of the diet on voluntary ethanol intake in golden hamsters.

Golden hamsters, which avidly consume ethanol solutions, had continuous access to food and water and to either 15% or 30% ethanol solution (v/v) over a period of weeks. Hamsters consumed approximately equal amounts of absolute ethanol when maintained on either a Purina Chow diet or a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet (7.6 and 7.1 g/kg/day, respectively), but they consumed substantially less ethanol when maintained on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (4. 4 g/kg/day). However, the pattern of differences among groups of hamsters maintained on different diets was not the same at the two ethanol concentrations. Thus, at the 15% concentration, HC hamsters consumed more than twice as much ethanol as HF hamsters, but at the 30% concentration, the difference in ethanol consumption was greatly reduced and did not prove to be statistically significant. These results indicate that it is important to consider the concentration of the ethanol solution when studying the effects of dietary macronutrient content on ethanol consumption.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1985

Effect of a chemically defined diet in liquid form on colon carcinogenesis in rats.

The effects of ad libitum feeding of a chemically defined diet in liquid form on the incidence and histology of colon cancer induced by 10 weekly sc injections of 7.4 mg/kg of azoxymethane [(AOM) CAS: 25843-45-2] were investigated in W-rats. The chemically defined diet was adjusted once every 24 hours from 4 weeks before injection of the carcinogen to the end of the experiment at week 40. Oral administration of the defined diet resulted in significant increase in the incidence of colon cancer at week 40. Histologic examination showed that unlike adenocarcinomas with high mucin-producing activity, which were common in rats on pellet diet, most of the adenocarcinomas that developed in rats fed on defined diet were highly or well differentiated, with a typical glandular pattern. Administration of the chemically defined diet also resulted in marked colon mucosal hypoplasia and reduced gastrin levels in the serum at weeks 4 and 40.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Cultural aspects of African American eating patterns.

The high mortality from diet-related diseases among African Americans strongly suggests a need to adopt diets lower in total fat, saturated fat and salt and higher in fiber. However, such changes would be contrary to some traditional African American cultural practices. Focus group interviews were used to explore cultural aspects of eating patterns among low- and middle-income African Americans recruited from an urban community in Pennsylvania. In total, 21 males and 32 females, aged 13-65+ years were recruited using a networking technique. Participants identified eating practices commonly attributed to African Americans and felt that these were largely independent of socioeconomic status. They were uncertain about links between African American eating patterns and African origins but clear about influences of slavery and economic disadvantage. The perception that African American food patterns were characteristically adaptive to external conditions, suggest that, for effective dietary change in African American communities, changes in the food availability will need to precede or take place in parallel with changes recommended to individuals. Cultural attitudes about where and with whom food is eaten emerged as being equivalent in importance to attitudes about specific foods. These findings emphasize the importance of continued efforts to identify ways to increase the relevance of cultural context and meanings in dietary counseling so that health and nutrition interventions are anchored in values as perceived, in this case, by African Americans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Acculturation and overweight-related behaviors among Hispanic immigrants to the US: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

Little is known about the factors underlying the striking increase in overweight occurring between first and second generation US immigrants. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study addressed two goals. First, we determined which measures of acculturation (defined as the acquisition of dominant cultural norms by members of a non-dominant group) were important. Second, we determined how the acculturation process affected differences in overweight and its proximate determinants (e.g., physical activity, diet, and smoking) as immigrants acculturated to American society. In addition, we sought to elucidate the role of underlying structural factors (e.g., family income and crime) and acculturation factors (e.g., language spoken at home and proportion of foreign-born neighbors) in generation differences in overweight. Results showed clear structural and acculturation differences between foreign and US-born immigrants to the US. Foreign-born immigrants were more likely to have lower family income and maternal education, and to live in areas of higher immigrant density and greater linguistic isolation. In addition, results suggested rapid acculturation of overweight-related behaviors, such as diet, smoking, and inactivity, in US-born relative to foreign-born immigrants. Multivariate analysis indicated that longer US residence was associated with increased overweight among Puerto Ricans and Cubans. Predicted probabilities showed that controlling for acculturation and proximate factors increased overweight among foreign-born adolescents, but had minimal impact for US-born adolescents. Thus, without the beneficial pattern of: acculturation factors, diet, and physical activity, first generation Hispanic adolescents would have higher overweight prevalence. We found important generation differences in structural, acculturation, and proximate overweight determinants. These lifestyle differences between foreign- and US-born Hispanic adolescent immigrants are likely to underlie the striking increase in overweight prevalence between first and subsequent generation of US residence.

Acculturation↗