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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Systemic terbinafine treatment of dermatophytoses in children].

Terbinafine is the first orally active allylamine. Though it is available since several years, experience in children is rather limited. We report about five cases of dermatophytoses in children successfully treated with oral terbinafine. Five children (age: 10 month to 14 years) with a clinical and mycological diagnosis of dermatophytosis were treated with oral terbinafine according to their body weight: 250 mg/d (< 40 kg), 125 mg/d (20-40 kg) and 62.5 mg/d (< 20 kg). The course of treatment was 2 to 4 weeks. In 2/5 patients previous systemic treatment with oral griseofulvin failed. Terbinafine therapy resulted in a complete clearance of mycotic infections (both clinical and mycological) in 5/5 children. No unwanted side-effects were observed. During a nine month follow-up no relaps occurred. In our five cases tolerability, clinical and mycological response of terbinafin therapy were excellent. Its penetration into sebum and only slow release from skin glands may explain the efficacy even in short-time therapy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Descriptive epidemiology of acne vulgaris in the community.

Acne is a common skin condition. No universally accepted standardized classification system for acne vulgaris exists, although there is a strong need for it. Thus, the clinical definition of acne has been unclear in many studies. The reported prevalence of acne varies from 35 to over 90% of adolescents at some stage. In some studies the prevalence of comedones approaches 100% in both sexes during adolescence. The prevalence of acne varies between sexes and age groups, appearing earlier in females than in males, possibly reflecting the earlier onset of puberty. There is a greater severity of acne in males than in females in the late teens, which is compatible with androgens being a potent stimulus to sebum secretion. The prevalence of acne at a given age has been shown to be highly dependent on the degree of sexual maturity. Acne commonly shows a premenstrual increase in women. Some studies have detected seasonal variability in acne vulgaris, with the colder months associated with exacerbation and the warmer months showing improvement. Other studies have not confirmed these findings. Several studies that have investigated the psychosocial impact of acne have had conflicting results. The prevalence of severe acne has decreased over the past 20 years due to improved treatment. The general prevalence figure for acne may be confounded by treatment and this factor needs to be accounted for when collecting data.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2004

Immune response in demodicosis.

BACKGROUND: Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are obligatory parasites in the hair follicles and in the pilosebaceous glands. Although most people are infested with these mites, only a small number develop the clinical symptoms of demodicosis. The objective of this study was to determine the distinguishing features of the immune response to the infestation of the skin by Demodex mites. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with human demodicosis and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects participated in the study. The presence of mites was determined by microscopic inspection of secretion from sebum glands. The immune response was evaluated in the peripheral blood by identifying membrane markers of different immune cells using monoclonal antibodies, while the concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM and IgG was calculated by simple radial immunodiffusion using anti-IgA, anti-IgM and anti-IgG. The level of circulating immune complexes and total haemolytic complement, as well as the preparatory and digestive function of neutrophils, and the functional activity of leucocytes were also studied. RESULTS: The absolute number of CD95+ was higher in patients with demodicosis. The absolute number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD16+ cells, the ratio CD3+/CD20+ and the functional activity of leucocytes were significantly lower in individuals infested with Demodex mites. No significant differences were found in the percentage and absolute number of CD20+ cells, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell subpopulations, circulating immune complexes, level of serum complement activity (CH(50)), activity and index of phagocytosis and the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies between individuals infested with Demodex mites and the control group. CONCLUSION: The readiness of lymphocytes to undergo apoptosis increases in parallel to the increasing density of the mites. This could be the result of local immunosuppression caused by the mites, which allows them to survive in the host skin.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Skin climacteric aging and hormone replacement therapy.

A gender perspective is indispensable for a full understanding of aging. Menopause is a turning point in women's lives. In addition to the effects of chronological aging, sunlight exposure, and other environmental and endogenous stimuli, the climacteric appears to exert some dramatic consequences on skin biology and aspect. The epidermis may become xerotic and exhibit altered functions. The dermis thins out and its elasticity decreases in concert with the decline in bone mass. The skin microcirculation is impaired. These aspects are some of the better worked-out changes of the climacteric, which in turn seem to be stabilized or in part reversible with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The HRT effect on menopause consequences on hair growth and sebum production is less impressive. This review summarizes some important impacts of the climacteric on skin, and highlights the benefits of HRT that may influence cosmetic dermatology.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Atopic xerosis: employment of noninvasive biophysical instrumentation for the functional analyses of the mildly abnormal stratum corneum and for the efficacy assessment of skin care products.

The subtle dryness of the skin surrounding the lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) is called atopic dry skin or atopic xerosis (AX). AX is more susceptible to the development of AD skin lesions under various environmental stimuli than the clinically normal skin of the people who have or have had or will have AD, which might be called normal atopic skin (NAS) that shows no functional differences as compared to the skin of normal individuals. Routine histopathologic studies of AX that involve the invasive procedures of biopsy are not so helpful in clarifying the underlying pathogenesis. Modern, noninvasive biophysical instrumentation provides rich and quantitative information about various functional aspects of skin. The stratum corneum (SC) of AX reveals not only decreased hydration but also mildly impaired barrier function demonstrable as an increase in transepidermal water loss, elevated pH values, and an increased turnover rate of the SC consisting of thick layers of smaller-sized corneocytes. These data suggest that AX is related to mildly increased epidermal proliferation as a result of the presence of subclinical cutaneous inflammation. Although AX skin does not display any impairment in the recovery of barrier function after physical skin irritation by tape-stripping, it produces a much more severe, long-lasting inflammatory response together with a delay in barrier repair after chemical irritation such as that induced by sodium lauryl sulphate. The SC of AX is biochemically characterized by reduction in the amounts of ceramides, especially ceramide I, sebum lipids, and water-soluble amino acids. None of these changes in SC functions are seen in NAS, which includes not only the normal-looking skin of AD patients long after regression of all active lesions but also of latent atopic skin such as neonates who later develop AD. This suggests that all of the observed functional as well as biochemical abnormalities of AX are a reflection of subclinical inflammation. The presence of the underlying inflammation in AX also differentiates it from senile xerosis. The mildly impaired SC functions of AX can be improved by daily repeated applications of effective moisturizers, i.e., corneotherapy, which is effective in preventing the exacerbating progression of AX to AD resulting from inadvertent scratching of the skin that facilitates the penetration of environmental allergens into the skin. The biophysical confirmation of such efficacy of moisturizers, including cosmetic bases on the mildly impaired barrier function and decreased water-holding capacity of the SC of AX, definitely substantiates the importance of skin care for the cosmetic skin problems that affect every individual in the cold and dry season ranging from late autumn to early spring.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed2007

Artificial hair fiber restoration in the treatment of scalp scars.

BACKGROUND: There is presently no treatment for scalp scars that is fully satisfactory. The modalities of treatment currently in use are surgery, hair transplantation, and micropigmentation. Scalp implantation with artificial hair fibers is used by some physicians as an adjunctive treatment. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the utility of artificial hair fibers to treat scalp scars. METHODS: Data were collected by the principal author from 10 hair restoration practitioners who tested polyamide hair fiber (Biofibre CE 0373/TGA by Medicap Ltd., Carpi (MO), Italy) implantation for scalp scars. RESULTS: Artificial hair fiber implantation occurred between June 1996 and December 2000, and observations continued until December 2004. Data from 54 scars from 44 patients treated showed: (1) no complications in 49 scars (90.7%); (2) mild adverse outcomes in 4 scars (7.4%)-temporary superficial inflammation-infection that subsided following topical cortisone and local/systemic antibiotic treatment; and (3) moderately adverse outcomes in 1 scar (1.9%)-significant inflammation and generalized infection requiring removal of artificial implant to alleviate. Occasional minor skin reactions, sebum plugs, and hyperseborrhea were successfully controlled and well accepted by patients. Fiber fall rate was 20% on average per annum. CONCLUSION: Data show that polyamide hair fiber restoration can be considered an adjunctive treatment for scalp scars in selected cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Airborne pigmented contact dermatitis due to musk ambrette in incense.

We reported 2 patients with pigmented contact dermatitis caused by occupational airborne contactants, whitening dyes in clothes and formaldehyde in packing adhesive tapes. A women developed airborne pigmented contact dermatitis due to musk ambrette in incense. Patch testing confirmed the diagnosis. Since olden times, people in Japan have burnt incense when they worshipped their ancestors. Recently, it has been in fashion to enjoy perfumes and people may burn incense all day long every day. Our patient burnt 2 kinds of incense every day for about 5 years. We assumed musk ambrette was volatilized when incense was burnt, and contact on her face being dissolved in sebum, thus inducing allergic pigmented contact dermatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Depigmented contact dermatitis due to incense.

A 63-year-old male school teacher with itchy depigmented macules on his left dorsum manus, left shoulder and abdomen presented at our clinic on 8 July 1986. He had practiced the incense ceremony for about 15 years, and had burnt several incenses and sandalwood. 48 h closed patch testing revealed perfume in the incenses was the cause. We assumed that perfume in the incense was volatized in air when incense was burnt; skin surface contact occurred with airborne particle, which dissolved in sebum; thus allergic contact dermatitis accompanied by depigmentation might arise.

Dermatitis, Contact↗
PubMed1976

Dermal changes in osteoporosis following prolonged treatment with human growth hormone.

Five patients with osteoporosis were treated with human growth hormone (hGH) for a year and the changes in their skin were studied by light and electron microscopy. The abnormally thin skin of osteoporosis appeared to change towards normal after treatment with hGH. There was a consistent proliferation of blood vessels, and increased number of mast cells and fibrocytes. The collagen bundles and elastic tissue fibers appeared hyperplastic and more horizontally oriented. The fine, vertical elastic fibrils of the papillary dermis had appeared decreased before treatment, but seemed to be restored to their normal configuration after treatment. Since there was no evidence of stimulation of hair, sebum, or melanin such as occurs in acromegaly, it is suggested that the scope of the direct action of hGH on the skin is limited to mesenchymal structures.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Influence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics of sliding and slider surfaces on friction coefficient: in vivo human skin friction comparison.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to investigate whether hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance (Hi/Ho) of the skin surface strongly modifies the friction coefficient (mu). The Hi/Ho balance is determined using the relationship between the critical surface tension gammac (Zisman's principle:which delimits the wetting capacity) and the surface tension of water gammaH2O (water: reference element of Hi/Ho balance). METHOD: Critical surface tension gammac was determined (according to Zisman's principle) through the measurement of advancing contact angle theta of a series of ethanol/water dilutions. Friction coefficient depends on several parameters: types of probe motions (rotational vs. linear), surface roughness and physicochemical parameters of surfaces in contact). In this study, the wettability parameters for six surfaces (human skin forearm, Teflon, silicone impression material 'Silflo', vinyl polysiloxane impression material 'resin' steel and glass) were measured and their influences were compared to friction coefficient mu. RESULTS: This study shows that the higher hydrophobia tendency of the surfaces, the lower friction coefficient. The use of three sliding materials (Teflon, steel and glass) of different Hi/Ho balance confirms the importance of these physicochemical parameters in mu. For example, Teflon with high hydrophobia has a low mu. Friction coefficient increased when hydrophobia of sliding and slider surfaces decreased. CONCLUSION: Friction coefficient value depends on the type of slider surface and its physicochemical properties. In vivo,the friction coefficient may quantify the influence of lubrificant/emolients/moisturizers. For example, the friction coefficient of hydrated skin (through the action of moisturizing products) is higher than the friction coefficient of dry skin. The relationship between the friction coefficient and the Hi/Ho balance can be reversed in the presence of water and sebum on forehead, for example.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Influence of surface lipids on skin carcinogenesis in rats.

Skin tumours were indeuced in female Wistar SPF-rats by different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP), dibenz[alpha, h]anthracene (DBA), 7,12-dimethylbenz]alpha]anthracene (DMBA), and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) being applied on the dorsal skin of 20 rats each. DBA was not carcinogenic under the experimental conditions. DMBA proved the most potent carcinogen, and MCA was more potent than BP. Half of the animals in each group underwent skin-surface lipid extraction (SSLE) before the application of carcinogen. SSLE did not influence the cumulative number of rats with skin tumours during an observation period of 15 months nor the type of tumours induced. The lipid extraction, however, increased the latency period and decreased the rate of tumour development when BP and MCA acted as carcinogens. On the contrary, SSLE enhanced the rate of tumour production by DMBA and reduced the latency period. The role of sebum and its composition in skin carcinogenesis is discussed, and an explanation of the different influence of SSLE on BP and MCA carcinogenesis is discussed, and and explanation of the different influence of SSLE on BP and MCA carcinogenesis in contrast to DMBA carcinogenesis is sought in differences in metabolic activation of the carcinogens.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1987

Foam in the external part of the eye.

Foam in the external part of the eye has been measured at the slit-lamp on 274 normal subjects. Foam occurred in 78%, most frequently in the outer canthus, on the skin round this, and in the lateral half of the lid margin. The age group of 30-50 years predominated. The foam-covered areas averaged 1.1 mm2, the largest amount always being found laterally (0.93 mm2). The lateral amount of foam was maximal in the age group of 30-50 years, while the medial maximum was seen in the age group of 60-70 years. The incidence of foam was not correlated to the lipid layer on the precorneal film, expressibility of Meibomian secretion, scales on the lid margin, or greasy hair. A hypothesis has been advanced for the mainly lateral position of the foam: blinking whips up the foam, which possibly has sebum admixed.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Identification of a ventral scent marking pheromone in the male Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

Sebum from the ventral scent marking gland of the male Mongolian gerbil was fractionated and tested for its ability to elicit behavioral response in a conditioning task and in a stimulus preference situation. The active fraction was identified as phenylacetic acid; both it and a synthetic sample elicited the same behavioral response. Phenylacetic acid appears to be a major pheromone of the male Mongolian gerbil.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Contamination of broiler carcass skin during commercial processing procedures: an electron microscopic study.

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used in conjunction with normal microbiological cultural techniques to examine some aspects of contamination of broiler carcass skin by bacteria during processing. The autochthonous skin microflora of poultry, before processing, was mainly Micrococcus spp. which were located in accumulations of sebum-like substances on the surface of the stratum corneum. During scalding and plucking, the skin epidermis was removed, and exposed dermal tissue was contaminated by microorganisms from the mechanical plucker and subsequent stages of processing. Major sources of psychrotrophic contamination were the immersion washer and chiller water. Microbial contaminants were found within a fluid film on the skin surface and inside deep skin channels. Skin microtopography and the presence of the liquid film were implicated as major factors controlling contamination during processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Acne: a review of immunologic and microbiologic factors.

Acne vulgaris is a self-limiting skin disorder seen primarily in adolescents, whose aetiology appears to be multifactorial. The four main aetiological factors are hypercornification of the pilosebaceous duct, increased sebum production, colonization with Propionibacterium acnes, and subsequently the production of inflammation. Considerable investigation has addressed the immunologic reaction to extracellular products produced by the acne-causing organism, P acnes. The immunologic response involves both humoral and cell-mediated pathways. Further research should clarify the role of complement, cytotoxins, and neutrophils in this acne-forming response.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1990

The pathogenesis and treatment of acne.

Acne is a follicular disorder of the skin occurring in specialized pilosebaceous units on the face and trunk. An abnormality of the keratinizing epithelium of these follicles, thought to be due to the action of sebum synthesized and secreted by the androgen-sensitive sebaceous glands, leads to inflammation induced by the follicular bacterium, Propionibacterium acnes. Therapy involves treatments that modify these pathogenic factors and includes drugs with antikeratinizing, antibacterial, and antiseborrheic actions.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1989

Mature teratoma of the retroperitoneum: radiologic, pathologic, and clinical correlation.

The authors retrospectively evaluated radiologic, clinical, and pathologic findings in 23 cases of mature teratoma arising within peri- or pararenal spaces. Radiologic studies--including abdominal radiographs (21 cases), excretory urograms (12 cases), sonograms (17 cases), and computed tomographic (CT) scans (18 cases)--were evaluated for tumor location, mass effect, calcification, fat, tumor invasion, echo pattern, and tissue characteristics. Most patients were female (3.4:1), younger than 6 months (50%), and asymptomatic. Abdominal radiography demonstrated a mass in 95%, calcium in 92%, and fat in 60% of cases in which CT revealed these components. Similarly, sonography showed uncomplicated fluid in 76% and calcium in 50% of cases. Fat was not reliably distinguished from other soft-tissue components on sonograms. The most characteristic radiologic findings of mature teratoma of the retroperitoneum are a complex mass containing a well-circumscribed fluid component of variable volume, adipose tissue and/or sebum in the form of a fat-fluid level, and calcification in either a congealed or linear strand pattern. These findings are better demonstrated by CT than by sonography.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Oral retinoids in the treatment of seborrhoea and acne.

Isotretinoin is an extremely effective drug if given systemically in severe forms of seborrhoea and acne, being the only retinoid with potent sebostatic properties. Its unique activity on the sebaceous gland still remains unclear since isotretinoin barely binds to cellular retinoic-acid-binding proteins and to retinoic acid receptors. Its bioavailability is approximately 25% and can be increased by food 1.5-2 times; after 30 min, the drug is detectable in the blood and maximal concentrations are reached 2-4 h after oral intake. The major metabolites of isotretinoin in blood are 4-hydroxy- and 4-oxo-isotretinoin, while several glucuronides are detectable in the bile. 4-Oxo-isotretinoin is present in plasma in a 2- to 4-fold higher concentration 6 h after a single dose. Steady-state concentrations appear after 1 week. The half-life elimination rate of the parent compound ranges from 7 to 37 h while that of some metabolites does so from 11 to 50 h. Isotretinoin crosses the placenta and is recognized as a strong teratogenic compound. About 10-30% of the drug is metabolized via its isomer tretinoin. Excretion of isotretinoin occurs after conjugation with the faeces or after metabolization with the urine. The epidermal levels of isotretinoin are rather low and no progressive accumulation, either in serum or in the skin, is found. After discontinuation of therapy, isotretinoin disappears from serum and skin within 2-4 weeks. Isotretinoin is the most effective drug in reducing sebaceous gland size (up to 90%) by decreasing proliferation of basal sebocytes, suppressing sebum production and inhibiting sebocyte differentiation in vivo. The molecular basis for its antisebotrophic activity has not been fully elucidated. Isotretinoin also exhibits anti-inflammatory activities. Systemic isotretinoin is today the regimen of choice in severe seborrhoea, since it reduces sebocyte lipid synthesis by 75% with daily doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg after 4 weeks. Patients who have received oral isotretinoin therapy for seborrhoea do not usually experience a relapse for months or years. In severe acne, a 6- to 12-month treatment with isotretinoin 1 mg/kg/day reduced to 0.5 or 0.2 mg/kg/day according to the response is recommended (cumulative dose of > 120 mg/kg). Contraception is essential during isotretinoin treatment in women of childbearing age 1 month before, during and for 3 months after discontinuation of treatment.

Acne Vulgaris↗