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PubMedDate not supplied

The association of neighborhood design and recreational environments with physical activity.

PURPOSE: To determine the association of neighborhood design factors and recreational environments with physical activity. METHODS: Randomly selected adults (n = 102, 52% female, 81% white, mean age = 48 years) completed a survey of eight neighborhood design variables, convenient recreational facilities, and availability of home equipment. Physical activity was measured by self-report and 7 days of accelerometer monitoring. RESULTS: Residential density and an overall environment index were significantly related to both vigorous-intensity self-reported (r = .35 and .28, respectively) and objectively measured physical activity (r = .39 and .23, respectively). Home equipment was correlated with self-reported total (r = .34) and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (r = .27). The vigorous and total activity accelerometer measures were correlated with street connectivity (r = .25 and .21, respectively). DISCUSSION: Few self-reported neighborhood design factors and recreational environment variables were correlated with physical activity, and some findings were unexpected.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Physical activity and risk for cardiovascular events in diabetic women.

BACKGROUND: Increased physical activity has been associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in the general population, but data are limited on its role among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether physical activity decreases risk for cardiovascular disease among diabetic women. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The Nurses' Health Study. PATIENTS: 5125 female nurses with diabetes. MEASUREMENTS: Physical activity was first assessed in 1980 and was updated in 1982, 1986, 1988, and 1992 through validated questionnaires. Average hours of moderate or vigorous exercise and a metabolic equivalent of task (MET) score were computed. RESULTS: During 14 years of follow-up (31 432 person-years), 323 new cases of cardiovascular disease were documented (225 cases of coronary heart disease and 98 cases of stroke). The age-adjusted relative risks according to average hours of moderate or vigorous activity per week (<1, 1 to 1.9, 2 to 3.9, 4 to 6.9, >/=7) were 1.0, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.69 to 1.26), 0.82 (CI, 0.61 to 1.10), 0.54 (CI, 0.39 to 0.76), and 0.52 (CI, 0.25 to 1.09) (P < 0.001 for trend). These figures did not change materially after adjustment for smoking, body mass index, and other cardiovascular risk factors (1.0, 1.02, 0.87, 0.61, and 0.55, respectively; P = 0.001 for trend). In separate analyses, levels of physical activity were inversely associated with coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. Among women who did not exercise vigorously, the multivariate relative risks for cardiovascular disease across quartiles of MET score for walking were 1.0, 0.85, 0.63, and 0.56 (P = 0.03 for trend). Faster usual walking pace was independently associated with lower risk. CONCLUSION: Among diabetic women, increased physical activity, including regular walking, is associated with substantially reduced risk for cardiovascular events.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

An examination of mood changes and performance in a professional basketball team.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and performance in a professional basketball team. METHODS PARTICIPANTS: seven male professional basketball players playing for the defending champions of the Israel Basketball League participated in this study. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: the POMS was administered seven times (T1-T7) during the season. The initial POMS administration was performed three weeks following the start of preseason practice and one day prior to the first basketball game. Each of the other POMS administrations were performed two days following a game and no more than 2 days before the next game. RESULTS: Typical iceberg profiles were observed during T1, T2 and T3, which coincided with successful performance (winning percentages greater than 60% between each POMS administration). Subsequent decreases in performance between T3 and T4 (a 33% winning percentage) resulted in a decrease in vigor and an increase in anger. As team performance improved between T4 and T5 (winning percentage again above 60%), vigor returned to its original level. However, the mood states anger and depression remained elevated, even during successful team play. This may have been related to problems independent of basketball performance (coaching and financial). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the mood state vigor may be reflective of team performance. In addition, mood states appear to be influenced more by performance or experience, rather than performance being influenced by changes in mood states.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effect of antenatal steroid administration on the fetal response to vibroacoustic stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Betamethasone transiently suppresses multiple fetal biophysical activities, including breathing movements, limb and trunk movements, heart rate variability, and heart rate accelerations. Unnecessary iatrogenic delivery of preterm fetuses due to the false diagnosis of fetal compromise has been described in this setting. The sonographically observed startle response of the fetus to vibroacoustic stimulation has been described as another modality to provide reassurance about fetal well-being. It is unknown, however, whether the startle response is also suppressed by betamethasone. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of betamethasone on this biophysical parameter. METHODS: A prospective cohort study. Vibroacoustic stimulation was applied to the maternal abdomen and fetal movement responses were sonographically observed prior to (0 hours), 48 hours after, and 96 hours after betamethasone administration. We recorded the presence or absence of the fetal startle response, and, if a response was present, graded semi-quantitatively the intensity of the movements (vigorous versus sluggish). RESULTS: Twenty-two of 26 fetuses (84.6%) displayed a vigorous vibroacoustic startle response prior to betamethasone administration, in comparison to three of 26 fetuses (11.5%) at 48 hours after exposure (p<0.0001). Eleven fetuses and eight fetuses displayed no startle response at all (p<0.0005), or a sluggish response only (p<0.0005) at 48 hours, respectively. At 96 hours after betamethasone exposure, no differences in the number of fetuses with a vigorous, sluggish, or absent response were observed in comparison to 0 hours. Stratification of cases by gestational age groups of 28-30 weeks versus 31-34 weeks showed similar response patterns. CONCLUSION: Antenatal betamethasone exposure transiently suppresses the sonographically observed fetal startle response to vibroacoustic stimulation. Accordingly, this modality cannot be used for the ascertainment of fetal well-being of steroid exposed fetuses. Betamethasone seems to suppress central nervous system dependent biophysical activities. including the brain-stem dependent vibroacoustic startle reflex.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Pollen competition in a natural population of Cucurbita foetidissima (Cucurbitaceae).

The pollen competition hypothesis predicts that when the number of pollen grains deposited onto stigmas exceeds the number of ovules, selection can operate in the time frame between deposition and fertilization. Moreover, because of the overlap in gene expression between the two phases of the life cycle, selection on microgametophytes may alter the resulting sporophytic generation. The extent to which pollen competition occurs in nature has been unclear, because tests of the predictions of the pollen competition hypothesis have used cultivars and/or artificial growth conditions and hand-pollination techniques. In this study we used a wild species, Cucurbita foetidissima, in its natural habitat (southern New Mexico) to determine the amount and timing of the arrival of pollen onto stigmas, the relationship between pollen deposition and seed number, and the effects of the intensity of pollen competition on progeny vigor. We found that ∼900 pollen grains are necessary for full seed set and that a single visit by a pollinator results in the deposition of 653.0 ± 101.8 pollen grains. About 29% of the flowers receiving a single pollinator visit had 900 or more pollen grains on its stigma. Moreover, within 2 h of anthesis, >4000 pollen grains were deposited onto a typical stigma, indicating that multiple pollinator visits must have occurred. Fruits produced by multiple visits had greater seed numbers (206 vs. 147) than fruits produced by a single visit. Finally, the progeny produced by multiple pollinator visits were more vigorous than those produced by single visits with respect to five measures of vegetative growth (MANCOVA, Wilks' lambda = 0.96, F(6,370) = 2.54, P < 0.02. These data demonstrate that conditions for pollen competition exist in nature and support the prediction that pollen competition enhances offspring vigor.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Social inequalities and exercise during adulthood: toward an ecological perspective.

Grounded in ecological theory, this study examines the association among participation in regular vigorous exercise and social status, aspects of prominent life settings, interactions between life settings, and more proximal individual resources and processes using data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (N = 3,032). Among women, a higher level of earnings was associated with more vigorous exercise, yet those women with more education had a steeper decline in exercise across adulthood. Among men, those with the lowest level of education had the steepest decline in physical activity across adulthood, and earnings did not affect exercise patterns. Less participation in vigorous exercise among blacks, in contrast to nonblacks, was explained by their tendency to live in less safe neighborhoods and having more functional health problems. Finally, contextual factors from multiple domains were independently associated with participation in regular exercise. Consistent with ecological theory, these results suggest that interventions to promote exercise habits among adults need to consider the independent and interactive effects of multiple contextual factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effects of exercise on mood changes: the moderating effect of depressed mood.

BACKGROUND: The present study examined the extent to which pre-exercise depressed mood moderated the influence of exercise on changes in other mood dimensions. The study was conducted in an ecologically valid setting using participants with previous experience of aerobic dance exercise. We hypothesized that (a) exercise will be associated with improved mood regardless of depressed mood, (b) the effect of exercise on mood changes would be significantly greater among individuals that reported symptoms of depressed mood before exercise, and (c) that pre-exercise depressed mood will be associated with a mood profile comprising high anger, confusion, fatigue, and tension, with low vigor. METHODS: Participants were 80 (M=27.90 years, SD=4.32 years) exercisers who had attended an exercise class on a regular basis for the previous three months. Participants completed the Profile of Mood States-A 15 minutes before exercise and then immediately after an aerobic dance exercise class. To examine the proposed moderating influence of depressed mood, participants were grouped into either a no-depression group, or a depressed mood group using pre-exercise depression scores. The exercise intervention was an aerobic dance session where participants followed the moves of the instructor. The session lasted for 60 minutes including a warm-up, main session, and cool-down. RESULTS: Repeated measures MANOVA (time x depression/no-depression group) results indicated that anger, confusion, fatigue, tension, and vigor reduced significantly. Thus supporting the notion that exercise reduces negative mood. Results indicated that the reduction in anger, confusion, fatigue, and tension, and increase in vigor was significantly greater in the depressed mood group, hence consistent with theoretical predictions. Results demonstrated that pre-exercise depressed mood was associated with a negative mood profile as hypothesized. CONCLUSIONS: Findings lend support to the notion that exercise is associated with improved mood. However, findings show that this effect was significantly greater among individuals reporting symptoms of depressed mood before exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Stages of exercise behavior and caloric expenditure.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the ability of the stages of exercise behavior to differentiate caloric energy expenditure, by stage, based upon self-report of energy expenditure (EE). METHODS: Volunteer male and female participants (n=890) reported current stage of physical activity; physical activity mode, duration, and frequency; and demographic information (height and weight). Data calculated from reported information included EE, body mass index (BMI), and BMI category. EE profiles were established by average estimated EE (kcal/wk), average total time (min/wk) for physical activity, average activity frequency (times/wk), average session duration (min/session), moderate and vigorous EE levels (kcal/wk), and categorized activity level (sedentary, moderate, vigorous). RESULTS: There were no significant within gender differences across stages of exercise behavior for height. Terminators differed significantly for weight from all other groups, and BMI was significantly less across groups, by gender. All males were identified in the "Mildly Obese" BMI level, while only females in the non-active (precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation) groups were so identified. All other females were at the "Acceptable" BMI level. Regardless of gender, all groups were significantly different from the sedentary precontemplation and contemplation group for EE. Male and female preparation groups reported EE in the moderate level, and were significantly different from the action, maintenance, and termination groups, who reported EE in the vigorous level. Across subsequent stages of exercise behavior, female participants demonstrated increased EE. Male participants were similarly profiled, with the exception of one group (action stage), which was considerably greater than all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the earlier examined premise, by Cardinal, that self-selected stage of exercise behavior differentiates EE by stage.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Examining social-cognitive determinants of intention and physical activity among black and white adolescent girls using structural equation modeling.

Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate components within the theories of reasoned action (TRA), planned behavior (TPB), and self-efficacy (SET) for understanding moderate and vigorous physical activity among 1,797 Black and White adolescent girls. Modest to strong support was provided for components of TPB and SET; weak support was provided for components of TRA. Perceived behavioral control was related to vigorous physical activity. Self-efficacy was related to moderate and vigorous physical activity, and it accounted for the effect of intention on physical activity. The observed relationships were similar between Black and White girls. Self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control are independent influences on physical activity among Black and White adolescent girls and warrant study as potential mediators in physical activity interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Initiation of sperm motility after mating in the rat and hamster.

Unlike those of many mammals, rat and hamster spermatozoa do not appear to be fully activated at ejaculation. Most rat spermatozoa transported en masse to the uterus approximately 2 minutes after coitus were vigorously motile on recovery soon thereafter in uterine fluid, whereas a majority, and sometimes all, were immotile in samples collected less than 2 minutes after coitus from the anterior vagina of normal females and up to 15 minutes after coitus from the anterior vagina in females with obstructed cervices. Many of these immotile rat vaginal spermatozoa began instant vigorous movement upon exposure to Tyrode's solution or uterine fluid. Hamster spermatozoa recovered from the vagina about 2 minutes after coitus were also immotile or displayed only slow, languid serpentine movements, but that motility profile remained very similar in spermatozoa taken 0.5 hours to 6 hours after coitus from the uterus, which is essentially fluid-free in the hamster. In the hamster, actively motile spermatozoa were evident only in the isthmus of the (transilluminated) oviduct. As in the rat, immotile vaginal and uterine hamster spermatozoa instantly began vigorous progressive motility in vitro on contact with Tyrode's solution or rat uterine fluid. Immotile spermatozoa from the rat and hamster cauda epididymidis immediately became highly motile in Tyrode's solution, and they developed a somewhat less rapid flagellar beat in 150 mmol/L NaCl or KCl, with or without 2 mmol/L CaCl2. In contrast, dilution with an isotonic sucrose solution containing no ions, or only 2 mmol/L CaCl2, evoked very slow and transient movement of rat and hamster epididymal sperm tails.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Defining accelerometer thresholds for activity intensities in adolescent girls.

PURPOSE: To derive a regression equation that estimates metabolic equivalent (MET) from accelerometer counts, and to define thresholds of accelerometer counts that can be used to delineate sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous activity in adolescent girls. METHODS: Seventy-four healthy 8th grade girls, age 13 - 14 yr, were recruited from urban areas of Baltimore, MD, Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, and Columbia, SC, to participate in the study. Accelerometer and oxygen consumption (.-)VO(2)) data for 10 activities that varied in intensity from sedentary (e.g., TV watching) to vigorous (e.g., running) were collected. While performing these activities, the girls wore two accelerometers, a heart rate monitor and a Cosmed K4b2 portable metabolic unit for measurement of (.-)VO(2). A random-coefficients model was used to estimate the relationship between accelerometer counts and (.-)VO(2). Activity thresholds were defined by minimizing the false positive and false negative classifications. RESULTS: The activities provided a wide range in (.-)VO(2) (3 - 36 mL x kg x min) with a correspondingly wide range in accelerometer counts (1- 3928 counts x 30 s). The regression line for MET score versus counts was MET = 2.01 +/- 0.00171 (counts x 30 s) (mixed model R = 0.84, SEE = 1.36). A threshold of 1500 counts x 30 s defined the lower end of the moderate intensity (approximately 4.6 METs) range of physical activity. That cutpoint distinguished between slow and brisk walking, and gave the lowest number of false positive and false negative classifications. The threshold ranges for sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity were found to be 0 - 50, 51- 1499, 1500 - 2600, and >2600 counts x 30 s, respectively. CONCLUSION: The developed equation and these activity thresholds can be used for prediction of MET score from accelerometer counts and participation in various intensities of physical activity in adolescent girls.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2004

Three-MHz Ultrasound Heats Deeper Into the Tissues Than Originally Theorized.

OBJECTIVE: To measure muscle temperature of ultrasound at 1-MHz and 3-MHz frequencies at a depth of 2.5 cm and to compare treatment durations for vigorous heating (increase of 4 degrees C) and for heating to 40 degrees C. DESIGN AND SETTING: A counterbalanced, repeated-measures design with 1 fixed, independent variable, 1.5-W/cm(2) ultrasound treatment (1 MHz, 3 MHz, or control [sham]) using a Theratouch 7.7 ultrasound device. Dependent variables were end-treatment temperature at 2.5 cm, time to vigorous heating, and time to reach 40 degrees C. SUBJECTS: Eighteen healthy volunteers (age = 24.6 +/- 2.3 years, height = 173.0 +/- 9.7 cm, mass = 72.0 +/- 16.3 kg) without a history of lower leg injury. MEASUREMENTS: The medial triceps surae intramuscular temperature at 2.5 cm was measured every 10 seconds using an implantable thermocouple. Each of the 3 ultrasound frequencies was applied in counterbalanced order at 24-hour intervals. RESULTS: Ultrasound of 3 MHz produced both vigorous heating (at 3.4 minutes) and an absolute temperature of 40 degrees C (at 4 minutes). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that 3-MHz ultrasound heats 0.5 cm deeper than suggested by others. With our machine, 3-MHz ultrasound was more effective in heating muscle at this depth than 1-MHz ultrasound.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Differences in physical activity between non-overweight, overweight and obese children.

The purpose of the study was to find out differences in moderate to vigorous physical activity among non-overweight, overweight and obese children, and between boys and girls. The sample included 364 children (179 boys and 185 girls), aged 6.4 years (+/- 0.3 SD). Physical activity was assessed by 7-day questionnaire. Age adapted BMI was used as overweight and obesity indicator. The children were divided into non-overweight, overweight and obese groups. It was found out, that there are significant differences in non-overweight, overweight and obese children (p < 0.05). Boys were significantly (p < 0.05) less moderate to vigorous physical active than girls, especially in indoor activities. There were also significant differences (p < 0.05) in moderate to vigorous physical activity among non-overweight and obese boys and among overweight and obese boys in weekends and total weekly activity. In girls there are significant differences (p < 0.05) in non-overweight, overweight and groups in weekends and total weekly activity. It is possible to conclude, that obese boys and overweight and obese girls, are prone to less physical activity.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Male adolescents' reasons for participating in physical activity, barriers to participation, and suggestions for increasing participation.

This study explored male adolescents' reasons for participating in moderate and vigorous physical activity, perceived barriers to moderate and vigorous physical activity, and suggestions as to what can be done to increase participation in physical activity. A total of 26 male 15- and 16-year-old adolescents participated in focus group sessions, which were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim; qualitative software facilitated data analysis. A constant comparison approach was used to inductively develop themes. It was found that participants engaged in physical activity for both intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. Their perceived barriers to physical activity included both internal factors (individual characteristics, lower priority for physical activity, and involvement in technology-related activities) and external factors (the influence of peers and family, lack of time, and inaccessibility and cost of facilities). Participants suggested that physical activity be promoted more in the community and that an environment more supportive of physical activity be developed. Results suggest that a variety of strategies should be used to help male adolescents maintain or increase participation in moderate and vigorous physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Development and testing of a short physical activity recall questionnaire.

PURPOSE: To develop and test two different short telephone activity recall (STAR) questionnaires, one with closed-ended and the other with open-ended response options, that assessed overall moderate and vigorous activity in a usual week. METHODS: One hundred four participants completed a 3-d test-retest study, and 88 participants completed 10-14, 24-h physical activity recalls (24PAR) and at least 7 d of objective physical activity monitoring by Actigraph during a 28-d period. RESULTS: Consistency of classification from one administration to the next was high (65-92%), extreme inconsistencies between reports were infrequent (0-7%), and kappa values were between 0.50 and 0.75. Correlations between self-reports and criterion measures for moderate-intensity duration were between 0.30 and 0.40. Agreement between the instruments and the 24PAR for meeting the moderate or vigorous recommendations was between 60 and 70%. For the 24PAR comparisons, kappa values tended to be higher for women than men, but were of only modest strength (kappa 0.40). With the 24PAR as criterion, sensitivity of the self-report instruments was between 50 and 90%, and specificity was between 63 and 84%. Kappa values comparing the instruments with the Actigraph were low (<0.20). Overall classification by the short instruments into meeting the recommendations was associated with higher levels of total 24PAR activity (P < or = 0.01) as well as greater steps per day and counts per minute per day from the Actigraph (P < or = 0.08). The open-ended instrument appeared to perform better for moderate-intensity activity, whereas the closed-ended item appeared to perform better for vigorous activity. CONCLUSION: The evaluated instruments had reasonable reliability and demonstrated an ability to capture important differences in overall physical activity patterns in this population, although individual classification errors were substantial.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Self-rated physical activity level during the second trimester and pregnancy outcome.

To examine the relationship between level of physical activity during pregnancy and subsequent pregnancy outcome, we asked women enrolling for maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening in Maine during the years 1984-1988 to rate their usual physical activity level as light, moderate, or vigorous. Overall, 23,091 women were approached and 21,342 (92%) responded. Ten percent rated their physical activity level as light, 84% as moderate, and 6% as vigorous. Those who identified their physical activity level as vigorous were, on average, slightly older and more educated, and weighted less than women in the other two categories. However, there were no significant differences in the rates of low birth weight or fetal or neonatal death.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Modified responses to recipient and donor B cells by genetically donor T cells from human haploidentical bone marrow chimeras.

After administration of haploidentical stem cells to infants with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), mature T cells of donor karyotype appear later in the recipient without causing graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). To investigate the effect of the host microenvironment on these genetically donor T cells, mixed leukocyte cultures were carried out. Unfractionated mononuclear cells (MNC) from eight infants with SCID immunologically reconstituted by haploidentical bone marrow stem cells responded in the same pattern as MNC from non-chimeric individuals to autologous and allogeneic irradiated MNC, even though they contained all genetically donor T cells and all genetically patient B cells and monocytes. This included surprisingly vigorous proliferative responses of the patients' MNC to the original donors' irradiated MNC. This autoreactivity could be detected as soon as T cell function appeared post-transplantation and appeared to increase with time. It could be blocked by the addition of monoclonal antibodies to HLA Class II antigens. Responses of most patients' MNC were similar whether stimulated by irradiated MNC from the donor or non-donor parent or by those from unrelated normal controls. Purified genetically donor T cells that had matured from stem cells in the patient's microenvironment responded vigorously to purified donor B cells. These same cells responded much less to patient B cells. In six cases, such genetically donor T cells responded less to patient B cells than fresh donor T cells did to donor B cells in the autologous mixed leukocyte response. By contrast, T cells of donor karyotype from three of the patients responded more vigorously to donor B cells than fresh donor T cells did. Thus, genetically donor T lymphocytes that had matured from stem cells in the recipient microenvironment behaved differently from those that had matured in the donor. The hyporesponsiveness of genetically donor T cells from the patient to patient B cells does not appear to be due to T suppressor cells.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed1988

Family variables and physical activity in preschool children.

Correlates of the physical activity habits of preschool children were studied in a multiethnic sample. Physical activity levels of 33 low-income children were observed systematically during free-play periods at preschool. Children spent 58% of free-play time in sedentary activities (e.g., sitting), and were vigorously active only 11% of the time. Independent variables studied were child body mass index (BMI), teacher-rated Type A behavior, and parent-reported mother BMI, father BMI, parent vigorous activity, and family cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The multiple regression of moderate-intensity activity was significant, with family CVD risk, parent vigorous activity, and father BMI accounting for significant amounts of variance. The results suggest that the effects of parental role modeling on child physical activity levels may extend to free-play settings far beyond the confines of the home environment.

Body Weight↗