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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Conservative therapy of chronic tonsillitis: comparison of different methods].

A comparative analysis was made of efficacy of chronic tonsillitis (CT) treatment with high frequency ultrasound (HFU), low frequency ultrasound (LFU) and laser. The study covered 172 CT patients aged 7 to 35 (65 males and 107 females) with CT history 5-32 years. Clinical examination included micropharyngoscopy, blood count, urine tests, microbiological investigation of tonsillar lacune lavage and nasal mucus, immunological tests, consultation of the therapist. Tonsillar prints were analysed for 40 patients. A compensated CT form was diagnosed in 58 patients, a decompensated one--in 114. The treatment efficacy was evaluated in the course of therapy and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after it. Immediate results were the best in patients treated with LFU on the palatine tonsils (73%). Patients exposed to LFU and laser showed good response in 35-37% in equal number of unsatisfactory outcomes. Repeated courses of all three therapies improved results in all the groups: good and satisfactory results were 69%, 51% and 43% for LFU, HFU, laser, respectively. Thus, LFU (Tonsillor device) is the most efficient up-to-date conservative therapy of CT which provides mechanical elimination of pathogens from the tonsils, a bactericidal effect, recovery of the barrier function.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytokeratin 20-expressing M cells in tonsils take up particulate antigen. A site for the delivery of vaccines against oral pathogens?

Quantitative and qualitative control of oral bacterial flora is a major issue in oral pathology and in the prophylaxis against cavities. Recent findings suggest that it is possible to induce local immune responses delivering antigens on palatine tonsils. M cells play an important role in the start of the immune response. These cells are located in the epithelia overlaying mucosal lymphoid follicles and are responsible for the uptake of particulate antigens. The identification of reliable markers for M cell is therefore extremely important. Since it has been reported that tonsillar immunization leads to the secretion of high levels of specific salivary antibody, we undertook a study to identify a marker for tonsillar M cells in order to plan strategies of oral immunization against oral pathogens. We studied cytokeratin 20 expression in rabbit tonsils by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Cytokeratin 20 immunoreactive cells were observed in all samples examined. These cells were identified as M cells as they co-expressed vimentin, a well-known marker of rabbit M cells, and they actively uptook particulate material. It is therefore possible to hypothesize the use of tonsil M cells as a possible site for antigen delivery of particle-based vaccines against oral pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Antioxidants enzymes activity and concentration of lipid peroxidation products in chronic tonsillitis before and after surgery].

INTRODUCTION: Chronic tonsillitis is one of the most often disease in otolaryngological practice. Free radicals release during chronic inflammation process are responsible for tissue destruction. The aim of the study was to estimate the free radicals production and the activity of antioxidative enzymes during chronic tonsillitis before and after surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was performed in group of 60 patients and 32 healthy persons as a control group. We analized the activity of enzymes in blood and serum from the patients before the operation and on 7 day, 4 week and 6 months after the operation. RESULTS: The obtained results shows a lower activity of superoxide dismutase before the operation. After the surgery the activity of the enzyme increased to values observed in control group. The catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity were higher during chronic inflammation, and after the operation the activity decreased, but it was still higher then in control group. Concentration of lipid peroxides products (malondialdehyde) in erythrocytes and serum were higher before the surgery. Then the concentration decreased to values observed in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The measuring and monitoring the activity of antioxidative enzymes and the concentration of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde) could be useful in proper diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis and in adequately early qualification for surgery.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Microflora of the mucous membrane of human tonsils in the normal state and in pathology].

A total of 50 healthy persons and 50 chronic tonsillitis patients were examined with the use of the bacteriological method. The microflora of tonsillar mucous membrane was represented by 8 genera of facultative anaerobic microorganisms. In the biocenosis of the tonsillar mucosa of the healthy subjects the occurrence of Streptococcus was 1.5-fold greater than in that of the patients; microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus prevailed on the tonsillar mucosa of chronic tonsillitis patients 1.3-fold prevailed more often and Klebsiella and Neisseria prevailed 4-fold more often. Among the microorganisms isolated from the patients, cultures simultaneously having two or more pathogenicity markers occurred twice as often as among the representatives of the microbiocenosis obtained from the healthy subjects. The microflora of the tonsillar mucosa of the chronic tonsillitis patients was characterized by resistance to penicillins, macrolides and aminoglygosides, but was simultaneously sensitive to lincosamides and glycopeptides.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1991

Mycoplasma hyosynoviae isolation from the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of pigs.

The occurrence of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae at different locations of the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of pigs was investigated in herds with problems of arthritis apparently caused by this microorganism. The isolation of M. hyosynoviae was facilitated by the use of a medium selectively suppressing the growth of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. M. hyosynoviae was cultured from 106 of 178 tonsils of slaughterhouse pigs from 8 herds but could not be isolated from the mucosa of the nasal cavity or the oral-pharyngeal area of 100 living, 10-20 weeks old pigs in 5 of the herds. The value of the selective principles in the medium appears from the circumstance that 86 of the 106 isolates were obtained despite the presence of M. hyorhinis. It is concluded that the tonsil is a reservoir for M. hyosynoviae and is probably the location of choice for an easy demonstration of the presence of this mycoplasma in a pig herd.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Immunomodulatory effects of laser therapy in the treatment of chronic tonsillitis.

The aim of the presented pilot study was to examine possible stimulatory effect of He-Ne laser on the immune system. Eight patients suffering from chronic tonsilitis were within 9 days subjected to three consecutive doses of laser irradiation of tonsils and several immune parameters were determined prior to the treatment, shortly after its cessation and after 4 weeks of follow-up period. Shortly after the cessation of the treatment significant increase of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva was observed which was followed by increase of IgA serum level after 4 weeks of follow-up. The significant increase of the relative proportion of CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes observed at the end of the follow-up period led to normalization of the CD4/CD8 ratio. As the changes described correlated with clinical improvement in 7 out of 8 patients it could be assumed that beneficial effect of lasertherapy in the treatment of chronic tonsilitis is mediated by modulatory influence on the immune system, especially on protective immunity and immunoregulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The use of long-acting penicillin in the prophylaxis of recurrent tonsillitis.

The authors report a study designed to explore the usefulness of long-acting penicillin in the management of recurrent tonsillitis. The trial, conducted in Sri Lanka, involved 179 patients aged 2 to 20 who had suffered multiple attacks of tonsillitis annually. The results showed a significant reduction in the number of attacks of tonsillitis experienced by the treated group, especially those aged 5 to 11, resulting in a drop in the number requiring tonsillectomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effectiveness of the in vivo assessment of the function of the palatine tonsils in humans].

The method of in vivo assessment of the palatine tonsil function proposed by E. L. Popov and P. N. Pushchina was verified. Using a special unit, the lacunar contents were examined in 16 patients with decompensated chronic tonsillitis and 10 healthy subjects. It was concluded that the above method cannot be recommended for wide application while the apparatus can be well used for further study of palatine tonsils.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Morphological changes in the hypertrophied palatal tonsils of children undergoing different methods of conservative treatment].

Morphological and immunological data on the efficiency of the conservative treatment of hypertrophic tonsils in 59 children are presented. Biopsies of tonsils were examined before and after treatment. Tonsils reduced in size as a result of treatment, their changes indicated activation of the morphological manifestations of cellular and humoral immunity. Intramuscular treatment with thymalin resulted in normalization of the peripheral blood immunological indexes. The lacuna lavage with thymalin led to the normalization of the disturbed epithelial barrier structure.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1989

[What hides behind the diagnoses angina follicularis and lacunaris? A contribution to the differentiation of tonsillitis].

An one-year examination of 315 children shows that under the diagnosis of follicular tonsillitis or lacunar tonsillitis many aetiological different diseases are summarized. More frequently than previously assumed adeno-, respiratory syncytial-, influenza A-, entero-, herpes simplex- and probably other viruses are the cause. It is shown to what extent the critical general evaluation also of discrete clinical data enables a differentiation. The usual general penicillin therapy of the patients with tonsillitis can be dispensed with.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Bacterial flora in chronic tonsillitis.

A study of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora in chronic tonsillitis revealed a total of 59 isolates. Aerobic flora from the surface swab was found in 80%, from the core of the tonsil in 92% and from both the surface and the core in 68% of the cases. There were 30 aerobic isolates from the surface and 29 isolates from the core. Mixed flora were present from the surface and the core in 10 and 7 cases, respectively. Pathogens were seen in 36% of the cases from the surface and in 40% from the core. There was no significant difference in the nature of aerobic flora from the two sites. Anaerobic flora were cultured from the core only and were seen in 20% of cases. There were a total of 7 isolates. In 16% cases it was associated with aerobic flora. The common aerobes were Beta hemolytic streptococcus (16%) and Staphylococcus coagulase positive (12%) and common anaerobes were Peptostreptococcus (16%) and Veillonella parvula (4%). There was no consistent pattern of combination of aerobes and anaerobes in chronic tonsillitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[A study of lymphocyte subsets in human normal tonsil and lymph node].

A series of T and B lymphocyte specific monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the localization of lymphocyte subpopulation in frozen and paraffin tissue sections of human normal tonsil and lymph node by means of immunocytochemical technique. In the paracortical and interfollicular area of tonsil and lymph node, most lymphocytes reacted with Leu 1, Leu 3 a, Leu 4 and OKT4. The numbers of Leu 2 a and OKT8 positive cells were rare in tissue. These cells were not only limited in paracortical area, they also appeared in considerable numbers in medullary cords of lymph nodes. Leu 2 a and OKT 8 positive cells decreased with prominent follicular hyperplasia of tonsils. In addition, substantial leu 3 a and Leu 4 cells were found in the germinal centers. This finding supports the importance of these lymphocyte subsets in regulation of human immune response. In the mantle zone of secondary follicles, the majority of lymphocytes were positive for OKB 2 and BA 1, whereas, the IgM positive cells were predominately observed in the cytoplasma and extracellular substance of B lymphocytes in the germinal centers, but the lymphocytes bearing sIgM were rarely observed. In the mantle zone, the IgM were frequently found on the surface of membrane of small lymphocytes, however, the staining intensity was much than that in the germinal centers.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1977

Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes. IV. T, B and third population cells in human tonsils.

Mononuclear cells from twenty human tonsils and peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for T, B and 'third population cells'. Compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes, tonsils were found to have a higher proportion of B lymphocytes with surface IgM, IgD and IgA. Mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells were also present in increased proportions. However, 'third population cells' were found in very low proportions. Phagocytic cells as determined by latex ingestion and peroxidase staining were also present in low proportions. The lack of 'third population cells' in human tonsils may establish this organ as one of particular interest in the study of lymphocyte subpopulations because T and B lymphocytes can be purified without contaminating 'third population cells'. The role of the third population of lymphocytes in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and spontaneous cytotoxicity may be supported by the absence of these functions along with absence of the 'third population' cells from tonsilar lymphoid cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Study of human T and B lymphocytes with heterologous antisera. III. Immunofluorescence studies on tonsil sections.

Lymphoid cells from human palatine tonsils were identified on tissue sections by membrane or intracellular immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Used in an indirect technique, an anti-IgM and an anti-HTLA (human T lymphocyte antigen) antiserum gave complementary patterns of membrane IF, characteristic of the follicular organization. When serial sections were stained for each of the five classes, immunoglobulin-containing cells from all classes were found. Their relative frequencies were, in decreasing order: IgG: 61.6%; IgA: 17.3%; IgM: 12%; IgE: 7.5%; IgD: 1.6%. These differed from those of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (IgA greater than IgG greater than IgM) and of the peripheral lymph nodes (IgG greater than IgM greater than IgA), but were close to those of mesenteric nodes. The absence of secretory component in tonsil was an additional difference from gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the relatively high proportion of IgE-containing cells, in the absence of recognized atopy, is another feature in common with mesenteric lymph nodes. Finally, slight differences between these results and those obtained on tonsil cell suspensions suggest that some degree of selection probably occurs during the isolation procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Clinical study of ceftizoxime suppositories in acute suppurative otitis media in children and tissue concentration of ceftizoxime in the palatine tonsil after administration of ceftizoxime suppositories].

The newly developed ceftizoxime rectal suppository (CZX-S) contains 125 mg or 250 mg ceftizoxime (CZX) in potency. From the laboratory and clinical studies on CZX-S, the following results were obtained. Concentration of CZX in serum and palatine tonsil when 250 mg of CZX-S was rectally administered reached the peak level rapidly. The serum levels were 9.39 micrograms/ml in 30 minutes, 6.00 micrograms/ml in 45 minutes, 4.55 micrograms/ml in 60 minutes, 3.87 micrograms/ml in 90 minutes and 2.65 micrograms/ml in 120 minutes. The palatine tonsil levels were 2.73 micrograms/g in 30 minutes, 1.83 micrograms/g in 45 minutes, 1.54 micrograms/g in 60 minutes, 0.99 micrograms/g in 90 minutes and 0.74 micrograms/g in 120 minutes. About 30% of serum concentrations were distributed into palatine tonsil. CZX-S was administered at a daily dose of 375 mg or 750 mg divided 3 times for 4 approximately 9 days in 19 cases of acute suppurative otitis media of children. The overall clinical effect was excellent in 7 cases, good in 7 cases, fair in 2 cases and poor in 3 cases. The effectiveness rate was 73.7%. No side effects were observed in any cases.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1975

IgA and IgA diphtheria antitoxin responses from human tonsil lymphocytes.

Human tonsil lymphocytes were stimulated with diphtheria toxoid and then cultured in a Marbrook culture system so that antibodies could be measured in the culture supernatant. Specific antibodies were measured with excess radiolabeled antigen and antisera specific for each immunoglobulin class. Good IgG and IgA diphtheria antitoxin responses have been obtained and responding culture supernatants were shown to neutralize toxin. The relationship between antitoxin response in vitro and immunization of donors with toxoid was investigated. It was found that at least two immunizations after the age of 6 months were necessary to prime the tonsils for an in vitro antibody response. The IgG and IgA in culture supernatants were demonstrated by immunodiffusion and were measured by radioimmunoassay. By sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, it was shown that 40% of the IgA produced in the cultures was greater than 7S. Evidence was obtained that neither the IgA nor the specific IgA antitoxin bears secretory piece. It appears that human lymphocytes from tonsils produce polymer IgA in vitro without secretory piece.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1984

M-cells in the epithelium of the nasopharyngeal tonsil.

Electron-microscope investigation on the epithelium was carried out in 23 nasopharyngeal tonsils. Adenoidectomy was performed on the ground of recurrent adenoiditis in the interattacks period in 13 boys and 10 girls between the ages of 2 to 4. The presence of five characteristic cellular types was found on the surface of the adenoid epithelium: tall cylindrical ciliated cells; cylindrical cells covered only with microvilli; secretory cells with the predominance of the so-called "dark granules"-producing cells; flat epithelial cells; cubic cells with microvilli on the surface and many vesicles in the cytoplasm. The last type of cells rank together with the M-cells, described by Owen and Jones in the epithelium of Peyer's patches in human beings and found in the palatal tonsil by various authors. A discussion is made on the pinocytary and secretory activity of the M-cells that is being linked with the immunogenesis of the nasopharyngeal tonsil. It is pointed out that in normal conditions the reticulation of the epithelium of the adenoid is found only in the zones that had their surface covered by M-cells.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1984

Epithelial-like cells containing lymphocytes (nurse cells) in human adenoids and tonsils.

Epithelial cells filled with lymphocytes (nurse cells, NC), recently described in mouse, rat and human thymus, have been interpreted as mediators of direct contact ('stromal') induced thymocyte maturation. We describe analogous NC in trypsin-dissociated human adenoids and tonsils. NC from these organs show morphological characteristics analogous to those of thymic NC: they appear as large (diameter 30-35 micrometers) elements, containing peripherally situated tonofilament bundles, electrodense mitochondria and some vacuoles. Each NC contains 5-30 intact lymphoid cells, some of which appear in the activated state. NC show neither phagocytic ability, nor ANAE and peroxidase cytochemical reactions. The majority of NC from adenoids and tonsils react with the monoclonal antibody (McAb) OKIa1 (DR w framework) as those from thymus, and 40% of them bind fluorescein-conjugated peanut agglutinin. Some of them also react with the McAb OKT3 (pan-T), OKT9 (transferrin receptors) and OKT10 (immature hematopoietic cells). The presence of NC in adenoids and tonsils suggests that these organs may be involved in some stages of lymphocyte maturation requiring intimate contact with epithelial cells.

Adenoids↗