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PubMed2006

[Determination of trace elements in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suffering cerebrovascular disease by atomic absorption spectrometry].

The contents of some trace elements such as zinc, copper, iron and cadmium in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of normal persons and the patients who suffered cerebral hemorrhage or infarction were determined directly by atomic absorption spectrometry. The method is simple and convenient with a recovery ratio by standard addition being 97.6% to 104.8%, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) is lower than 5%. The test showed that except for the content copper lower than normal, the patients suffering cerebrovascular disease have much higher contents of zinc, iron and cadmium. The result provides useful data for studying the relation between the contents of these trace elements and cerebrovascular disease, as well as diagnosing, treating and preventing this disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Forensic aspects of trace element variation in the hair of isolated Amazonas Indian tribes.

Thermal neutron activation analysis and instrumental gamma-ray spectrometry were used to analyze the elemental constituents in the head hair from sedentary Indian populations in the Venezuelan Amazonas region. Concentration values for 30 elements were determined quantitatively, and the presence of 7 others was detected qualitatively. The remoteness of the area and the primitive ecological conditions of the local population prevents the exposure of their biological systems to industrial and agricultural contamination, either external or metabolic. These conditions are reflected in a marked decrease of the concentration ranges of the trace elements, and a significant reduction or even the total absence of some components. The results demonstrate that closed groups of individuals exposed to similar dietary and environmental conditions exhibit closely similar trace element patterns in their hair and, consequently, in other biological tissue. This fact severely limits the use of trace element patterns in hair for forensic comparisons. The results also indicate that a large part of the constituents found in hair is probably deposited externally from ambient contamination and that any metabolic deposition occurs much more uniformly and probably in lower concentrations. Tables of analytical results in parts per million are presented, together with representative gamma-ray spectra of the hair. Comparison with earlier data in the literature is also shown.

Hair↗

PubMed1987

[Heavy metal and trace element deviations. A comparison of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease].

Blood, serum and urine (24-hour-samples) concentrations of cadmium, zinc, calcium and magnesium were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 60 patients, therefrom 30 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and 30 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The data of heavy metal and trace element concentrations of IDC and CHD patients were compared with each other and furthermore, for each group separately, correlated with patients history data, laboratory evaluations and data from heart catherization protocol. IDC patients showed higher blood cadmium concentrations (p less than 0.001) and lower serum zinc concentrations (p less than 0.001) compared to CHD patients. Serum levels of calcium and magnesium were not different in both groups. In urine samples IDC patients had lower concentrations of calcium (p less than 0.01) and magnesium (p less than 0.01) compared to CHD patients. Urine concentrations of cadmium and zinc were in the same range in both groups. The comparison of heavy metal and trace element concentrations with clinical data did not reveal definite correlations, however, data from experimental studies pointing out interactions of heavy metals and trace elements, could serve as useful interpretations. Hypomagnesemia in both patient groups (IDC, CHD) requires clinical follow up and substitution treatment.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Acute phase proteins, trace elements in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection in Nigerians.

The natural history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is incompletely understood. Factors other than HIV infection alone may be required for the development of the profound immunosuppression that characterizes advanced HIV disease. Nutritional status plays an important role in maintaining normal immunity and thus may be one of these factors. The plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, transferrin, selected trace elements (Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Se and Cr,), total protein and albumin were determined in 25 asymptomatic HIV-infected Nigerian subjects and 30 age matched HIV-seronegative controls using single radial immunodiffusion and spectrophotometric methods. The mean values of Cu (73.2 + 23.9 microg/dl), Mg (9.83 + 5.5 mg/dl), Fe (126 + 21 microg/L), Cd (24.6 + 7.2 microg/L), Se (22.0 + 12.2 microg/dl) and Cr (19.0 + 5.2 microg/L) were low in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects when compared with the controls (Cu = 119.3 + 30.8 microg/dl; Mg = 14.5 + 4.6 mg/L; Fe = 155 + 8.8 microg/ dl; Cd = 33. 1 + 8.3 microg/L; Se = 30.9 + 8.3 microg/dl; Cr = 32.1 + 7.8 microg/ L). The level of Zn was similar in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects (5.1 + 1.9 mg/dl) and the controls (4.6 + 1.7mg/dl). The value of albumin in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects (3.43 + 0.7 g/dl) was significantly low when compared with the controls (4.04 + 0.52 g/dl). Significant correlation existed between albumin and Mg in asymptomatic HIV subjects (r = + 0.758, p < 0.001). The mean value of C-reactive protein was significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects compared with the controls while the level of transferrin in HIV-infected subjects (92.86 + 26.3 mg/dl) did not show any significant difference when compared with the controls (84.36 + 16.9 mg/dl). This study revealed the deficiencies of trace elements in asymptomatic HIV infection and therefore suggests dietary supplementation of these trace elements in the infected subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[A probe into the relation of the effects of Chinese medicine and four trace elements].

The authors have analysed the relationship between the virtue of 176 kinds of Chinese medicine and the content of four trace elements, as well as the relationship between the virtue of these medicines and the proportion of contents of these trace elements. The result shows that the virtue of Chinese medicine has something to do with the contents of Mn and Zn, and with the proportion of contents of Fe, Mn and Zn.

Copper↗

PubMed2006

Serum hormonal, electrolytes and trace element profiles in the rutting and non-rutting one-humped male camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The camel is known to be a seasonal breeder and, in the male camel, the breeding activity maximizes during the rutting period (winter and spring seasons). During the non-rutting period (summer and autumn), however, the breeding activity almost ceases completely. Serum steroid hormonal, electrolytes and trace element profiles were studied in 16 adult male camels aged 5-9 years, slaughtered during the rutting (n=8) and non-rutting periods (n=8). Moreover, testicular and epididymal tissue contents of electrolytes and trace elements were also studied during these two periods. Serum levels of testosterone, progesterone and T(4):T(3) ratio were higher in the rutting animals when compared to the non-rutting ones, while the reverse was true for serum T(3), T(4) and corticosterone levels (p<0.01). Among minerals, serum levels of sodium, calcium, copper and zinc were higher, while those of potassium were lower, in the rutting than non-rutting camels. In the testicular tissue, the levels of sodium, calcium, copper and iron were higher in the rutting group, while magnesium was higher in non-rutting one. In the epididymis, the tissue levels of chloride, iron and zinc were higher in the rutting than non-rutting period. These results demonstrate a clear evidence of the distribution of steroid hormones, electrolytes and trace elements forming and maintaining a certain level at two different physiological states in camels.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Trace elements in serum, packed cells, and dialysate of CAPD patients.

Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) was used to investigate trace element patterns in serum, packed cells, and dialysate of CAPD patients. The concentrations of the elements Cs, Cu, Fe, and Mn in serum and packed cells appeared to be maintained within the normal range, while the levels of the non-essential element Br in both serum and packed cells were subnormal. The serum Cr values were extremely high (20 to 50 times higher than the normal serum level). The amount of Cr absorbed from the dialysate was calculated to be ten times higher than the daily dietary uptake. The Co concentrations were normal in packed cells but were significantly increased in serum. The Rb content in packed cells was slightly lower than normal, while the serum value was normal. Se was maintained within the normal range in packed cells, but the serum concentration was slightly lower than normal. The concentrations of Zn were low in serum and appeared to be higher than normal in packed cells. In conclusion, this analysis of the trace element status of CAPD patients reveals two major abnormalities. There is an apparent loss of Br from the blood towards the dialysate and on the other hand, a dramatic accumulation of Cr into the blood as a result of the very high Cr content in the dialysate.

Erythrocytes↗

PubMed2003

Tissue trace element change after total body irradiation.

PURPOSE: In this study, we examined the changes of tissue contents of trace elements and iron after total body irradiation (TBI) and their possible impact on late toxicities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 20 female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups - either radiation (n = 10) or control (n = 10). Rats in the radiation group received TBI of 5 Gy in a single fraction. Rats were sacrificed and tissue samples of heart, lung and kidney were taken 8 weeks after radiation. Tissue levels of zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese and iron analysis were performed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and suprapure grade standard solutions. One kidney of each animal was taken for electron microscopic analysis. Blood samples were collected from all animals and the blood chemistry related to kidney function was studied. RESULTS: The kidney levels of Fe and Cu significantly increased 8 weeks after irradiation (p < 0.05). The Cu/Zn ratio did not reach statistical significance in any tissue, however in kidney, there was a tendency to rise (p = 0.08). Myocardium and lung content of trace elements and iron did not show any significant change 8 weeks after irradiation. Electron microscopic analysis showed significant injury in glomerular endothelial cells, renal tubules and thickening of basement membrane. Blood chemistry showed a significant rise in serum creatinine (p = 0.008) and calcium (p = 0.01) in the TBI group. Serum creatinine levels were 0.73 and 0.84 mg/dl, and serum calcium levels were 10.1 and 11.3 mg/dl in control and TBI groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: A sublethal dose of TBI causes deposition of Cu and Fe within the kidney after TBI. Deposition of these elements may have some additional role on the toxicity caused by direct radiation on the kidney.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Covariance biplot analysis of trace element concentrations in urinary stones.

The covariance biplot, a relatively new technique for displaying multivariate data, was applied to trace element contents and compound concentrations of urinary stones. The biplot is demonstrated to give a compact graphical representation of the multivariate data with interpretations in terms of familiar statistical concepts such as correlations and standard deviations. It displays strong correlations between various trace elements like Zn and Sr, and Sr and Na. The biplot also suggests concentration relationships which could play a hitherto unknown role in the genesis of calculi. It is shown to help in the interpretation of analytical results as well as in exposing erroneous or incomplete analyses.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

[Trace elements in the aqueous extract of twenty Chinese drugs before and after charring].

Our study on the variation of trace element contents in the aqueous extract of 20 Chinese drugs before and after charring has shown that after charring Ca ions increase noticeably in the extract of 6 drugs, increase slightly in another 6 and decrease in varying degrees in the remaining 8. In all the charred drugs no rise has been observed in the contents of trace elements, but instead, in most of them the contents tend to drop.

Calcium↗

PubMed1999

Uptake and distribution of trace elements in maturing soybean.

The uptake and translocation of trace elements in maturing soybean plants cultivated on soil were studied over 360 h under diurnal conditions after the administration of a multitracer. The contents (%/g) of Co, Se, Rb, Sr, Ru, Rh, and Cs in all the leaves and stems collected from each node increased up to around 200 h after the administration of the multitracer and then decreased with time. The contents of Zn, Tc, and Re in the leaves and Zn in the stems continuously increased up to 360 h, but Tc and Re in the stems showed maximum content. This observation suggests the translocation of these elements from old leaves to growing leaves via stems. The relationship between the content (%/g) of an element in the seeds and pods, and the cultivation time varied depending on the kind of element and on the growth steps. Mathematical analyses were applied to the behavior of the elements in the soybean. The time dependence of the uptake rate (%/g/h) and distribution of elements in each part of the plant were characteristic of the element.

Plant Leaves↗

PubMed2002

At-sea high-resolution trace element mapping: San Diego Bay and its plume in the adjacent coastal ocean.

We conducted at-sea experiments using separation chemistry and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to rapidly measure, in real time, trace element concentrations in the surface water of the San Diego Bay and the adjacent coastal ocean. The survey shows that surface water in the San Diego Bay is clearly enriched in Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and FDOM with respect to the coastal ocean. Trace element enrichment patterns were used to identify bay water as it enters the coastal ocean during tidal pumping. Quantifying the spatial distribution and temporal flux of pollutant trace elements are important steps in understanding coastal biogeochemical processes.

California↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for trace element analysis in the clinical laboratory.

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a relatively new technique for trace element analysis. The basic operating principles of ICP-MS are described and our experience with this technique in a clinical setting is discussed for the analysis of serum, whole blood, and urine. Advantages to ICP-MS include the favorable detection limits (0.01 to 0.1 micrograms/L for many elements), simple specimen preparation, high throughput (about 40 specimens per hour), and the ability to measure more than one element simultaneously. A major disadvantage is the high capital cost of the instrumentation. Heavier elements, such as lead, are well-suited for ICP-MS analysis, whereas lighter elements are prone to more interferences. Lighter elements which are not amenable to assay by ICP-MS include chromium and iron. The ability to measure isotopes is a major advantage for mass spectrometry methods and has the potential to expand the usefulness of trace element analysis.

Female↗

PubMed1997

Toxic trace element reference levels in blood and urine: influence of gender and lifestyle factors.

This study is part of the EURO-TERVIHT project (Trace Element Reference Values in Human Tissues) which aims at establishing reference intervals for trace elements in blood, urine and other human tissues. In this study reference intervals (0.05-0.95 fractiles) were estimated for lead in blood (105-529 nmol/l for men, 80-340 nmol/l for women), manganese in blood (100-271 nmol/l) and arsenic in urine (36-541 nmol/l for men, 21-475 nmol/l for women). Upper reference limits (0.95 fractile) were established for chromium in urine (13 nmol/l), nickel in urine (52 nmol/l) and cobalt in urine (23 nmol/l for men, 31 nmol/l for women). The reference group was a Danish subpopulation (n = 189), age 40-70 years. The influence of gender, age, health status parameters, nutrition and various lifestyle factors was investigated. Urinary arsenic and blood lead levels were found to be higher for men than for women. Arsenic levels also increased with age up to 60 years, and then decreased. Alcohol intake lead to increased arsenic levels in urine as well as blood lead levels. Urinary nickel levels were higher in persons frequently eating porridge and porridge oats.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Trace element concentrations in hair from autistic children.

The concentrations of 14 elements were determined in scalp hair samples from control, autistic and autistic-like children. Significant differences were noted between normal males and females for calcium, magnesium and mercury. The autistic population had significantly lower levels of calcium, magnesium, copper, manganese and chromium and higher levels of lithium as compared to sex- and age-matched controls. Children with autistic features (autistic-like), classified as having childhood-onset pervasive disorder, had lower levels of magnesium, cadmium, cobalt and manganese as compared to controls. Discriminant function analysis using the 14 trace elements correctly classified 90.5% of the normal and 100% of the autistic population. Using a stepwise procedure, the five elements with the greatest discriminatory power were calcium, copper, zinc, chromium and lithium. Analysis based on these five trace elements led to the correct classification of 85.7% of the normal and 91.7% of the autistic group. Results indicate that the concentrations of trace elements in hair from normal children differ from patterns observed in both autistic and autistic-like children. Furthermore, evidence suggests that hair analysis may have potential use as a diagnostic tool for autism.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2005

A systems approach to assess farm-scale nutrient and trace element dynamics: a case study at the Ojebyn dairy farm.

A systems analysis approach was used to assess farmscale nutrient and trace element sustainability by combining full-scale field experiments with specific studies of nutrient release from mineral weathering and trace-element cycling. At the Ojebyn dairy farm in northern Sweden, a farm-scale case study including phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) was run to compare organic and conventional agricultural management practices. By combining different element-balance approaches (at farmgate, barn, and field scales) and further adapting these to the FARMFLOW model, we were able to combine mass flows and pools within the subsystems and establish links between subsystems in order to make farm-scale predictions. It was found that internal element flows on the farm are large and that there are farm internal sources (Zn) and loss terms (K). The approaches developed and tested at the Ojebyn farm are promising and considered generally adaptable to any farm.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1996

A laser microprobe mass analysis of trace elements in brain mineralizations and capillaries in Fahr's disease.

We report a detailed analysis of the content of aluminum, iron, zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium in the non-vascular and pericapillary mineralizations and the normal capillaries of the globus pallidus and dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in two patients with clinically and neuropathologically confirmed Fahr's disease. The study employed laser microprobe mass analysis, a technique that enables highly sensitive detection of the levels of trace elements. In the globus pallidus, there was a significant increase in aluminum-, iron-, zinc-, and calcium-related peak intensity in the pericapillary and non-vascular mineralizations compared to the normal capillaries. The pericapillary and non-vascular mineralizations had comparable concentrations of these elements. No difference was found in copper levels between the different probe sites. Magnesium was almost absent in pericapillary mineralizations and normal capillaries, while it accumulated within non-vascular mineralizations. In the cerebellar dentate nucleus, non-vascular mineralizations displayed higher concentrations of all of these elements than normal capillaries, while pericapillary mineralizations had a higher aluminum and lower iron, copper, and calcium content than did non-vascular mineralizations. Zinc and magnesium were selectively deposited within the non-vascular mineralizations in this nucleus. Furthermore, the element composition of non-vascular mineralizations differed between the globus pallidus and dentate nucleus. These findings indicate that the formation of pericapillary and non-vascular mineralizations may be two independent phenomena which coexist in the course of Fahr's disease. The marked qualitative and quantitative differences in trace element content in non-vascular mineralizations between the globus pallidus and cerebellar dentate nucleus suggest that the involvement of trace elements in the pathogenesis of Fahr's disease is probably indirect.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Dietary supplements for the lactating mother: influence on the trace element content of milk.

Milk production is a complex process where nutritional factors interact with structural hormonal and behavioural influences. In recent years important advances have been made in understanding the role of the nutritional status of lactating women on the outcome of breastfeeding. Many questions remain unanswered about the exact requirement of trace elements for lactating mothers. The effect of dietary zinc, copper and iodine supplements on the milk concentration of these micronutrients was studied. The supplementation trial employed a specific balanced nutritional supplement prepared for the nursing mothers. The study was carried out on women living in Ferrara and its surrounding area. The population under study was healthy Italian mothers, of good socioeconomic status, and their normal infants. In total, 32 women were enrolled in the study and 22 completed it. The infants (9F, 13M) were full-term, healthy singletons and were put to breast within 12 h of birth. All women who finished the study completed a 3 d dietary record. Nutrient analysis revealed the following mean daily dietary trace element intake in the lactating mothers: zinc = 12 mg, copper = 1.4 mg and iodine = 145 microg. The zinc and copper dietary intake was in agreement with the daily intake proposed for nursing Italian mothers, while the daily intake of iodine was below the recommended intake of 200 microg. The breastfeeding mothers were placed in 2 groups, with 7 primiparas and 4 multiparas per group: lactating women eating a traditional Italian diet without vitamin and mineral supplements, and lactating women enrolled in the nutrification programme and given a nutritional supplement to their traditional diet. The supplement (PerMamma Abbott) provided 20mg zinc sulfate, 2mg copper sulfate and 116 microg potassium iodide. These quantities cover about 60-90% of the recommended intake for nursing Italian mothers. Samples of 10 ml of milk were collected at 3, 30, 90d postpartum. Zinc milk concentrations declined significantly over the study period for all lactating subjects, without differences in the rate of decline between the women who started supplementation during lactation and those who did not. Copper did not change during the first month of lactation, then declined at day 90 in supplemented and unsupplemented women, without significant differences between the two groups. An early sharp decline in milk iodine occurred in all lactating subjects, independently of iodine supplementation. After the first month of lactation breast milk iodide levels remained stable in all subjects under study. No significant differences between the two study groups were observed. The lack of correlation between the iodide level in breast milk and maternal dietary intake of iodine is not in agreement with previously published reports. The present results indicate that in healthy, well-nourished lactating Italian women, whose diet is adequate, the levels of zinc, copper and iodine in milk are not influenced by short-term supplementary intakes and that the milk levels of the trace elements studied are maintained over different levels of intake. Further research and examination by longitudinal studies are needed to establish the exact relationship between the amount of iodine furnished to the nursing mother and the iodine content of human milk. The role of compensatory homeostatic mechanisms which act during lactation needs further consideration and closer scrutiny.

Analysis of Variance↗