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PubMed1979

A new method for the estimation of cell cycle phases.

A method is described, which is applicable to cell renewal systems with an anatomical structure in which all cell locations may be uniquely mapped. Its use is demonstrated on the rat incisor inner enamel epithelium, which forms a one cell thick column in the sagittally sectioned tooth. Cells born in the apical part of the column migrate toward the distal end of the tooth, where they mature. As the cells migrate along the column, they traverse the various cell cycle phases. The present study has been designed to estimate the probability of a cell being in a given phase; all cells touching the basement membrane were numbered, and the number of cells separating any two cells was taken as a measure of distance. Since generally all cells move in one direction (lateral cell migration may occur), it is possible to solve the problem with the aid of functions describing the renewal counting stochastic process in which cell distance serves as an independent variable. The method predicts labelled cell and mitotic rates which agree with those estimated in the usual way. It was then utilized to estimate the fraction of cells in G2.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Measuring dental drift and orthodontic tooth movement in response to various initial forces in adult rats.

A method for the quantification of orthodontic tooth movement in the rat is presented. Reliability, sensitivity, and validity were assessed and tooth movement kinetics were determined for initial forces of 20, 40, and 60 gm. The appliance consisted of a 9 mm length of closed coil spring suspended between a cleat and bonded to the occlusal surface of the maxillary first molars and the maxillary incisors. Initial tipping forces were placed by suspending known weights from the anterior end of these coils before fixation to the incisors. Tooth movement was quantified from enlarged cephalograms by measuring the position of a reproducible landmark on the molar cleat with respect to either zygomatic amalgam implants or a barbed broach placed submucosally on the palate. All measurements were made along the molar-incisor vector by projecting at 90 degrees to this line. Validity and sensitivity were assessed by quantifying molar distal drift and comparing these results with reports of bone turnover rates adjacent to distally drifting adult rat molars. Reliability was obtained by estimating the error of a single measurement in a longitudinal study of 12 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (180 to 200 days) receiving both amalgam and broach implants and a cross-sectional study of 72 animals divided equally into six groups to be killed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days. No orthodontic forces were used in this portion of the study. Implant stability within the craniofacial complex was assessed by measuring bilateral broaches as a function of time with respect to each other. There were no systematic errors between replicate films for either the amalgam or the broach method. The 95% confidence limit for a single determination of molar position was 62 microns using the amalgams and 47 microns for the broach (p less than 0.001). The latter could be reduced to 23 microns when the average of four independent determinations was used. Homologous implants did not differ with respect to each other in the sagittal plane but did in the transverse plane (p less than 0.01), migrating laterally 9 microns/day. Linear regression analysis of molar distal movement over time predicted 7.7 microns/day distal drift (p less than 0.01), which compared favorably with reports of 6.7 microns/day of alveolar bone turnover during this drifting process. Characteristic three-part cumulative tooth movement kinetics were obtained for the 40 and 60 gm initial force groups. No individual time point at 60 gm differed from its counterpart at 40 gm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

Morphological changes in the attached and keratinized gingiva and gingival sulcus in the mixed dentition period. A 5-year longitudinal study.

A longitudinal study was undertaken to examine the changes in the sulcus probing depth, keratinized and attached gingiva during the mixed dentition period. 54 children aged 7 to 9 years at the first examination were examined twice, with an interval of 5 years. Sulcus probing depth and keratinized gingiva were examined at the buccal aspect of the incisors, and either right or left cuspids and posterior areas. The width of the attached gingiva was obtained by subtracting the probing depth from the width of the keratinized gingiva. When compared to primary predecessors, the permanent teeth had a deeper probing depth, narrower attached gingiva and at the maxillary teeth, a wider keratinized gingiva. When a permanent tooth was present at both examinations, there was a significant increase in width of the attached gingiva with a corresponding decrease in probing depth, and a slight beginning of an increase in the width of keratinized gingiva. Previous and the present findings indicate that during the early years after eruption of the permanent tooth, an increase in width of the attached gingiva takes place, without occlusal migration of the marginal gingiva whereas, at later stages, this coronal migration takes place, concomitant to tooth eruption.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Changes in the arch length following premature loss of deciduous molars.

When the normal physiological process of deciduous tooth exfoliation and eruption of its successor is disrupted, a series of changes are observed in the dental arches. The aim of the study was to evaluate the amount of changes in arch length after the premature loss of deciduous molars. The sample consisted of 82 children, 53 without premature loss and 29 with premature loss of either deciduous first or second molar or both, unilaterally. A reduction in arch length was observed both in the maxilla and mandible at the molar region and an increase in arch length at the canine region in the mandible. Reduction in arch length was due to mesial migration of the molar and the increase in arch length was due to the distal migration of canine. It was seen that arch length reduction was more in maxilla as compared to the mandible and that distal drifting of canine was observed only in the mandible.

Child↗
PubMed1995

The basic and applied biology of tooth eruption.

The dentition and the alveolar process of each jaw develop simultaneously so that, by the time the crown is completed and eruption begins, the crown is enclosed in a crypt within alveolar bone. Thus, the eruption of a tooth to its functional position involves discretely localized, bilaterally symmetrical bone resorption to produce an eruption pathway and bone formation to fill in the space previously occupied by the crown and growing roots. Studies of crypt surfaces during eruption confirm this polarization of alveolar bone metabolism around a tooth with respect to both bone cells and mineralized surface topography. Experimental studies of tooth eruption have shown that the dental follicle, the dense connective tissue investment of the tooth, is necessary for eruption and that neither bone resorption nor bone formation occur without the adjacent part of the dental follicle. Early in eruption the coronal part of the follicle accumulates mononuclear cells which have cytochemical and ultrastructural features of osteoclasts and the apical part of the follicle, a site of intense cell proliferation, binds epidermal growth factor (EGF). The dental follicle contains a variety of proteins and the concentration of several change during eruption. Prominent among them are a reduction in matrix metalloproteinases and an increase in protoglycans as eruption proceeds. The contribution of these changes to those in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation during tooth eruption present experimental opportunities for developmental biologists. The rate-limiting factor of the earliest (intraosseous) stage of tooth eruption is bone resorption and eruption can be accelerated or retarded by the local delivery of factors which increase or decrease the activity of osteoclasts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2002

Space analysis in fixed prosthodontics--normal parameters.

Partial edentulism is a common clinical situation encountered by dentists in their daily practice. If left untreated, the early loss of molars or any other tooth often leads to migration of the neighboring teeth, leaving abnormal edentulous spaces to be restored. In this article, guidelines are described for analyzing simple and complex edentulous spaces as well as how to determine the size of pontics to be used through a simple sequence of steps. Within the context of this article, clinical examples are shown that illustrate the simple, normal parameters of this technique, which is also applicable to more complex restorative situations.

Denture Design↗
PubMed2003

Migrating third molar: a report of a case.

Pathologic migration is an abnormal change in the position of a tooth within the dental arch. There are many etiologic factors associated with this phenomenon, but the exact cause is often difficult to diagnose. The following is a report of a 42-year-old man exhibiting a unique form of bilateral migration of his mandibular third molars. He was asymptomatic and unaware of this occurrence. The morbidity to remove these teeth was deemed too great to justify extraction. Biopsy of the overlying tissue associated with a left-impacted third molar revealed no significant pathologic process other than inflammation and some hyperplasia within the dental follicle. Histologic-radiographic correlation was inconclusive in determining whether epithelium from pericoronal soft tissue involving the right third molar was from a hyperplastic dental follicle or a small dentigerous cyst. It is speculated that the ultimate cause of the migration of the third molars was severe, aggressive periodontal disease of the adjacent molars.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Influence of tooth-to-denture-base discrepancy on space closure following premature loss of deciduous teeth.

Influence of tooth-to-denture-base discrepancy on so-called physiologic migration of the first molar was studied on serial dental casts of 116 boys and girls, obtained through a dental health program for school children in an area in which there was no dentist. The alteration of spaces following premature loss of deciduous molars was examined comparing the anterior to posterior discrepancies between tooth and denture base. Modes of space alteration showed positive correlation with the size of the discrepancy, especially in the mandibular dental arches. The space deficiency in the posterior region seemed to have a positive effect on the mesial migration of the first molar. Mesial migration of the first molar seems to be pathologic rather than physiologic and is strongly affected by tooth-to-denture-base discrepancies. Space maintenance does not seem to be useful, because it is not necessary in minimum discrepancy cases and is not effective in severe discrepancy cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The use of natural spontaneous tooth movement in the treatment of malocclusion.

The natural mechanisms of eruption, mesial migration, soft tissue pressure and occlusal forces can be used by the dentist to treat malocclusion in the growing child. The author describes how planned extractions of deciduous and permanent teeth can be employed to resolve crowding, promote spontaneous alignment, and avoid centreline displacement.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Fibroblast cell proliferation in the mouse molar periodontal ligament.

Cytogenesis of the developing molar periodontal ligament was studied by determining labelling indices in 4 groups of young mice. Autoradiographs were made using paraffin sections of demineralised specimens from 10 days, 12 days, 16 days and 20 days old mice allowed to survive a varying period (1--96 hours) after the administration of [3H]thymidine. Labelled fibroblasts in number per unit area were counted over three different zones (apical, middle and cervical) of the sections and labelling index distribution curves were drawn. The present study has demonstrated the existence of a progenitor area with proliferating fibroblasts in the apical zone and a migration of these cells into other zones (middle and cervical). However, it has also shown that a measurable proliferative rate is present at all levels of the molar periodontal ligament in all ages of animals investigated. Such an observation if compatible with fibroblasts migrating from the apical zone in an occlusal direction and maintaining a decreasing degree of proliferative activity as they progress. Consequently, a tentative apico-occlusal migratory model for the periodontal ligament fibroblast proliferation and migration is proposed. Accordingly, fibroblast proliferation takes place in the apical progenitor zone, and cells migrate from the apical zone to middle and cervical zones, but maintaining a decreasing degree of proliferative activity as they migrate. Peak proliferative and migratory activity is seen in the 12 days group which is also the time that tooth eruption takes place in the mouse. Thus, a close relationship exists between fibroblast cell proliferation, migration and tooth eruption.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

The influence of chemically-induced modifications of root surfaces on cell migration, attachment, and orientation.

Surface demineralization of tooth root surfaces has been shown to improve re-attachment of cells and to promote tissue reconstruction following periodontal surgery. Exposure of collagen fibers has been thought to facilitate migration, attachment, and orientation of fibroblasts on the root surface. However, using an in vitro assay, we have found that both attachment and orientation of human gingival fibroblasts on demineralized dentin surfaces are further improved following digestion of the exposed collagen with bacterial collagenase. In contrast, pronase and trypsin digestion of the surface collagen had no significant effect, whereas heat denaturation had an inhibitory effect. Dissociative extraction of the demineralized dentin slices with 4 mol/L guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) also improved attachment and orientation, and when undemineralized dentin was subjected to dissociative extraction, cell attachment was comparable and orientation superior to that on demineralized surfaces. These studies indicate that demineralization is not a prerequisite for facilitating attachment, and that enhanced attachment and orientation of cells are not dependent upon a collagenous substratum.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Light-force technique for the early treatment of an ectopic tooth.

Free crown tipping can be useful when teeth do not erupt in their physiologic sequence and a real intraosseous migration and eruption of a single tooth into a distant ectopic position can be observed. This article presents a case of an ectopic mandibular lateral incisor treated early, with the light-force technique and uncontrolled forces, and finished with the bidimensional edgewise appliance. A Caucasian female patient, 10 years 10 months of age, had a mandibular left lateral incisor displacement, with the lateral incisor crown positioned mesial to left second primary molar. An early treatment was planned to correct the mandibular left lateral incisor displacement and to allow proper eruption of the mandibular left canine and first premolar. A second phase of treatment, in permanent dentition, was planned for the dental Class II subdivision on the right and deep bite correction. Phase 1 treatment was completed after 10 months; phase 2 treatment was initiated in the permanent dentition and lasted 18 months. Treatment achieved the following outcomes: (1) mandibular lateral incisor in corrected position; (2) full canine and molar Class I relationship; (3) overjet and overbite within the normal limits; (4) symmetric arches; and (5) a balanced profile. The radiograph evaluation revealed good root parallelism and mandibular left lateral incisor light root resorption. The light-force technique is not only a possible alternative but the ideal appliance for treatment in the mixed dentition, when the permanent teeth should be controlled.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Endoscopically assisted procedure for removal of a foreign body from the maxillary sinus and contemporary endodontic surgical treatment of the tooth.

There have been reports on the migration of teeth or implants into the maxillary sinus. We know of only one report on the migration of a gutta-percha point that had been used to fill a root canal into the ethmoid sinus. We report such a case treated with an endoscopically assisted procedure for removal of the foreign body and contemporary endodontic surgical treatment of the tooth.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Differentiation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts into osteoblasts during socket healing after tooth extraction in the rat.

BACKGROUND: The entire socket after tooth extraction is filled with new bone formed by osteoblasts (Obs), but the origin of these Obs remains unknown. Thus, the proliferation and migration of paravascular and endosteal fibroblastic cells and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts (Fbs) and their differentiation into Obs during socket healing after extraction of the first maxillary molars of the rat were investigated. METHODS: The proliferative activity and migration of these cells in the sockets after tooth extraction were studied using radioautography and immunohistochemistry after injection of 3H-thymidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), respectively. Their morphological changes during differentiation was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: One day after tooth extraction, PDL Fbs were the major cell type in the PDL remnant of the socket. Proliferation was low (labeling index (LI) = approximately 2%) until 16 h after tooth extraction but dramatically increased to a maximum level 1 day postextraction (LI = 23%). Between 1 and 2 days, numerous PDL Fbs in the PDL remnant actively migrated into the coagulum and continued to proliferate. On the basis of the high proliferative activity and small number of cellular organelles responsible for procollagen synthesis, these cells appear immature. At 3 days, Fbs contained more cellular organelles and deposited more collagen fibers as they replaced the coagulum with dense connective tissue and the LI declined. At 4 and 5 days, some of the Fbs began to differentiate into Obs, and the proliferation of Fbs dramatically decreased to baseline values. The migration of PDL Fbs and their differentiation into Obs were investigated by labeling with 3H-thymidine or BrdU 1 day after tooth extraction. Heavily labeled Fbs were observed in the PDL remnant at 1 day, in the coagulum at 2 days, and in the dense connective tissue at 3 days. Labeled Obs associated with new bone were seen 4 days after injection. Endosteal and paravascular Fbs also proliferated, but at a lower level and at later time periods than the PDL Fbs. Surprisingly, endosteal and paravascular Fbs contributed only a small population of Fbs to socket healing. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that PDL Fbs after tooth extraction actively proliferative, migrate into the coagulum, form dense connective tissue, and differentiate into Obs which form new bone during socket healing.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Orthodontic and surgical intervention to arrest tooth loss secondary to subgingival elastic.

Elastic bonds used for orthodontic tooth movement without benefit of attached mechanisms have been shown to migrate apically, causing severe periodontal damage and eventual tooth mobility and tooth loss. The literature indicates high mortality rates for such involved teeth. A case report is presented, illustrating initial successful retention of teeth following surgical removal of a displaced elastic band. Cooperation between oral surgeon, periodontist, and orthodontist, in conjunction with high standards of oral hygiene by the patient, may lead to successful retention of otherwise condemned teeth. It is also suggested that elastic band therapy be carefully supervised when used to move teeth without controlling attachment mechanisms.

Alveoloplasty↗
PubMed2003

Lineage of non-cranial neural crest cell in the dental mesenchyme: using a lacZ reporter gene during early tooth development.

The tooth is one of the ectodermal organs controlled by reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and the mesenchyme. Mesenchymal cells in the developing tooth, so-called dental mesenchymal cells, are derived from two different origins: the cranial neural crest (CNC) and the non-CNC. These CNC-derived cells migrate, proliferate and differentiate into odontoblasts, cementoblasts, fibroblasts, osteoblasts and chondroblasts. Tooth germs of wild-type mice were transplanted into the kidney of adult lacZ-transgenic mice. After 1 week of transplantation, a few lacZ-expressing cells and many red blood cells were found near or inside the blood vessels in the pulp of wild-type tooth germs. This result shows that circulating cells of the adult host could invade the dental pulp during tooth development, through the blood vessels, and be a part of dental pulp tissue. Therefore, it can be suggested that these circulating progenitor cells could be the origin of non-CNC-derived cells in tooth germ and their migration pathways would be the blood vessels invading the dental pulp during tooth development. If variations of this experiment were suitably adjusted, such as the embryonic stage of the tooth germ, duration of transplantation, etc., this transplantation experiment using adult lacZ-transgenic mice could be a good system to reveal the origin and migration pathway of cells in developing organs as well as in dental mesenchymal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Longitudinal post-eruptive mandibular tooth movements of males and females.

Unbiased estimates of post-eruptive eruption and migration of the mandibular teeth for large representative samples are presently unavailable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pure tooth movements of untreated children and adolescents longitudinally. Lateral cephalograms of 214 French-Canadians, followed bi-annually between 8 and 15 years of age, were traced, and the positions of the mandibular permanent central incisors and first molars were digitized. Temporal changes in tooth position were evaluated relative to naturally stable mandibular reference structures, using the mandibular reference line for orientation. The statistical analyses included t-tests to assess gender differences and Pearson product-moment correlations to evaluate associations. The results showed that the incisors proclined significantly more for males (6 degrees) than females (3 degrees). The incisor tips displayed early mesial movements that were countered by later distal movements. The incisor apex showed a consistent pattern of distal migration between 8 and 15 years. Mandibular arch length decreased over the 7-year observation period. Rates of mesial molar migration accelerated until 11 years of age and then decelerated. There was no significant change in the mandibular occlusal plane angle between 8 and 15 years of age. Incisor eruption showed the greatest rates during adolescence, attaining peaks at approximately 12 years for females and 14 years for males. The molars erupted approximately 5 mm between 8 and 15 years of age. The greatest gender differences occurred at the older ages, with males showing greater eruption potential than females. It was concluded that the mandibular teeth show significant migration and eruption during childhood and adolescence, with gender differences in the amount, direction, and timing of movement.

Adolescent↗