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PubMed1994

A duality in aging: the equivalence of mortality models based on radically different concepts.

Several alternative mortality models fit Swedish old-age mortality data equally well. The models build on two different concepts of the heterogeneity of individuals in a population. The first concept concerns fixed, genetic differences among individuals in their risk of death. The second concept involves acquired susceptibility to death due to physiological changes and environmental influences. We show that alternative mortality models based on either of these two concepts or some mix of them lead to the same parametric form of observed age-specific death rates. We discuss this duality property of mortality processes and show that even when a mortality model fits the data, the concepts used to construct the model may not be correct.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The relationship of libido and serving capacity test scores in rams on conception rates and lambing percentage in the ewe.

A procedure for assessing sexual activity (libido) and serving capacity (number of ejaculations) in individual rams is described. Libido and serving capacity was measured by this procedure in 10 Lincoln, 10 Suffolk, 2 Columbia, and 2 Polypay rams prior to the breeding season. Semen was evaluated, and the scrotal circumference measured. The rams were single-sire mated to 10-12 whiteface, crossbred ewes during a 35-day breeding season (September 26 - October 29). First-service conception rates, total conception rate, lambing percentage per ewe lambing, and lambing percentage per ewe exposed were calculated for each ram. The mean libido score for the 24 rams was 8.95 and the mean serving capacity score was 3.16. The 24 rams were classified as low serving capacity (<2 ejaculation), medium serving capacity (2-3 ejaculations), or high serving capacity (>3 ejaculations). There were no significant differences in either conception rate or lambing percentages between the 3 groups of rams. The first-service conception rate, total conception rate, lambing percentage per ewe lambing, and lambing percentage per ewe exposed were 74.8, 93.8, 148.6, and 139.4 percent, respectively, for the 24 rams. Libido and serving capacity tests in the rams, as used in this experiment, prior to the breeding season, were not successful in predicting fertility or prolificacy in ewes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Conception rates in repeat-breeders and dairy cattle with unobserved estrus after prostaglandin F(2) alpha and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

In Experiment 1, cows with a history of at least two previous unsuccessful inseminations were allocated to four groups. At the repeated estrus (third or greater service), some of the cows were inseminated according to the a.m.-p.m. rule (Controls, n = 83), or received i.m. 100 mug gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, n = 32) within 30 sec after insemination. Ovaries of the remaining cows to be treated were palpated during the anticipated ensuing luteal phase to determine the presence of a corpus luteum. Cows found to have luteal tissue received i.m. 25 mg prostaglandin F(2)-alpha (PGF(2)-alpha) and were inseminated after detected estrus or at 72 and 96 h after PGF(2)-alpha in the absence of estrus. Cows given PGF(2)-alpha either received no further treatment (PGF(2)-alpha, n = 40) or were given i.m. 100 mug GnRH (PGF(2)-alpha + GnRH, n = 29) after insemination or at 72 h after PGF(2)-alpha in the absence of estrus. Conception rate of control cows (39%) was similar to that of cows given PGF(2)-alpha (40%) or PGF(2)-alpha + GnRH (43%), but it tended to be lower (P = 0.13) than that of cows given only GnRH at insemination (54%). In Experiment 2, cows with unobserved estrus and diagnosed not pregnant (palpation) were palpated to detect a corpus luteum. Cows with luteal tissue received i.m. PGF(2)-alpha (n = 52) or PGF(2)-alpha + GnRH (n = 45) and were inseminated as described above. Conception rates were similar (39% vs 33%, respectively). In Experiment 3, cows in a large commercial dairy with (n = 93) or without (n = 420) previous reproductive problems were given i.m. 100 mug GnRH after insemination (n = 169) or were left untreated (n = 344) at repeat services (third and fourth services). Treatment with GnRH improved (P < 0.05) conception in normal (47% vs 36%) and abnormal (25% vs 12%) repeat-breeding cows. Treatment with PGF(2)-alpha alone or in conjunction with GnRH failed to further improve conception rates and only delayed intervals to rebreeding when administered during the luteal phase after the repeated estrus. The use of GnRH failed to reduce intervals from treatment to insemination or improve conception in cows with unobserved estrus compared to treatment with PGF(2)-alpha alone.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Effect of estrous cycle stage at Syncro-Mate B treatment on conception and time to estrus in cattle.

Two trials involving 85 heifers and 67 cows were conducted to determine the effect of estrous cycle stage at the time of Syncro-Mate-B((R)) (SMB) treatment on interval to estrus following implant removal and on conception rate at the synchronized estrus. In Trial 1, 57 beef and 28 dairy heifers were treated with SMB on each representative day of a 22-d estrous cycle (estrus = Day 0). Beef heifers were artificially inseminated approximately 48 h after implant removal, whereas dairy heifers were inseminated 0 to 12 h after detection of estrus. Inseminations were scored by the inseminator according to their difficulty. Interval to the onset of estrus was not different between heifers treated early (</= Day 11) in the estrous cycle (31.3 +/- 7.4 h) and heifers treated late (> Day 11) in the cycle (35.2 +/- 7.2 h). Conception rate at the synchronized estrus was slightly higher in early-cycle heifers (22 47 = 47% ) compared to late-cycle heifers (14 38 = 37% , P = 0.2). Heifers that were difficult to inseminate had lower (P < 0.01) conception rates (2 11 = 18% ) at the synchronized estrus than heifers considered normal (21 51 = 41% ) or easier than normal to inseminate (13 23 = 57% ). In Trial 2, of the 131 beef cows synchronized, 67 that were estimated to be either early or late in the estrous cycle by progesterone analysis were utilized. Cows were treated with SMB and inseminated without regard to estrus 48-h after implant removal. Inseminations were scored as in Trial 1. Calves were separated from cows from the time of implant removal to insemination. Conception rate was higher (P < 0.05) in cows treated with SMB early (</= Day 11) in the estrous cycle (20 32 = 62.5% ) compared to cows treated late (> Day 11, 16 35 = 46% ). Cows that were difficult to inseminate had a lower (P < 0.01) conception rate (0 8 = 0% ) than cows that were normal (43 94 = 46% ) or easier than normal to inseminate (13 29 = 45% ).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Effect of PG F2 alpha treatment on conception rates of dairy cows treated with a GnRH agonist 12 to 14 days after Artificial Insemination.

The effect of a GnRH agonist (10 ug Buserelin) on conception rate was determined when injected into dairy cows 12 to 14 days after Artificial Insemination (AI). The following factors were taken into account: previous treatment prior to AI with Prostaglandin F2 alpha, clinical history recorded prior to AI since last calving, parity and milk yield. A number of 118 cows, from one large dairy herd, were involved in this study. A total of 210 AI's were performed, followed by 140 GnRH treatments and 70 saline injections. Reproductive events were then recorded. The rank of AI was equally distributed among the two groups. 153 AI's were preceded by a Prostaglandin F2 alpha (Dinoprost - 25 mg) treatment among which 103 were subsequently GnRH-treated and 50 were controls. Plasma progesterone concentrations were determined daily for 34 days after AI in 13 treated and 13 control cows. An Early Pregnoncy Diagnosis (EPD) from milk progesterone concentration was performed on Day 21 after AI in all cases. Post-AI GnRH agonist treatment resulted in a significant enhancement of the conception rate: 60% vs 44%; p < 0.01, respectively for treated and control animals. PG F2 alpha treatment prior to GnRH injection had a major influence on the conception rate (62% vs 40%; p < 0.01). No effect was seen (54 % vs 55 %) in non-PG F2 alpha treated females which were subsequently injected respectively with GnRH or saline after AI. Previous clinical reproductive disorders, parity and milk yield had no significant effect. In non-pregnant treated animals, GnRH agonist treatment resulted in an increased rate of heat detection on days 20 - 25 after AI (91 % vs 74 %) and a higher fertility rate on the following AI was seen (59 % vs 44 %; p < 0.05). In conclusion, GnRH agonist treatment 12 to 14 days after AI only enhanced the conception rate of females which had previously been treated with PG F2 alpha. In non-pregnant cows, this treatment had also a benficial effect on heat detection and improved the conception rate at the subsequent AI.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Conception rates in dairy cows after timed-insemination and simultaneous treatment with gonadotrophin releasing hormone and/or prostaglandin F2 alpha.

This study was designed to determine conception rates in dairy cows after timed-insemination and simultaneous treatment with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and/or prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha). A total of 2352 cows was randomly assigned to six groups. Cows in Groups 1 to 5 were palpated per rectum to determine the presence of a corpus luteum (CL) on the ovary, and blood samples were obtained for the determination of plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations. Cows with a CL and P4 concentrations >1 ng/ml were treated (Day 0) with PGF2alpha (25 mg, i.m.) and were observed for estrus. Cows in estrus prior to 72 hours after treatment (Group 5, n = 106) were bred, but were not treated. Cows not observed in estrus by 72 hours were divided into four remaining groups, were bred between 72 and 80 hours and were assigned as follows: Cows in Group 1 (n = 203) were not treated; Cows in Group 2 (n = 200) were treated with GnRH (100 ug, i.m.); Cows in Group 3 (n = 201) were treated with PGF2alpha (25 mg, i.m.); and cows in Group 4 (n = 202) were treated with both GnRH and PGF2alpha. Cows in Group 6 (n = 1440) were not treated with PGF2alpha on Day 0 and were estrual cows that were bred on days when cows in Groups 1 to 5 were time-inseminated. The percentage of cows in all groups pregnant at 45 to 50 days after one insemination was compared using analysis of variance (P<0.05). The conception rate of cows in Group 2 was significantly higher than that of cows in Groups 1 to 4. There was a significant group-by-season interaction. Cows treated with GnRH during the spring had a higher conception rate than at other times of the year. Conception rates of cows in Groups 1 to 4 that were inseminated during the summer were low and not significantly different from each other. Conception rates of cows in Groups 5 and 6 inseminated during the summer were not significantly different from each other, but were significantly higher than that of cows in Groups 1 to 4 that were inseminated during the summer.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Newer concepts of the autonomic system's role derived from reductionist and behavioral studies of various animal species.

The evolution of newer concepts, many from old precursors, are elaborated. Among the bases for new thought has been the realization that all body tissues receive autonomic innervation and that this system affects all functions. It is involved in the minutia or reactions studied by their reductionists and in activity of the total organism studied by behaviorists. Newer knowledge suggests that the system's functions can be subdivided into 2 major categories: (1) a role in basic metabolic or vegetative functions. There are 3 realms of such involvement: in energy storage and release; in control of endocrine and neuroendocrine secretions; and in control of exocrine secretion and thus intake, conservation or loss and transformation of energy. The hypothalamus is most highly involved in these autonomic system functions; (2) a role in behavior. The hypothalamus is also highly involved, especially in alerting and defense reactions, concepts relating to Cannon's ideas of emergency function and Selye's concepts of stress. It can be said that the normal, phasic functions of the autonomic system and its involvement in organ and body reactivity are controlled in parallel with the regulation of somatic performances. The several newer interpretative ideas originating from studies of reflexes, reflex patterns and sequences, and of general behavior are the integrative role, the supportive role, the modulatory and finally the anticipatory or determinative role in behavior. The similarity of the role of the autonomic nervous system function in all species, from birds to man, has caught the attention of investigators. This rather than the specializations of the system that are appropriate to the peculiar characteristics of individual species has been emphasized; but species specializations do exist and these should be worthy of future investigation. New concepts of the system's role are evolving from old ideas and new discoveries. Newer concepts of transmitter genesis and tissue receptors are developing that add more detail to our major channels of thought concerning the autonomic system's function. There is a new realization of the system's involvement in pain. Its' directives affect and integrate organ and tissue activity; it determines behavior and expresses the sympathy and judgements of man.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Why pregnant adolescents say they did not use contraceptives prior to conception.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we attempted to learn why childbearing adolescents failed to use contraceptives prior to conception. We hypothesized that among adolescents who elect to bear their children, positive and/or ambivalent feelings about having a baby are the most frequently cited reasons for not having used contraceptives. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional, clinic-based survey of a racially and ethnically diverse group of 200 consecutively enrolled, poor, pregnant, 13-18-year-old patients in an adolescent-oriented maternity program. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire which elicited information about environmental and personal risk factors for inconsistent use of contraceptives and information about the reasons they had not used contraceptives consistently prior to conception. Student's t-tests, Chi-square, and logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS: The most frequently cited reasons for not using contraceptives prior to conception were: "I didn't mind getting pregnant" (20%) and "I wanted to get pregnant" (17.5%), followed by "I was using birth control but it didn't work (broke)" (12%), "I thought there was something wrong with me and I couldn't get pregnant" (9%) and "I just didn't get around to it" (9%). Teenagers who cited positive and/or ambivalent attitudes toward childbearing as their primary reason for not using contraceptives at the time of conception did not differ from others with regard to age, Medicaid status, gravidity, parity, frequency of living with parents, partner's age, depressive symptoms, or perceived family support. They were, however, more likely to have known the father of the baby for more than 6 months at the time of conception [odds ratio (OR) 2.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-5.26) and to have dropped out of school (OR) 2.15; 95% CI 1.10-4.26]. CONCLUSIONS: The study hypothesis was supported. The absence of negative attitudes toward having babies rather than negative attitudes toward contraceptives is the most commonly cited reason for nonuse of contraceptives among childbearing adolescents. The results of this study may enable health care and social service providers to design more effective programs for preventing first and subsequent adolescent pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Conception rates and serum progesterone concentration in dairy cattle administered gonadotropin releasing hormone 5 days after artificial insemination.

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of administration of exogenous GnRH 5days after artificial insemination (AI) on ovarian structures, serum progesterone concentration, and conception rates in lactating dairy cows. In experiment 1, 23 Holstein cows were synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol. Five days after AI (day 0) cows were assigned randomly to receive either saline (saline; n=11) or 100microg GnRH (GnRH; n=12). To examine ovarian structures, ultrasonography was performed on day 1 and every other day beginning on day 5 until day 13. On days 5 and 13 blood samples were obtained to measure serum progesterone concentrations. All cows in the GnRH-treated group developed an accessory corpus luteum (CL), whereas cows in the saline group did not. Mean serum progesterone concentrations did not differ between GnRH and saline groups on day 5 (1.64+/-0.46ng/ml versus 2.04+/-0.48ng/ml). On day 13 serum progesterone concentrations were greater (P<0.05) in the GnRH group compared with saline (5.22+/-0.46ng/ml versus 3.36+/-0.48ng/ml). In experiment 2, 542 lactating cows, at two different commercial dairies, were used to test the effect of administering GnRH 5 days after AI on conception rates. Cows were synchronized and detected for estrus according to tail chalk removal. Cows detected in estrus received AI within 1h after detection of estrus. Five days after AI, cows were assigned randomly to receive either GnRH (n=266) or saline (n=276). Pregnancy status was determined by palpation per rectum of uterine contents approximately 40 days after AI. There was no effect of farm on conception rate. There was no effect of treatment as conception rates did not differ between GnRH and saline groups (26.7% GnRH versus 24.3% saline). Regardless of treatment, days in milk, parity, milk yield, and number of services had no effect on the odds ratio of pregnancy. In summary, the results of this study indicated that GnRH administered 5 days after AI increased serum progesterone by developing an accessory CL but did not improve conception rates in dairy cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Prehospital medical care organization during the 2003 G8 summit: a new concept of Mobile Medical Squadrons (MMS)].

OBJECTIVE: The occurrence of the 2003 G8 summit in Evian and the threat of major civil riots or even terrorist attacks in the Swiss neighbourhood forced us to imagine a new system of rescue and medical care in case of numerous victims. Previous occurrences of the G8 in Europe or America have demonstrated the need of flexible and mobile structures, able to respond quickly to crowd movements, unlike the usual static structure of rescue systems designed for major accidents. METHODS: We developed a new concept of Mobile Medical Squadrons (MMS) consisting of several vehicles and medical care and rescue human resources. In our concept, each MMS consisted of 3 emergency doctors, 5 paramedics and 9 first-aid workers. They were designed to handle 15 patients, with a large autonomy in terms of rescue, medical care, evacuation and medical authority. The equipment included medical, resuscitation, simple decontamination, evacuation and communication materials. RESULTS: The MMS were dispatched four times during the G8 summit following civil riots. They took care of 12 injured patients. CONCLUSION: The concept of MMS as a reinforcement of the existing rescue and health care resources appears as a new flexible, a modular and useful concept for the medical management of collective prehospital emergency situations. Its use is suggested instead of the traditional static concept of rescue systems designed for major accidents.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Semantic processing of living and nonliving concepts across the cerebral hemispheres.

Studies of patients with category-specific semantic deficits suggest that the right and left cerebral hemispheres may be differently involved in the processing of living and nonliving domains concepts. In this study, we investigate whether there are hemisphere differences in the semantic processing of these domains in healthy volunteers. Based on the neuropsychological findings, we predicted a disadvantage for nonliving compared to living concepts in the right hemisphere. Our prediction was supported, in that semantic decisions to nonliving concepts were significantly slower and more error-prone when presented to the right hemisphere. In contrast there were no hemisphere differences for living concepts. These findings are consistent with either differential representation or processing of concepts across right and left hemispheres. However, we also found a disadvantage for nonliving things compared to living things in the left hemisphere, which is not consistent with a simple representation account. We discuss these findings in terms of qualitatively different semantic processing in right and left hemispheres within the framework of a distributed model of conceptual representation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

New nomenclature concept of perforator flap.

Confusion regarding the perforator flap concept has arisen partly from the use of ill-defined nomenclature without consistency; flaps have been named according to either the proximal vessel, the location harvested or the muscle dissected. Since, a variety of conflicting terms can distort the exact understanding of the flap and the true perforator concept, a precise and scientific system of nomenclature is promptly needed. In order to remedy such confusion, the author reviewed 54 recently published articles and 38 abstracts for vague or inaccurate nomenclatures, and compared the perforator flaps with the conventional flaps. A new nomenclature was then drawn up according to three perforator types: direct cutaneous, septocutaneous and musculocutaneous perforator. Even though only musculocutaneous perforators were considered to be true perforators in the initial concept, some perforator flaps have subsequently been added based on septocutaneous or direct cutaneous perforators. Discrimination is necessary and made possible by use of the following nomenclature: a perforator flap based on a musculocutaneous perforator is named according to the name of the muscle perforated, and perforator flaps based on other types of perforators, are named according to the name of the proximal vessel. The term 'perforator based' further defines those flaps harvested without sacrificing the proximal vessel. This new nomenclature concept would be a great help in discriminating among the various patterns of perforator flaps and also in preventing confusion arising from the misnaming of new perforator flaps in the future. Furthermore, the perforator pattern used in the flap can easily be comprehended, and especially in extremities, various perforator flaps, based on the musculocutaneous or septocutaneous perforator, can plainly be distinguished with this new nomenclature concept.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Occurrence of cognitive impairment after age 90: MCI and other broadly used concepts.

BACKGROUND: Few data are available on the impact of applying different concepts to define cognitive impairment among nonagenarians and centenarians. This study explored the occurrence of four broadly used concepts in an over 90-year-old population. DESIGN/METHODS: We examined a community-based cohort of 34 people with a mean age (+/- S.D.) of 96.4 (+/- 3.9) years, living in Bologna (Italy). We calculated the proportion of subjects that was given a diagnosis of cognitive impairment according to the following four commonly used concepts: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Age-Associated Memory Impairment (AAMI), Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia (CIND), and Questionable Dementia stage of the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR 0.5). RESULTS: The proportion of subjects with cognitive impairment varied from 5.9%, according to CIND, to 32.4%, according to MCI. The four concepts identified different groups of subjects as having cognitive impairment, and no subject was given a diagnosis of cognitive impairment according to all four concepts. CONCLUSION: Commonly used criteria for diagnosis of cognitive impairment can differ by a factor of five in the number of subjects they classified as impaired. Such disagreement has serious implications for prevention, as people with a mild cognitive impairment may be a suitable target group for interventions before the development of dementia.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed2026

A systematic literature review of cultural concepts taught by pharmacist preceptors during pharmacy student experiential placements.

BACKGROUND: Cultural concepts such as cultural intelligence, awareness, competency and safety are essential in guiding culturally responsive care in health professional practice. Pharmacist preceptors play a pivotal role in sharing both clinical and cultural safe practice with pharmacy students. Culturally responsive care can contribute to achieving health equity, which is especially important for Indigenous communities. AIM: To review literature on cultural concepts in pharmacist preceptorship practices, and how these concepts are taught and communicated to pharmacy students during experiential learning. METHOD: The systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guideline. Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to identify articles specific to pharmacist preceptors and pharmacy students published between 2015 and 2025, and available in English. RESULTS: Three full-text articles met the inclusion criteria. Major themes and subthemes were identified; pharmacist preceptors lacked preparedness to teach cultural concepts, resulting in variability in preceptors' understanding of cultural concepts and confidence in fulfilling preceptor responsibilities, underutilised structured frameworks to guide students' learning, challenges with preceptorship due to limited resources and support, and the influence of preceptorship on student learning, which impacted students' learning and competency. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy students had minimal exposure to culturally informed pharmacist preceptorship. It is likely that pharmacist preceptors require country-specific educational resources to support culturally safe preceptorship. Future research is required to substantiate these findings, and to guide culturally responsive practice and promote equitable health outcomes in diverse populations.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Parental attitudes toward disclosure of the mode of conception to their child conceived by in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: To survey the level of disclosure of conception method within families of children conceived by conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and to examine the factors that might influence parental attitudes and plans for disclosure. DESIGN: In-depth questionnaire. SETTING: Participants recruited through fertility clinics in the United Kingdom. PATIENT(S): Parents of children aged 5 to 6 years conceived by IVF/ICSI (n = 181; 51% survey response rate). INTERVENTION(S): Mothers and fathers of IVF/ICSI-conceived children were sent questionnaires to complete and return in a postage-paid envelope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Responses to the questionnaire. RESULT(S): Most parents had told somebody about their child's method of conception, mostly close friends and family. Fewer (26% of mothers, 17% of fathers) had already discussed the child's mode of conception with their child. Fifty-eight percent of mothers and 57% of fathers intended to tell their child at some point. Sixteen percent of mothers and 21% of fathers were undecided. Four percent of fathers never wanted to discuss the subject with their child. Children were more likely to be told if conception was ICSI, rather than conventional IVF, and if an only child. Twenty-nine percent of undecided fathers and 36% of undecided mothers stated that they would tell their child if appropriate, child-friendly explanatory literature were available. CONCLUSION(S): The majority of parents wish to tell their child about their conception by IVF/ICSI at some point but are unsure as to the most appropriate timing and method of disclosure. Fertility clinics might have a role to play in providing the necessary support. Child-friendly literature might be helpful.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Assisted conception is a risk factor for postnatal mood disturbance and early parenting difficulties.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether assisted conception is associated with an increased risk of admission to a residential early parenting program for treatment of maternal mood disorder or infant feeding or sleeping disorders in the postpartum year. DESIGN: Systematic audit of consecutive medical records. SETTING: Masada Private Hospital Mother Baby Unit (MPHMBU), Melbourne, Australia. PATIENT(S): Medical records of all mother-infant dyads admitted to MPHMBU between July 2000 and August 2002. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Modes of conception and delivery of index infant, maternal and infant age on admission, multiplicity of birth, infant birth weight, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores. RESULT(S): A total of 745 records were audited, and mode of conception was recorded in 526 (70.6%) of records. Overall 6% (45/745) of the admitted infants had been conceived through assisted reproductive technologies compared with 1.52% in the general population (relative risk 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-5.4). Mothers who had conceived with assisted reproductive technologies were older and more likely to have had cesarean and multiple births than those who conceived spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Assisted conception appears to be associated with a significantly increased rate of early parenting difficulties. Women who experience assisted conception may require additional support before and after their babies are born.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Communicative ability conceptions among children who stutter and their fluent peers: a qualitative exploration.

UNLABELLED: Meta issues in stuttering were examined by analyzing verbal-descriptive data drawn from structured interviews with 23 male children who stutter (CWS) and their 23 fluent male peers. Participants described others' "good" and "bad" talk behaviors and provided their self-appraisals as talkers. Analysis of interview transcripts suggested that CWS favored unidimensional criteria for describing others' talk behaviors, where others' speech-language forms, particularly allusions to stuttering behaviors, were noted most commonly in the descriptions. In contrast, children who did not stutter used multidimensional criteria to describe others' talk behaviors, where others' speech-language forms and pragmatic behaviors were weighted evenly, particularly for positive descriptions. Additionally, many CWS expressed reservations in describing themselves as "good talkers," whereas their fluent peers provided mainly positive appraisals of their own talking abilities. Outcomes provide evidence that early conceptions of communicative abilities among CWS are influenced by their stuttering experiences and diverge from early communicative ability conceptions among their fluent peers. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will learn about and be able to; (1) recognize the relevance of examining communicative ability conceptions among children who stutter within the context of educational research on ability conceptions in children; (2) identify qualitative methods used to analyze interviews with participants; and (3) appreciate the role of personal experiences in shaping communicative ability conceptions among children who stutter.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience.

Concepts of motivation are vital to progress in behavioral neuroscience. Motivational concepts help us to understand what limbic brain systems are chiefly evolved to do, i.e., to mediate psychological processes that guide real behavior. This article evaluates some major motivation concepts that have historic importance or have influenced the interpretation of behavioral neuroscience research. These concepts include homeostasis, setpoints and settling points, intervening variables, hydraulic drives, drive reduction, appetitive and consummatory behavior, opponent processes, hedonic reactions, incentive motivation, drive centers, dedicated drive neurons (and drive neuropeptides and receptors), neural hierarchies, and new concepts from affective neuroscience such as allostasis, cognitive incentives, and reward 'liking' versus 'wanting'.

Animals↗