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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Biodegradation of oxalic acid from spinach using cereal radicles.

A high level of oxalate intake constitutes a health risk for infants and metabolically disposed adults. Spinach, acclaimed for its many health benefits, is among the vegetables richest in oxalate. Blanching reduces oxalate unsatisfactorily and unspecifically. An alternative, biological method is proposed on the basis of rye seedlings or radicles (also barley and wheat) containing an oxalate-specific oxalate oxidase by nature. Dissolved oxalate (0.25 mM) was rapidly degraded in the presence of radicles (e.g., 70% within 100 min). With commercial deep-frozen spinach, near-complete degradation of soluble oxalate was achieved at pH 3.5. The total level of oxalate was reduced by half. Similarly high rates occurred from 18 to 35 degrees C. Even at 55 degrees C appreciable rates were observed. The seedling as a whole is effective, too, and enrichment with cereal-specific healthy components would occur. Removal of oxalate from other vegetables, juices, cycled process waters, or feeds is conceivable with fresh or heat-dried cereal seedlings or radicles.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Fate of benzoxazinone allelochemicals in soil after incorporation of wheat and rye sprouts.

Growing cereals (especially rye), which are incorporated into the soil to increase soil fertility or organic matter content, is a common practice in crop rotation. The additional sanitizing effect of this incorporation has often been appreciated and is said to be due to leaching of benzoxazinones and subsequent formation of benzoxazolinones. In this study wheat (Stakado) and rye (Hacada) sprouts were incorporated into soil in amounts that simulated agricultural practice. By extraction and subsequent LC-MS analysis the disappearance and appearance of benzoxazinones, benzoxazolinones, and phenoxazinones in soil were followed. In the wheat experiments 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (MBOA) was detected as the main compound. 2-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (HMBOA) and 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (HBOA) were detected as well. No phenoxazinones were detected. For the rye experiment the picture was more complex. In the first 2 days of incubation MBOA and 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) were detected as the main allelochemicals along with HBOA, HMBOA, and benzoxazolin-2-one (BOA), in decreasing order. Later in the incubation period some 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one (APO) was detected and the amount of HBOA increased considerably and decreased again. The profiling of the benzoxazinone metabolites and their derivates in soil was dynamic and time-dependent. The highest concentrations of most of the compounds were seen at day 1 after incorporation. A maximum concentration was reached at day 4 for a few of the compounds. This study is the first of its kind that shows the dynamic pattern of biologically active benzoxazinone derivates in soil after incorporation of wheat and rye sprouts. Methods for organic synthesis of HBOA and HMBOA were developed as part of the study.

Benzoxazines↗
PubMed2005

Cell wall fractions isolated from outer layers of rye grain by sequential treatment with alpha-amylase and proteinase: structural investigation of polymers in two ryes with contrasting breadmaking quality.

Recent studies have indicated that some structural features of arabinoxylans, the major cell wall polysaccharides, might be potential quality markers in the selection of rye breeding materials. To specify the most appropriate characteristics, the differences in the structure of cell wall components were studied in two ryes with high and low breadmaking qualities. Two cell wall fractions were isolated from the outer layers of the grain (pooled shorts and bran fractions) by a consecutive water extraction with alpha-amylase (WE-A) and proteinase K (WE-P). Polysaccharides predominated in the WE-A fraction (approximately 64%, mainly arabinoxylans). By contrast, the WE-P fraction contained mostly protein (approximately 63%), and its level of polysaccharides was relatively low (approximately 18%). The 1H NMR and sugar analysis of the ammonium sulfate precipitated subfractions revealed that the WE-A was built of four arabinoxylan populations with marked structural differences (arabinose-to-xylose ratios, Ara/Xyl, of approximately 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2). Instead, the arabinoxylans present in the WE-P were generally enriched in disubstituted xylopyranosyl residues. The ratio of phenolic components to arabinose residues in the WE-P fraction (indicated by 1H NMR) and the proportion of polymers with the highest molecular weights in the WE-A fraction (revealed by HPSEC) distinguished well two ryes with diverse breadmaking qualities. Much less obvious differences between both ryes were observed in the ratio of amide I to amide II band intensities of FTIR spectra for the WE-P and in the level of phenolic acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers for both cell wall preparations.

Arabinose↗
PubMed2005

Extraction of rye bran by supercritical carbon dioxide: influence of temperature, CO2, and cosolvent flow rates.

Process parameter optimization for the supercritical CO(2) extraction of rye bran to obtain alkylresorcinols (AR) was studied by carrying out a two-level fractional design experiment. Four parameters, temperature, CO(2) flow rate, cosolvent percentage, and extraction time, presumed to influence the extraction process, were analyzed. A tentative fractionation of the crude extract was also carried out and is discussed. The best extracts were achieved when the CO(2) flow rate and extraction time or temperature and cosolvent addition were kept high. It was found that temperature increase was not statistically significant within the range of the study performed, and the extraction time was thus the most important factor. A preliminary fractionation process in two cyclone separators yielded two fractions, one rich in AR components with higher molecular weights and the other rich in AR components with low molecular weight.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2006

Effect of germination and thermal treatments on folates in rye.

Effects of germination conditions and thermal processes on folate contents of rye were investigated. Total folate contents were determined microbiologically with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 7469) as the growth indicator organism, and individual folates were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after affinity chromatographic purification. Germination increased the folate content by 1.7-3.8-fold, depending on germination temperature, with a maximum content of 250 micro g/100 g dry matter. Hypocotylar roots with their notably high folate concentrations (600-1180 micro g/100 g dry matter) contributed 30-50% of the folate contents of germinated grains. Germination altered the proportions of folates, increasing the proportion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and decreasing the proportion of formylated folate compounds. Thermal treatments (extrusion, autoclaving and puffing, and IR and toasting) resulted in significant folate losses. However, folate levels in grains that were germinated and then were heat processed were higher than for native (nongerminated) grains. Opportunities to optimize rye processing to enhance folate levels in rye-based foods are discussed.

Folic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Influence of agronomic factors and extraction rate on the acrylamide contents in yeast-leavened breads.

Because the impact of agronomical factors on bakery products quality is still an insufficiently studied field, acrylamide contents of breads produced from flours of nine wheat, two rye, and two spelt varieties harvested in 2003 and 2004 were investigated. It could be demonstrated that acrylamide content in bread strongly depends on the cultivar, with extremes differing by a factor of 5.4 due to marked differences in free asparagine and crude protein contents. Nitrogen fertilization also resulted in elevated amino acid and protein contents, thus increasing acrylamide levels from 10.6 to 55.6 mug/kg. Independent of fertilization, harvest year turned out to be another factor influencing acrylamide formation. Breads produced from 2003 flours showed significantly higher acrylamide contents than those of 2004, which was ascribed to favorable light and temperature conditions during the cultivation period, thus enhancing amino acid and protein contents. Sprouting of the grain also resulted in significantly higher acrylamide levels, which was attributed to elevated enzyme activities and the formation of precursors from protein and starch. Furthermore, bakery products made from flours with higher extraction rates were shown to contain higher acrylamide levels resulting from extracted free asparagine and protein from the aleuron layers of the cereal grain.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2000

Characterization and esterification of hemicelluloses from rye straw.

Hemicelluloses were extracted with 10% KOH/0.5% Na(2)B(4)O(7). 10H(2)O from delignified rye straw. Esterification of the hemicelluloses with various acyl chlorides was performed in a homogeneous N,N-dimethylformamide and lithium chloride system using 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine catalyst and triethylamine as a neutralizer. The degree of substitution was controlled between 0.37 and 1.65. Under an optimum condition (sample 14, molar ratio 3:1), >90% of the free hydroxyl groups in native hemicelluloses were stearoylated at 75 degrees C for 40 min. Meanwhile, the products were characterized by FT-IR and GPC techniques as well as their solubilities. The molecular mass measurements (31400-123300 g mol(-)(1)) showed only a minimal degradation of the macromolecular hemicelluloses during rapid reactions at 48-75 degrees C for 20-40 min.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of in-line connected diode array and electrochemical detectors in the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of coenzymes Q(9) and Q(10) in food materials.

In-line connected electrochemical (EC) and diode array (DAD) detectors were compared in the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) analysis of coenzymes Q(9) and Q(10) in some food materials (beef steak, beef heart, Baltic herring fillet, and rye flour). Coenzymes Q(9) and Q(10) were extracted from the samples using a 5:1 n-hexane-ethanol mixture. Coefficient of variation (CV%) of quadruplicate or quintuplicate determined samples for coenzymes Q(9) and Q(10) was <10 by both EC detector and DAD. Responses of the detection systems were linear in the range evaluated, 10-200 ng/injection, and had correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999. Recoveries of added coenzymes Q(9) and Q(10) varied 73-105% for DAD and 74-103% for EC detector, respectively. Detection limits for coenzymes Q(9) and Q(10) using the DAD system were 4 and 6 ng/injection, respectively, and 0.2 and 0.3 ng/injection by EC detection. Results derived from the two detection systems were generally similar. However, although EC detector was 20-fold more sensitive, the selectivity was, in some cases, poorer than that of DAD.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Isolation and characterization of a cyclic hydroxamic acid from a pollen extract, which inhibits cancerous cell growth in vitro.

One fraction, designated FV-7, in the water soluble ingredient of the pollen extract Cernilton was found to be inhibitory to the growth of a prostate cancer cell line. Characterization of FV-7 by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance identified the fraction as hydroxamic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA). To confirm this further, we synthesized an authentic sample of DIBOA and found subsequently that the synthetic DIBOA was structurally indistinguishable from FV-7. Furthermore, in a separate experiment we compared the in vitro effects of FV-7 and DIBOA on the growth of a prostate cancer cell line and found that in both cases the effect was inhibitory and that the inhibition curves obtained for both compounds were virtually identical.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification and analysis of multivalent proteolytically resistant peptides from gluten: implications for celiac sprue.

Dietary gluten proteins from wheat, rye, and barley are the primary triggers for the immuno-pathogenesis of Celiac Sprue, a widespread immune disease of the small intestine. Recent molecular and structural analyses of representative gluten proteins, most notably alpha- and gamma-gliadin proteins from wheat, have improved our understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms. In particular, based on the properties of a 33-mer peptide, generated from alpha-gliadin under physiological conditions, a link between digestive resistance and inflammatory character of gluten has been proposed. Here, we report three lines of investigation in support of this hypothesis. First, biochemical and immunological analysis of deletion mutants of alpha-2 gliadin confirmed that the DQ2 restricted T cell response to the alpha-2 gliadin are directed toward the epitopes clustered within the 33-mer. Second, proteolytic analysis of a representative gamma-gliadin led to the identification of another multivalent 26-mer peptide that was also resistant to further gastric, pancreatic and intestinal brush border degradation, and was a good substrate of human transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Analogous to the 33-mer, the synthetic 26-mer peptide displayed markedly enhanced T cell antigenicity compared to monovalent control peptides. Finally, in silico analysis of the gluten proteome led to the identification of at least 60 putative peptides that share the common characteristics of the 33-mer and the 26-mer peptides. Together, these results highlight the pivotal role of physiologically generated, proteolytically stable, TG2-reactive, multivalent peptides in the immune response to dietary gluten in Celiac Sprue patients. Prolyl endopeptidase treatment was shown to abolish the antigenicity of both the 33-mer and the 26-mer peptides, and was also predicted to have comparable effects on other proline-rich putatively immunotoxic peptides identified from other polypeptides within the gluten proteome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

A survey of Fusarium toxins in cereal-based foods marketed in an area of southwest Germany.

A total of 237 commercially available samples of cereal-based foods including bread and related products, noodles, breakfast cereals, baby and infant foods, rice and other foods were randomly collected in southwest Germany during the first six months of 1998. The trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-,15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry following clean-up by a two stage solid-phase extraction. Detection limits ranged between 2 and 12 micrograms/kg. Based on all samples, the incidence of DON, HT-2, T-2, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, and NIV was at 71, 18, 4, 4, 4 and 2%, respectively; the average contents in positive samples were at 103, 16, 14, 17, 24 and 109 micrograms/kg, respectively. Fus-X was not detected in any sample. A lower (P < 0.05) DON content was found in baby and infant foods as well as in cookies and cakes compared to bread. Overall, based on the incidence and level of all six toxins, the degree of contamination was lowest in baby and infant foods. Foods produced from either white or whole grain flour did not differ (P > 0.05) with regard to the incidence and level of DON. In foods produced from cereals of organic production both the incidence and median content of DON was lower compared to conventional production. Zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in 20 selected samples, mostly baby and infant foods. These toxins were not present in excess of the detection limit in any sample.

Bread↗
PubMed2000

Gametocidal factor-induced structural rearrangements in rye chromosomes added to common wheat.

The gametocidal factor on the Aegilops cylindrica chromosome 2Cc was used to induce and analyze the nature of chromosomal rearrangements in rye chromosomes added to wheat. For this purpose we isolated plants disomic for a given rye chromosome and monosomic for 2Cc and analyzed their progenies cytologically. Rearranged rye chromosomes were identified in 7% of the progenies and consisted of rye deficiencies (4.6%), wheat rye dicentric and rye ring chromosomes (1.8%), and terminal translocations (0.6%). The dicentric and ring chromosomes initiated breakage-fusion-bridge cycles (BFB) that ceased within a few weeks after germination as the result of chromosome healing. Of 56 rye deficiencies identified, after backcrossing and selfing, only 33 were recovered in either homozygous or heterozygous condition covering all rye chromosomes except 7R. The low recovery rate is probably caused by the presence of multiple rearrangements induced in the wheat genome that resulted in poor plant vigor and seed set, low transmission, and an underestimation of the frequency of wheat rye dicentric chromosomes. Genomic in-situ hybridization (GISH) analysis of the 33 recovered rye deficiencies revealed that 30 resulted from a single break in one chromosome arm followed by the loss of the segment distal to the breakpoint. Only three had a wheat segment attached distal to the breakpoint. Although some of the Gc-induced rye rearrangements were derived from BFB cycles, all of the recovered rye rearrangements were simple in structure. The healing of the broken chromosome ends was achieved either by the de-novo addition of telomeric repeats leading to deficiencies and telocentric chromosomes or by the fusion with other broken ends in the form of stable monocentric terminal translocation chromosomes.

Chromosomes↗
PubMed1999

A novel repetitive sequence, termed the JNK repeat family, located on an extra heterochromatic region of chromosome 2R of Japanese rye.

Among cultivated rye, Seccale cereale L., collected in Japan, we found an extra heterochromatin on the long-arm interstitial region of chromosome 2R. This extra heterochromatin was polymorphic in the population. The plants with the extra heterochromatin showed a specific DNA fragment of 1.2 kb in digests prepared with the restriction enzyme Dral. The fragment was cloned and used as a probe for fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH). The clone, pScJNK1, showed a hybridization signal at the extra heterochromatic region. The segregation of the number of signals corresponded to the number of the extra heterochromatin of the 2R chromosome, indicating that the sequence might construct the heterochromatin. Southern hybridization using the clone as a probe showed a ladder pattern, suggesting that the sequence was a tandem repeat. Three sequences homologous to pScJNK1 were isolated; these were 1192 1232 bp, 44.7-45.9% in GC content, highly homologous (> 93%) with each other, and did not show any significant homology to other sequences in a DNA database. Slot blot hybridization using pScJNK1 as a probe indicated that there were about 4000 copies of the sequence in the haploid genome carrying the extra heterochromatin, whereas less than 20 copies existed in the genome without the heterochromatin. Southern hybridization using MspI and HapII indicated that all of the second cytosine nucleotides in CCGG sites in the sequence were methylated in the extra heterochromatin.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Neocentric activity of rye 5RL chromosome in wheat.

The neocentric activity of a constriction located on the long arm of rye 5R chromosome (5RL) was analysed. It is not observed in normal rye but it is unusually stretched in bivalents involving 5RL telosomes in wheat-ditelosomic 5RL addition lines. In 20% of metaphase I cells, the 5RL bivalent presents the centromeres oriented to one pole and the constrictions oriented towards the opposite pole with a strong tension. In 5% of the cells, the constriction was able to orient the bivalent to the poles without tension in the centromeres. Sister chromatid cohesion, which is one of the distinct features of centromeric function, is persistent at the constriction in delayed 5RL chromosomes at anaphase I. Neither the elongation of the constriction nor the neocentric activity was observed at second meiotic division or mitosis. FISH studies showed that the 5RL constriction lacked detectable quantities of two repetitive DNA sequences, CCS1 and the 180-bp knob repeat, present at cereal centromeres and neocentromeres, respectively. We propose that, under special conditions, such as the wheat background, the normally non-centromeric DNA present at this region of 5RL acquires a specific chromatin structure, differentiated as an elongated constriction, which is able to function as a centromere.

Anaphase↗