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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Variation of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene in a Romanian and a Kyrgyz population.

As part of a project on environmental disasters in minority populations, this study aimed to evaluate differences in the sequence of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) as a metabolic susceptibility gene in yet unexplored ethnicities. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the NAT2 coding region and a variant in the 3' flanking region were analyzed in 290 unrelated Kyrgyz and 140 unrelated Romanians by SNP-specific PCR analysis. The variants 341C, 481T, and 803G were less and 857A more prevalent in Kyrgyz (P < 0.0001). The variant at site 857 indicates Asian descent. 282C>T and 590G>A showed no significant variation by ethnicity. 364G>A and 411A>T turned out to be monomorphic. Database comparisons of the NAT2 minor allele frequencies support that Romanians belong to Caucasians and Kyrgyz are in between Caucasians and East Asians. The distributions of predicted haplotypes differed significantly between the two ethnicities where the Kyrgyz showed a higher genetic diversity. The haplotype without mutations was more common in Kyrgyz (40.1% in Kyrgyz, 29.3% in Romanians). Accordingly, the imputed slow acetylator phenotype was less prevalent in Kyrgyz (35.2% versus 51.4% in Romanians). We found pronounced ethnic differences in NAT2 genotypes with yet unknown effect on the health risks for environmental or occupational exposures in minority populations.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1999

Biologic significance of angiopoietin-2 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is generally a highly vascular tumor, but the mechanisms of neovascularization that permit rapid growth have not been defined. Angiopoietins (Ang) recently have been identified as ligands for vascular endothelial-specific Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase and may be important growth factors in the generation of new blood vessels. We investigated Ang expression in 23 samples of HCC and paired adjacent uninvolved liver samples to determine if these genes have a potential role in the growth and spread of this disease. The full coding sequence of a variant angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) cDNA was obtained from HCC specimens, and the biologic consequences of overexpression on tumor formation and hemorrhage were determined in an animal model system. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) was equally expressed in HCC and adjacent noncarcinomatous liver tissue. Surprisingly, Ang2 was found to be highly expressed only in tumor tissue. In addition, Ang2 was expressed in 10 of 12 hypervascular HCC, but only in 2 of 11 hypovascular HCC. Ectopic expression of Ang2 in nonexpressing HCC cells promotes the rapid development of human hepatomas and produces hemorrhage within tumors in nude mice. These results suggest a role for Ang2 in the neovascularization of HCC. This enhanced gene expression may contribute to the clinical hypervascular phenotype, as well as tumor formation and progression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Thyroid hormone receptor and receptor-related RNA levels in developing rat brain.

The proto-oncogene c-erbA and its analogues are genes that encode thyroid hormone receptors. In rats, at least two loci have been identified by their homology to c-erbA. Each locus can produce at least two distinct mRNA species via RNA processing. However, one of those transcripts, r-erbA alpha-2, does not yield a triiodothyronine (T3)-binding protein when translated in vitro. Proper development of the rat brain is thyroid hormone-dependent during the perinatal period and there is a documented increase in brin nuclear T3-binding capacity during that time. By hybridizing cDNA probes specific to various rat erbA-like transcripts with RNA extracted from developing rat brain, we sought changes in thyroid hormone receptor mRNA levels that correspond with changes in T3-binding capacity in rat brain during the perinatal period. Three mRNA of the erbA family showed variations in relative abundance during brain development. Oddly, r-erbA alpha-2, a variant that does not code for a T3-binding protein, was the most abundant erbA-like RNA to correlate with the reported changes in T3-binding capacity. The message for rat r-erbA alpha-1 that encodes a functional T3 receptor also varies with T3-binding capacity but at a level that is at least 8-fold lower than the r-erbA alpha-2 message. The level of rat erbA beta-1 message also varies in rat brain during the perinatal period but not in a way that correlates with changes in T3-binding capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A gephyrin-related mechanism restraining glycine receptor anchoring at GABAergic synapses.

Spinal cord neurons release glycine and GABA and accumulate glycine receptors (GlyRs) and GABA(A) receptors in the same postsynaptic densities. In contrast, supramedullar neurons prefer GABA as a neurotransmitter and exclude GlyRs from postsynaptic anchoring. The general aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying transmitter-appropriate receptor accumulation at inhibitory synapses. Specifically, we intended to clarify the molecular basis for the prohibition of GlyR accumulation in the postsynaptic densities of GABAergic synapses. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged gephyrin-binding loop of the GlyR beta subunit (GFP::betaL) was used as a surrogate for full-length receptors to characterize the GlyR binding capacity of postsynaptic gephyrins in transfected neurons. Both in spinal cord neurons (SCNs) and hippocampal neurons (HNs) GFP::betaL distribution displayed transmitter specificity; i.e., postsynaptic accumulation of GFP::betaL was high opposite terminals able to release glycine and low opposite purely GABAergic terminals. When comparing SCN and HN cultures we found that the level of mRNA coding for gephyrin splice variants containing the cassette C5 (C5-gephyrins) was significantly higher in HNs. In HNs depleted of C5-gephyrins, both GFP::betaL and endogenous GlyRs accumulated at postsynaptic GABAergic sites. Accordingly in SCNs, GFP-tagged C5-gephyrin displayed a preferential postsynaptic accumulation opposite GABAergic synapses. Comparison of glycinergic, mixed, and GABAergic synapses in SCNs showed that the degree of GlyR accumulation was inversely related to the amount of postsynaptic C5-gephyrin. These results identify the C5 splice variant of gephyrin as a factor regulating the transmitter-appropriate degree of GlyR accumulation at inhibitory synapses.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2005

Rapid turnover of Plasmodium falciparum var gene transcripts and genotypes during natural non-symptomatic infections.

The var genes of Plasmodium falciparum code for the antigenically variant erythrocyte membrane proteins 1 (PfEMP1), a major factor for cytoadherence and immune escape of the parasite. Herein, we analyzed the var gene transcript turnover in two ongoing, non-symptomatic infections at sequential time points during two weeks. The number of different circulating genomes was estimated by microsatellite analyses. In both infections, we observed a rapid turnover of plasmodial genotypes and var transcripts. The rapidly changing repertoire of var transcripts could have been caused either by swift elimination of circulating var-transcribing parasites stemming from different or identical genetic backgrounds, or by accelerated switching of var gene transcription itself.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Microsatellite stable colorectal cancers in clinically suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients without vertical transmission of disease are unlikely to be caused by biallelic germline mutations in MYH.

Microsatellite analysis and immunohistochemistry are commonly used initial screening tests for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. However, tumors in roughly one-half of the patients fulfilling the Bethesda guidelines are microsatellite stable. In addition, normal mismatch repair protein expression in these tumors suggests that a defect in the mismatch repair system is unlikely. Because biallelic MYH mutations occur in patients with both high and low numbers of adenomas, we hypothesized that MYH is involved in the tumorigenesis of microsatellite stable colorectal cancers in patients without vertical transmission of disease and who fulfill the Bethesda guidelines. MYH was analyzed in 50 cancer patients and 116 healthy controls by complete genomic DNA sequencing. No biallelic germline mutations were identified. One patient was a heterozygous carrier for the p.G382D missense mutation, and another patient was a heterozygous carrier for the novel missense mutation p.Q484H. We identified six common variants, three in the coding region (p.V22M, p.Q324H, and p.S501F) and three in adjacent intronic regions (c.157+30A>G, c.462+35G>A, and c.1435-40G>C). In summary, biallelic germline mutations of MYH are unlikely to cause colorectal cancer in patients sharing clinical features with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families without mismatch repair defect and therefore cannot fill the molecular diagnostic gap in this subgroup of Bethesda-positive patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Screening for point mutations in rhodopsin gene among one hundred Chinese patients with retinitis pigmentosa].

OBJECTIVE: To test the frequency and pattern of rhodopsin (RHO) mutations in Chinese retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients and to evaluate their effects in the pathogenesis of RP. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of 100 Hong Kong Chinese RP patients. Sequence variants of the entire coding exons of the RHO gene were tested using PCR, conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Totally six nucleotide changes were identified, among which three were silent mutations, two missense mutations and one deletion mutation. P347L was found in one RP proband and her three children who also had RP. P327(1 bp del) was novel and detected in a late-onset RP patient of 53 years. Her 26-year-old daughter, also carrying the identified mutation, had no RP phenotypes except for the mottled retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) revealed by fundal examination. Neither of the two mutations was detected in normal controls. CONCLUSION: Two patients had disease-causing mutations in the RHO gene, thus RHO mutations cause about 2.0% (95% confidence interval: 0.2%-7.0%) of all RP among Chinese in Hong Kong. A highly conserved C-terminal sequence QVS(A)PA was altered due to P347L and thereby resulting in an aberrant subcellular localization of rhodopsin. Loss of all six phosphorylatable residues at the C-terminus and the highly conserved C-terminal sequence QVS(A)PA may occur because of P327(1 bp del). To elucidate the predominant biochemical defects in such mutant, transgenic mice and transfected culture cells carrying P327(1 bp del) would be of greatest value.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Research on clinical characteristics and ATM gene mutations in Chinese patients with ataxia-telangiectasia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical manifestation and mutation characteristics of ATM gene in Chinese patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). METHODS: Sequence variants of the entire coding exons of ATM gene were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and DNA direct sequencing in two Chinese patients clinically diagnosed as AT. RESULTS: The clinical characteristics of two AT patients were progressive cerebellar ataxia with ages at onset of childhood, ocular-cutaneous telangiectasia and recurrent pulmonary infection due to immuno-deficiency; the serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels were higher than normal, the serum immunoglobin IgA and IgG levels were lower than normal; brain MRI showed cerebellar atrophy, brain SPECT showed cerebellar regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) hypoperfusion to a certain degree. Totally three nucleotide changes were identified. A missense mutation of G1346C in exon 11, which was a homozygotic mutation, was identified in one patient; a nonsense mutation of G610T in exon 6 combined with a missense mutation of C6679T in exon 47, which was a compound heterozygotic mutation, were identified in the other patient. They were co-segregated with the disease and were localized within the functional domain of ATM gene. CONCLUSION: We have made gene diagnoses for two Chinese AT patients, in which three novel ATM gene mutations were identified.

Ataxia Telangiectasia↗
PubMed1992

Differential protein-DNA interactions at the promoter and enhancer regions of developmentally regulated U4 snRNA genes.

In the chicken genome there are two closely-linked genes, U4B and U4X, that code for different sequence variants of U4 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Both genes are expressed with nearly equal efficiency in the early embryo, but U4X gene expression is specifically down-regulated relative to U4B as development proceeds. At the present time, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate differential expression of snRNA genes. We have now identified a novel chicken factor, PPBF, that binds sequence-specifically in vitro to the proximal regulatory region of the U4X gene, but not to the proximal region of the U4B gene. PPBF is itself regulated during development and may therefore be a key factor involved in differentially regulating U4X gene transcription relative to U4B. The U4X and U4B enhancers contain distinct sequence variants of two essential motifs (octamer and SPH). The Oct-1 transcription factor binds with similar affinities to both the U4X and U4B octamer motifs. However, a second essential snRNA enhancer-binding protein, SBF, has a 20- to 30-fold lower affinity for the SPH motif in the U4X enhancer than for the homologous SPH motif in the U4B enhancer. A potential role therefore exists for SBF, as well as PPBF, in the preferential down-regulation of the U4X RNA gene during chicken development.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Juvenile bilateral lens dislocation and glaucoma associated with a novel mutation in the fibrillin 1 gene.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical, ocular, and genetic findings in multiple members of a family with early-onset and bilateral lens dislocation, clinical corneal guttae, and glaucoma. METHODS: All family members underwent complete physical and ophthalmic examinations. After informed consent was given, DNA was obtained from eleven family members, eight of whom were affected. Three polymorphic markers near the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) locus were genotyped and the results analyzed using the VITESSE program. Amplification of the 65 exons and flanking intronic sequences of FBN1 was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE). Then, all fragments with mobility variations were sequenced. RESULTS: Pedigree analysis revealed a three generation family with eight of eleven individuals affected by early onset lens dislocation, high myopia, typical facies, frontal bossing, flexion contractures, proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint thickening, clinical corneal guttae, and glaucoma. Genetic linkage analysis using polymorphic markers near FBN1 demonstrated an LOD score of 1.78 (maximum possible LOD score 1.78). Conformation sequence gel electrophoresis analysis suggested a sequence variation in exon 3. Sequencing revealed a C965G substitution, resulting in an S322C coding change. This sequence variant segregated with affection status and was not identified in 154 control chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS: This syndrome is consistent with a novel mutation in the FBN1 gene. FBN1 mutations have been previously described as causative for Marfan syndrome. The early-onset of complete lens dislocation, progressive corneal guttae, and glaucoma is unusual for Marfan syndrome. This study expands the Marfan phenotype and demonstrates a possible link between guttae, glaucoma, and fibrillin 1 disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Sequence requirements for cytochrome P-450IID1 catalytic activity. A single amino acid change (Ile380 Phe) specifically decreases Vmax of the enzyme for bufuralol but not debrisoquine hydroxylation.

A cDNA coding for an allelic variant of rat IID1, designated IID1v, was isolated that produced a P-450 having a 10-fold lower catalytic activity toward the substrate bufuralol when expressed in COS-1 cells (Matsunaga, E., Zanger, U. M., Hardwick, J. P., Gelboin, H. V., Meyer, U. A., and Gonzalez, F. J. (1989) Biochemistry, 28, 7349-7355). IID1 and IID1v cDNA-deduced proteins differed in sequence by 4 amino acid residues. IID1 has Val, Phe, Arg, and Leu while IID1v has Ile, Leu, Gln, and Phe at amino acid positions 123, 124, 173, and 380, respectively. Chimeric cDNAs between IID1 and IID1v were constructed and expressed in hepatoma cells using vaccinia virus. A chimera having the Phe (IID1v) at amino acid 380, with the remaining 3 variant amino acid residues of IID1, was found to have a 17-fold decrease in Vmax and a 2 to 3-fold decrease in Km for (+)-bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation when compared to a converse chimera having Ile (IID1) in a background of IID1v sequence. Although this enzyme lacked significant bufuralol metabolism, it was able to carry out debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation. In contrast, the chimera having Ile (IID1) at position 380 was lacking in debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation. Type I difference spectra analysis revealed that both forms could bind debrisoquine with similar spectral dissociation constants. These data demonstrate that the single amino acid substitution Ile380----Phe differentially decreases the catalytic activity of IID1 toward bufuralol but not debrisoquine.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1990

Relationship of c-erbA mRNA content to tissue triiodothyronine nuclear binding capacity and function in developing and adult rats.

We have quantitated in adult and developing rat tissues the molar concentrations of c-erbA alpha 1- and beta 1-mRNAs, which code for nuclear T3-binding proteins, and c-erbA alpha 2-mRNA, which is generated by alternate splicing of the alpha gene transcript and codes for a receptor variant that does not bind T3. Comparison of the concentrations of c-erbA alpha 1-mRNA, beta 1-mRNA, or their sum to the T3 nuclear binding capacity per mg of DNA in adult liver, kidney, heart, cerebrum, and cerebellum and during the ontogeny of liver and brain shows that the T3 binding capacity/c-erbA mRNA ratio is tissue-specific and related to developmental state. Administration of T3 resulted in a 40-50% fall in the alpha 1 signal of adult liver, kidney, and heart without changing either the beta 1 signal or T3 binding capacity. A 40-fold increase in rat brain beta 1-mRNA occurred in the transition between the 19-day gestational fetus and the 10-day-old neonate. This corresponds to the period during which the T3 content rises in brain and during which T3 is known to influence central nervous system development. Our findings indicate that important translational or post-translational factors influence nuclear binding capacity and raise the possibility that c-erbA beta 1 may play a primary role in mediating T3 effects in developing and adult animals.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

DNA polymorphisms and conditions for SSCP analysis of the 20 exons of the ret proto-oncogene.

Recently identified mutations affecting different domains of the RET proto-oncogene are associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) and type 2B (MEN 2B), familial and sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinomas (MTC) and Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). In order to facilitate the screening for RET mutations, and to study possible genotype-phenotype correlations, we established exon-intron junctions and extended the intronic sequences flanking the 20 exons of this gene. This made it possible to design primers and to develop PCR conditions useful for SSCP analysis of the whole RET coding sequence. Nine conformational variants were observed which after sequencing turned out to be 8 silent mutations and a conservative amino acid substitution. Restriction analysis performed on DNA samples from unrelated controls confirmed the polymorphic nature of six of these nucleotide changes and made it possible to estimate the frequency of the corresponding alleles.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Alternative splicing generates two isoforms of the beta3-adrenoceptor which are differentially expressed in mouse tissues.

The beta3-adrenoceptor (AR) differs from the beta1-AR and beta2-ARs in having introns within and downstream of the coding block. This study demonstrates two splice variants of the mouse beta3-AR which differ within the coding region. Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction with intron-spanning primers was used to demonstrate the splice variant of the mouse beta3-adrenoceptor. The novel beta3b-AR has 17 amino acids encoded by exon 2 (SSLLREPRHLYTCLGYP) which differ from the 13 in the known beta3a-AR (RFDGYEGARPFPT). Beta3b-AR mRNA is differentially expressed in mouse tissues, with levels relative to beta3a-AR mRNA highest in hypothalamus, cortex and white adipose tissue, and lower in ileum smooth muscle and brown adipose tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Functional characterization in yeast of genetic variants in the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter, ENT1.

The human equilibrative nucleoside transporter, ENT1, appears to play a critical role in the disposition of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs used clinically as anti-viral and anti-cancer drugs. Recently, we identified variants of ENT1 in an ethnically diverse DNA sample set from 247 individuals, focusing primarily on the coding region. The goal of the present study was to analyse the haplotype structure and functionally characterize the variants of ENT1. We observed that a single haplotype, ENT1*1, accounted for 91.3% of the 494 chromosomes. Functional analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed no differences in the kinetics of uptake of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs by the two non-synonymous variant transporters, ENT1-I216T and ENT1-E391K, and the reference ENT1. These results, together with the observation that there are few haplotypes of ENT1, indicate that coding region variants of ENT1 do not contribute to inter-individual differences in response to nucleoside analog drugs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Structure of two rat genes coding for closely related rolipram-sensitive cAMP phosphodiesterases. Multiple mRNA variants originate from alternative splicing and multiple start sites.

The products of two phosphodiesterase (PDE) genes (ratPDE3/IVd and ratPDE4/IVb) are present in the rat Sertoli cell in culture, and their expression is under the control of the gonadotropin follicle-stimulating hormone (Swinnen, J.V., Tsikalas, K.E., and Conti, M. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18370-18377). To understand the basis of the sequence heterogeneity found in the 5'-region of the different cDNAs thus far characterized, the structure of the coding region of these two cAMP PDE genes was investigated. Analysis of five ratPDE3/IVd and ratPDE4/IVb genomic clones showed that the coding region of these genes expressed in the Sertoli cell is divided into 11 exons distributed over 35-45 kilobases of genomic DNA. The intron/exon boundaries agreed, with some exceptions, with the established consensus sequences and were located in the same position in the coding region of the two genes. Also present were similarities to the exon composition of the Drosophila melanogaster "dunce" gene, the ancestor of these mammalian cAMP PDEs. Multiple AUG codons and short open reading frames were present at the 5'-untranslated end of the ratPDE4/IVb mRNA, but not in the ratPDE3 mRNA. By using polymerase chain reaction amplification or Northern analysis, it was determined that at least two forms of ratPDE3/IVd mRNA are present in rat Sertoli and FRTL-5 thyroid cells, but not in the brain. These mRNA variants are generated by inclusion or removal of an intron sequence that produces a frameshift affecting the position of the initiation AUG codon. Both mRNA species were efficiently translated into cAMP PDE proteins with different molecular masses in a transient transfection assay in COS cells. Polymerase chain reaction amplification demonstrated that heterogeneity of ratPDE4/IVb mRNAs was present in the same location as in the ratPDE3/IVd mRNA. Two ratPDE4/IVb mRNAs with different 5'-ends were expressed in Sertoli and FRTL-5 cells and in the brain. This heterogeneity is caused by the presence of an intron promoter that controls the transcription of this mRNA in Sertoli and FRTL-5 cells, but not in the brain. Upstream exons and additional promoters are probably present and necessary to generate the brain-specific mRNAs. These findings demonstrate that the cAMP-specific PDE genes have complex structure and that cAMP PDE proteins with different amino termini are derived from these genes.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1994

Differentially spliced erg-3 product functions as a transcriptional activator.

ets oncogene superfamily consists of a family of transcriptional factors that functions as activators and/or repressors. Previously, we have identified a member of this ets superfamily namely erg, ets related gene. erg gene was shown to code for at least two proteins erg-1 and erg-2 because of alternative splicing and alternative usage of initiation codon. In this report we show that erg gene codes for an additional erg variant protein, erg-3 as a result of differential splicing which results in the insertion of 24 amino acids in the coding region of erg-2 protein. RNAase protection analysis revealed that erg-3 transcripts are expressed in a variety of cells. Erg-3 was also found to activate the transcription of the reporter TK-CAT gene linked to erg target sequences suggesting that erg-3 codes for a sequence specific transcriptional activator.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of two nonallelic pairs of late histone H2A and H2B genes of the sea urchin: differential regulation in the embryo and tissue-specific expression in the adult.

Two nonallelic pairs of late H2A and H2B genes of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris were isolated on two different cosmid clones. The genes of cosmid PmL1 are separated by 11 kilobases of DNA and code for the late H2A-2 and H2B-2 variants. The genes of clone PmL2 are divergently transcribed with 1,060 base pairs of intergenic spacer DNA and code for novel variants of the H2A-2 and H2B-2 type. A comparison of the promoter sequences revealed little homology upstream of the TATA box with the exception of a 24-base-pair-long conserved sequence which is present at the same position in both late H2B promoters and part of which is identical with the "H2B-specific" 5' element. The mRNAs of the H2A and H2B genes of cosmid PmL1 reach their maximal levels early in the mesenchyme blastula embryo, whereas the transcripts of both genes of clone PmL2 accumulate maximally only later in the pluteus larva. In the adult sea urchin all four mRNAs are present in the tube foot but not in the intestine and lantern muscle. This pattern of differential expression in the embryo and tissue-specific expression in the adult suggests cell lineage-specific regulation of the late H2A-2 and H2B-2 genes. Another class of late histone genes represented by the H2A-3 and H2B-1 genes was shown to be expressed in all three adult tissues tested, whereas transcripts of the late H2A-1 genes could not be detected, suggesting that these genes are active exclusively during sea urchin development.

Alleles↗