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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

TRAF6-deficient mice display hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an adapter protein that links signals from members of the TNFR superfamily and Toll/IL-1 receptor family to activation of transcription factors NFkappaB and AP-1. Analysis of TRAF6-deficient mice revealed that TRAF6 is essential for normal bone formation and establishment of immune and inflammatory systems. Here we report that TRAF6 deficiency results in defective development of epidermal appendixes, including guard hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands of back skin, and modified sebaceous glands such as meibomian glands, anal glands, and preputial glands. Except the sebaceous gland impairment, these abnormal phenotypes are identical to those observed in Tabby (Ta), downless (dl), and crinkled (cr) mice, which are models of hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia in human. beta-catenin and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1, an early marker of developing guard-hair follicles is absent in the skin of TRAF6-deficient embryos. Thus, TRAF6 is essential for development of epidermal appendixes. TRAF6 does not associate with the cytoplasmic tail of the dl protein (DL)/ectodysplasin receptor (EDAR) receptor, which, when mutated, results in hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia. However, TRAF6 associates with X-linked ectodysplasin-A2 receptor (XEDAR) and TNFR super family expressed on the mouse embryo (TROY/toxicity and JNK inducer (TAJ), which are EDAR-related members of the TNFR superfamily that are expressed at high level in epidermal appendixes. Furthermore, TRAF6 is essential for the XEDAR-mediated NFkappaB activation. Our results suggest that TRAF6 may transduce signals emanating from XEDAR or TROY/TAJ that are associated with development of epidermal appendixes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Distribution of androgen metabolizing enzymes in isolated tissues of human forehead and axillary skin.

The distribution of androgen metabolism in human skin was studied using tissues isolated either by direct dissection of axillary skin or by dissection of collagenase-digested forehead and axillary skin. All tissues (epidermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and dermis) were found to contain 17beta-, 3beta- and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-delta4--5 isomerase (delta5-3beta-HSD) activity and 5alpha-reductase activity. All tissues converted testosterone into 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. In confirmation of previous histochemical studies, over 90% of the delta5-3beta-HSD of forehead skin was found in the sebaceous glands. In forehead skin, 40--66% of the 5alpha-reductase activity was in the sebaceous glands, while in axillary skin 50--70% was in the sweat glands, especially the apocrine glands. There was a more even distribution of 17beta-HSD activity in skin tissues than histochemical studies have indicated previously. Knowledge of the distribution of these enzymes has helped in the understanding of the function of androgen metabolism in skin.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Skin adnexa in leprosy and their role in the dissemination of M. leprae.

Skin biopsies from twenty patients each of tuberculoid, border-line and lepromatous leprosy were studied with a view to find out the presence of bacilli in sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and arrector pili muscles and also the pattern of destruction of these tissues by leprous granuloma. M. leprae are found in large numbers in sweat glands, sweat ducts, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and arrector pili muscles. Further in lepromatous leprosy the granulomas mainly surround the skin adnexa which atrophy due to pressure by the granuloma. However in tuberculoid leprosy the inflammatory cells infiltrate the adnexal tissues and destroy them. This study confirms that M. leprae are discharged and disseminated through sweat and sebaceous secretions and therefore infection through skin to skin contact can be one of the common modes of transmission of the disease.

Hair↗
PubMed1999

[Sebaceous carcinoma of the parotid gland].

Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare tumor, from the adnexal epithélium of the sebaceous glands. Usually, lesions arise in meibonian glands of the eyelid. However, extraocular lesions within head and neck have been reported. We report a case of recurrent sebaceous carcinoma of the parotid gland without metastases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The structure of the skin of the ear in domesticated pigs, with special reference to their use for human dermatological research. 2. Specific histology of the integument].

Based on light microscopy, the study describes the specific histology of the ear integument of the white domesticated pig. After careful tissue fixation and embedding, routine histological staining, collagen fibre staining, fat demonstration based on frozen sections, and ink injection of the integumental blood vessel system were applied. A detailed description is presented of the structure of the skin layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), the ear cartilage envelopes (fascia, perichondrium), the plica scaphae, the blood vessel distribution, the architecture of the collagen fibre bundles, as well as the hair follicles and the skin glands (sebaceous glands, apocrine tubular glands). The results are discussed with regard to a direct comparison with the histological structure of the human integument, and the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the porcine ear skin as model system in human dermatological research are emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Activity of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in various tissues of human skin.

The activity of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) was assayed in various tissues microdissected from the freeze-dried human skin of fourteen subjects. The apocrine sweat gland, sebaceous gland and hair follicle possessed a high activity of 17 beta-HSD. The enzyme activity was negligible in the epidermis, except that the scalp epidermis showed much the same activity as the hair follicle. The demis showed variable activity because of contamination with other components.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1996

Expression of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in human skin.

Bombesin-related peptides are expressed in the skin of batrachians and mammals. As gastrin-releasing peptide belongs to this family, we searched for the presence and distribution of gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPr) in the skin of healthy human adults by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and electron microscopy. The results indicated that GRPr are expressed on nerves and vessels in the dermis, on eccrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands and erector pili muscle. Within epidermis, staining was localized only on basal and suprabasal layer cells, or in the whole epidermis, according to the samples studied. Interestingly, suprabasal epidermal dendritic cells occasionally showed a strong labelling. Some of these epidermal dendritic cells were identified as Langerhans' cells by immunoelectron microscopy studies. Flow cytometry analysis of crude epidermal cell suspensions resulted in the expression of GRPr on about 43% of the cells. Therefore, we investigated whether human GRPr could modulate Langerhans' cells antigen-presenting functions. For this purpose, we added increasing concentrations of GRP (10(-12) to 10(-5) M) to mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reactions. Allogeneic T-cell proliferation was not significantly modified when added to GRP-pretreated epidermal cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated the presence of GRPr in human skin, suggesting that GRP may modulate epidermal cell functions but does not modify antigenic presentation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Age-associated decrease of CD1d protein production in normal human skin.

BACKGROUND: CD1d belongs to a family of antigen-presenting molecules structurally related to the classical major histocompatibility complex class I proteins. OBJECTIVES: To examine the expression pattern of CD1d protein in normal human skin with ageing. METHODS: Twenty normal human skin biopsy specimens were obtained from 20 healthy individuals. The latter were divided into three age groups: children (5-20 years), adults (21-50 years) and the elderly (51-81 years). The intensity of CD1d protein production was examined in human skin using immunofluorescent and immunoalkalinephosphatase staining methods. RESULTS: In the epidermis, CD1d protein production was strong in the skin of the children and declined gradually with age, being moderate in adults and weak in the elderly. As compared with values in children, there was a statistically significant decrease (P<0.05) in CD1d protein production in the elderly. In the dermis, CD1d protein production was strong in the fibroblasts, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels and hair follicles regardless of age. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports a decreased CD1d protein production in normal human skin with ageing. The clinical ramifications of these observations mandate further investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

In vivo effects of epidermal growth factor on epidermal pattern formation and hair follicle initiation in the marsupial bandicoot Isoodon macrourus.

The extrauterine development of marsupial pouch young (northern brown bandicoot Isoodon macrourus) has facilitated the study of the effects of murine epidermal growth factor (mEGF) on pattern formation in skin. Hair follicle initiation and development, which in the mouse would occur from about Days 13-14 of gestation onward, occurs postnatally. In the present study the effect in vivo of mEGF on developing skin corresponding to mouse gestational ages from Day 13 onward was examined. Subcutaneous injections of mEGF (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 microg g[-1] body weight) or equivalent volumes of saline (0.9% w/w) were administered daily, before and during hair follicle initiation and development. Murine EGF inhibited the formation of hair follicles, hair follicle sweat glands, sebaceous glands and dermal papillae. The pattern of follicle initiation was perturbed. The characteristic trio follicle grouping was absent, and follicle rudiment densities (no. per mm2 skin surface) were significantly lower in animals treated with mEGF, whereas follicle diameters were increased. These data may reflect a role for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in epidermal pattern formation. The EGF receptor and its potential ligands (such as EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF-alpha) or other yet-to-be-discovered ligands) perhaps act as parts of a pattern-forming system in vertebrate skin.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Lymphadenoma lacking sebaceous differentiation in the parotid gland.

Sebaceous lymphadenoma is a rare salivary gland neoplasm that is composed of solid or cystic sebaceous elements in a dense lymphoid background. An even rarer tumor resembling sebaceous lymphadenoma but without the sebaceous element has also been recognized. This unusual tumor has been named "lymphadenoma lacking sebaceous differentiation" (LLSD) or simply "lymphadenoma". Because of the rarity of this entity, detailed clinicopathological manifestations have not been properly characterized. We report a case of LLSD occurring in the left parotid gland of a 49-year-old man. Histologically, the tumor was well circumscribed and composed of solid squamous islands within dense lymphoid stroma. No sebaceous differentiation could be identified in the epithelial nest. The similarity of the histological picture of the tumor to metastatic carcinoma may lead to misdiagnosis. It is therefore important for the pathologist to be aware of the distinguishing features of this unusual entity.

Adenolymphoma↗
PubMed2003

A case of sebaceous carcinoma of the parotid gland.

Sebaceous carcinoma of salivary gland origin is an extremely rare malignancy. It occurs mainly in the parotid gland. This is a case report of a sebaceous carcinoma in a 57-year-old woman who had a lump over the right parotid region for 8-9 months. The tumour was composed of small basaloid cells and large foamy cells. Sebaceous differentiation was evident in some tumour islands. This is the first case reported in the Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya.

Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous↗
PubMed1994

Distribution of apoptosis-mediating Fas antigen in human skin and effects of anti-Fas monoclonal antibody on human epidermal keratinocyte and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

Fast antigen is a cell surface protein that mediates apoptosis. Using immunohistological, flow cytometry and electron microscopic analyses, we investigated the expression of Fas antigen on various skin tissues, and on cultured SV40-transformed human epidermal keratinocyte cell line KJD and human skin squamous cell carcinoma cell line HSC. The Fas antigen was widely distributed in skin components such as the keratinocytes in the lower portion of the epidermis, epidermal dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, apocrine glands, eccrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, some normal melanocytes and infiltrating lymphoid cells. It was also strongly expressed on the keratinocytes of lichenoid eruptions seen in lupus erythematosus and lichen planus, and on the spongiotic or acanthotic epidermis seen in chronic eczema, adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and atopic dermatitis. Its expression was closely correlated with lymphoid infiltrating cells and it was strongly expressed in lymphoid neoplastic cells, particularly ATLL cells, and fibroblasts seen in dermatofibroma. However, the antigen was not detected on basal cell epithelioma cells, some malignant melanomas or any junctional naevi. The cell lines KJD and HSC strongly expressed the Fas antigen, and crosslinking of the Fas antigen by an anti-Fas monoclonal antibody induced apoptosis of these cell lines. These results indicate that the apoptosis-mediating Fas antigen may play an important role in normal skin turnover and cell differentiation, in immune regulation of skin tumours, and in the pathogenesis of various skin diseases.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗