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PubMed2002

Does social work oppress evangelical christians? A "new class" analysis of society and social work.

This article argues that social work, informed by "new class" ideology, oppresses Evangelical Christians. The article discusses the rise of the "new class," along with its attendant ideology, which sanctions and legitimizes discrimination against Evangelicals and other people of faith. The role of social work, a "new class" profession, in the oppression of Evangelicals is profiled, and its inability to extend tolerance to this population is traced to its "new class" ideology, which inhibits it from functioning in accordance with its professed values and ethics. Consequently, the article suggests that social work is losing touch with numerous ethnic and religious minority groups, and unless the profession deconstructs the ideology that informs it, it will be unable to provide services to or facilitate dialogue among the increasingly diverse populations of North America.

Christianity↗

PubMed1985

The impact of social stressors and social networks on pediatric medical care use.

Substantial differences in the use of pediatric medical resources reinforce the need for identifying and understanding factors that influence the use of medical services for children. This research assesses the simultaneous impact of sociodemographic characteristics, health attitudes and beliefs, psychologic distress, social stressors, and social networks on the use of pediatric acute care services during a 12-month period. Using a prospective longitudinal study design, data were obtained on 513 children and their families enrolled in a prepaid group practice. Linear modeling results showed that health attitudes and social networks were important predictors of acute care utilization in addition to child's age, birth order, baseline health status, and ethnic group. The authors were able to show significant effects for network size, dispersion, and tendency to use one's network members. Individuals with large nondispersed networks are more likely to use pediatric health services, apparently due to the transmission of the networks' pro-medical care health beliefs. Also the tendency to call on network members modifies an individual's propensity to seek care for minor pediatric medical problems and can make a difference by as much as 1.6 visits per year per child for acute care episodes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

The Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Measurement of social support in family medicine patients.

A 14-item, self-administered, multidimensional, functional social support questionnaire was designed and evaluated on 401 patients attending a family medicine clinic. Patients were selected from randomized time-frame sampling blocks during regular office hours. The population was predominantly white, female, married, and under age 45. Eleven items remained after test-retest reliability was assessed over a 1- to 4-week follow-up period. Factor analysis and item remainder analysis reduced the remaining 11 items to a brief and easy-to-complete two-scale, eight-item functional social support instrument. Construct validity, concurrent validity, and discriminant validity are demonstrated for the two scales (confidant support--five items and affective support--three items). Factor analysis and correlations with other measures of social support suggest that the three remaining items (visits, instrumental support, and praise) are distinct entities that may need further study.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Some psycho-social consequences of multiple sclerosis: problems of social interaction and group identity.

The study was concerned with the psycho-social consequences for married couples of multiple sclerosis being contracted by one of the partners. In particular, problems of social interaction and group identity were explored. In determining their mode of interaction with healthy people such couples can choose between normalizing, i.e. endeavouring to carry on their relationships with other people according to their pre-illness pattern, or of disassociating, i.e. turning away from former associates and seeking a new peer group among others with like affliction. In nearly every case husband and wife agreed on the choice of stratagem, a majority of the couples forming the sample opting for disassociation. Membership of the Multiple Sclerosis Society was much more usual among the disassociating couples than among those 'normalizing'. The variables of age, sex, social class and severity of illness were not found to affect the mode of interaction, whereas place of residence and medical interest in them, as perceived by patients and their spouses, were influencing factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) measures of self- and social perception to give interpersonal meaning to symptoms: anxiety as an exemplar.

Current symptom-based diagnosis, although important, lacks theoretical underpinning that might give meaning to psychiatric symptoms. The structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) fills this void, operationalizing interpersonal theory for investigation of relational aspects of psychopathology. To provide an example of how SASB may be utilized to this end, participants with (n = 40) and without (n = 40) uncontrollable worry and anxiety completed SASB Intrex Questionnaires to explore self-perceptions and perceptions of strangers in a social interaction task. Based on SASB principles and past research on familial factors in childhood anxiety, it was hypothesized that self- and other perceptions would discriminate participant groups along the lines of disrupted and normal attachment. To demonstrate the versatility of SASB, analyses incorporated indexes of varying specificity. Largely, results supported predictions, suggesting the sensitivity of SASB Intrex to assess social perceptions even in a first-meeting context, extending its known possible uses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

High social risk screening mechanisms: patient characteristics as predictors of social work utilization in the VA.

To facilitate timely access to social services in hospitals, high social risk (HSR) screening mechanisms have been implemented throughout the country. The purpose of these mechanisms is to identify patients upon admission who are most likely to need service. Because these screening mechanisms often identify patients who do not need service, this study determined how well the patient characteristics used as screening factors actually predicted service utilization. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed using 1,659 discharges from two midwestern hospitals. The most powerful predictors of social service use were age, multi-system illness, not having a spouse, and psychiatric co-morbidity. Despite the significant contribution of each predictor, their combined ability to predict who receives service was modest.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2007

Preparing social work students to work with grandparents in kinship care: an approach to infusion of content materials into selected core social work courses.

Grandparents in kinship care represent an expanding population of older adults assuming primary parenting responsibilities for their grandchildren at a time when many grandparents may also be experiencing developmental changes accompanying their own aging process. Research documents a lack of social workers prepared to respond to the needs of an aging population in general, and grandparents in kinship care in particular, as curricular content on this population has been limited in undergraduate and graduate social work programs. This article describes an infusion model proposed for an undergraduate social work program's GeroRich Project designed to introduce content on an aging population in four foundation courses to expand students' knowledge of older adults and grandparents as kinship care providers.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

The Edgecombe County High Blood Pressure Control Program: III. Social support, social stressors, and treatment dropout.

In a hypertension prevalence survey of a stratified random sample of 1,000 households, 2,030 adults (aged 18 years and over) were interviewed and information on psychosocial variables collected. Among 359 hypertensives, there was a consistent relationship between indicators of difficulty in the social environment and dropout from treatment in women. Compared to those who remained in treatment, women who dropped out can be characterized as having less social support on the job, having less perceived spouse approval (if married), having a lower level of perceived access to supportive resources, and being more likely to report feeling pushed most or all of the time if they are homemakers. Relationships between indicators of social support and dropout from treatment in men were found only with support on the job, and for White men, with perceived friend approval.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Social influences: effects of the social environment on the use of alcohol and other drugs.

The research aimed to measure social influences produced by the differential effects of "high use" and "low use" environments on students' vulnerability to substance misuse. Each environment was represented by 3,000 students sampled from high and low use colleges. The social influences were measured by comparing vulnerability/resistance scores derived through a cognitive mapping strategy of the Associative Group Analysis method. Using an advanced system of software, empirical measures of students' propensities to use or not to use harmful substances were obtained by comparing hundreds of spontaneous responses elicited from individual respondents to the response distributions of reference groups of frequent alcohol/drug users and nonusers. In all comparisons, students with higher levels of reported use also showed higher vulnerability. In all comparisons, students in the high use environment showed significantly higher levels of vulnerability than students in the low use environment. ANOVA results indicated the vulnerability of students was significantly related to (high vs low use) campus environment as well as to marijuana use, alcohol use, and gender. Measuring vulnerability as a function of social influences opens numerous applications in proactive prevention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Social ecology of supervised communal facilities for mentally disabled adults: IV. Characteristics of social behavior.

Behavior categories for observations of 304 mentally disabled adults were analyzed in relation to settings (sheltered workshops and residential facility), personal characteristics (age, sex, IQ, diagnosis, and desire for affiliation) and characteristics of partners. Both settings and personal characteristics predicted individual behavior rates for the 10 most frequently observed behavior categories. As many as 14 dimensions were extracted from behavior observed in more intense dyadic relationships; these dimensions were strongly related to characteristics of the individuals in the relationships. Although more intelligent individuals exhibited higher rates of verbal behavior, they were not more verbal in their intense social relationships. Furthermore, individuals at all levels of intelligence were sensitive to the intellectual characteristics of their partners. The results suggest that the social behavior of mentally disabled people is complex and sensitive to the presence and characteristics of others; peer-group composition seems to be critical to social adaptation in communal settings for this population.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Goals in social medicine education for the practicing physician from the viewpoint of social security pensions].

The tasks of a medical doctor employed by annuity insurance institutions, e.g. those of the Federal State, are complex. The doctors work in administration, in medical expert offices, and rehabilitation centres. Their tasks thus comprise the compilation of expert reports, consultation services for the administration, and modern rehabilitation diagnostics and therapy in specialised hospitals. In this context, thorough knowledge and understanding of general medicine as well as an open mind for comprehensive concepts are required. Education and training in social medicine or community health care are still far from perfect, and community medicine is not sufficiently developed as part of medical studies. Consequently, these areas must be strengthened. Annuity insurance institutions cooperate with academies for social medicine in order to improve postgraduate training in social medicine.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Evaluation and analysis of social relationships of children in clinical practice and research: "Social Relationship Scale for Children"].

The Social Relationship Procedure for Children (Soziales Beziehungsverfahren f¿ur Kinder, SOBEKI), a technique employing figure tasks and interviewing, is a new clinical psychology assessment instrument for use with children. With this instrument it is possible to (a) determine the significant others (social network) of 6- to 12-year-old children, (b) measure how specific functions are divided among members of a child's social networks, and (c) visualizing cohesion and hierarchical structures of the children's networks within and outside their families. In the present paper the theoretical foundations, administration and assessment of the procedure are outlined. In addition, the results of a comparison of children with psychiatric disorders and a healthy control group are presented.

Child↗

PubMed1996

The socially complex family. New dilemmas for the neonatal social worker.

The multifaceted problems of many families now cared for in neonatal units place new challenges on the neonatal social worker. The medical complexities of the NICU patient are matched by the social complexities of many of the families. The worker attempts to coordinate multiple systems to meet the need of the infant and family throughout the hospitalization of the infant. The advances in medical technology, however, have not been matched in the social and support systems. The result is the creation of new dilemmas for the worker, the medical staff, and society.

Ethics, Medical↗

PubMed1997

Subtypes of social withdrawal in early childhood: sociometric status and social-cognitive differences across four years.

From a sample of 567 kindergartners observed during free play, 150 children were classified as socially withdrawn and followed over 4 years. A cluster analysis involving teacher ratings was used to identify subtypes of withdrawn children. Four clusters were identified, 3 fitting profiles found in the literature and labeled unsociable (n = 96), passive-anxious (n = 23), and active-isolate (n = 19), and 1 typically not discussed, labeled sad/depressed (n = 12). Sociometric ratings indicated that unsociable children had elevated rates of sociometric neglect, active-isolates had higher than expected levels of rejection, and sad/depressed children had elevated rates of both neglect and rejection. Subtypes also differed in social information-processing patterns, with active-isolate children displaying the least component skills. The findings that some experience more difficulty than others might account for the ambiguity in extant studies regarding whether or not social withdrawal is a risk factor in psychosocial development, because withdrawal has most often been treated as a unitary construct in the past.

Anxiety↗

PubMed1997

[Confounding effects in social science studies and their control. The examples of personality, social support, psychiatric disease].

Social scientific investigations on coping with illness, on the relevance of life events or social support for psychic disorders are concerned with a variety of constructs with interdependent structures. Hypotheses in interrelationships are set up and tested on the construct level. A problem quite often overlooked here is that almost all constructs overlap to a considerable extent both with regard to their content as well as operationally, i.e. they are confounded. Interrelations of constructs which are strongly content-related or operationally confounded are thus in danger of demonstrating artificial results. Data from an extensive epidemiological research project on the incidence and prevalence of psychic disorders in the general population are used applying structural equation models for latent variables to demonstrate confoundation effects for the constructs personality, social support and state of health. Appropriate control methods are described. The results show that partner support maintains a strong influence on the psychic and physical state of health even confoundation of content has been excluded. Application of this method of content confoundation control is discussed with regard to research on coping life event research etc.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Shifting social identities as a strategy for deflecting threatening social comparisons.

Results of three studies suggest that the multifaceted nature of identity provides a strategic basis for reducing the threat involved in upward social comparisons. After performing worse than a comparison standard, people may strategically emphasize aspects of their identity that differentiate them from the standard, thereby making the standard less relevant for self-evaluation. On the basis of previous research showing that persons low in self-esteem are less likely to make effective use of self-protection strategies, we hypothesized that this strategy of deflecting the threat involved in upward comparison (i.e., decreasing perceived comparability by emphasizing an unshared social identity) would be used primarily by persons who are characteristically high in self-esteem. This pattern was confirmed in three studies. Moreover, use of the strategy was associated with relatively more positive affect following threatening upward comparisons.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

How social was personality? The Allports' "connection" of social and personality psychology.

This paper investigates three conflicting reconstructions of the historical relationship between personality and social psychology and addresses questions they raise regarding the subdisciplinary status of personality in the 1920s and the way in which the field gradually emerged as a separate area of psychology. Contesting claims that Floyd Allport first connected social psychology to a separate "branch" of personality psychology in the 1920s, I argue that he drew upon earlier work of psychologists and sociologists who treated personality as a central topic of social psychology. I compare Floyd Allport's views with those of Gordon Allport, who endeavored to establish personality as a separate subdiscipline.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1993

[Social status position and social development following coronary bypass surgery].

For the individual the status passage from employment to retirement means a process of social aging. Retirement can involve old-age pensions or disability pensions. Regarding the quality of medical rehabilitation, four forms of social aging emerge: normal, accelerated, adequate and delayed aging. Empirical courses of rehabilitation are explored in a qualitative study on patients after Coronary Bypass Surgery. These courses comprise in each case a specific form of social aging as individual process. The hypothesis is verified whether different forms of aging are typical for different SES. Furthermore the question is ventured whether early retirement is a status-bound destiny or an individual strategy.

Adult↗