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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Functional heterogeneity of single pancreatic beta-cells stimulated by L-leucine and the methyl ester of succinic or glutamic acid.

Single pancreatic beta-cells exposed to D-glucose in the absence or presence of L-leucine and to the amino acid in the absence or presence of either the monomethyl ester of succinic acid (SME) or the dimethyl ester of glutamic acid (GME) were examined in a reverse hemolytic plaque assay for insulin release. At a D-glucose concentration of 11.1 mM, plaque-forming cells amounted to 84.8 +/- 1.0% including 11.4 +/- 4.1% of cells forming large plaques. These percentages were not increased by the incorporation of L-leucine (5 mM) into the incubation medium despite the fact that the amino acid, when tested in the absence of D-glucose, caused sizeable secretory activity. When the secretory response evoked by L-leucine was increased by either SME (10 mM) or GME (3 mM), marked heterogeneity of individual beta-cells in terms of both the occurrence and magnitude of hemolytic plaques was again observed. These findings argue against the view that the heterogeneity in secretory behavior of isolated purified beta-cells can be accounted for solely by differences in hexose metabolism as conceivably attributable to individual variations in glucokinase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1955

On the chemical composition of the axoplasm of squid giant nerve fibers with particular reference to its ion pattern.

Investigations dealing with the determination of the major chemical constituents of the axoplasm of the giant nerve fiber of the squid are described. Particular emphasis has been placed on determining the components involved in acid-base balance. It was found that 72 per cent of the total solids of axoplasm, representing 13.5 per cent of the wet material, are of relatively low molecular weight (dialyzable) and consist mainly of charged ionic or dipolar constituents. Of the 520 micromoles per gm. of total base, 72 per cent are balanced by organic acids: aspartic acid (65 micro equivalents per gm.), glutamic acid (10 micro equivalents), fumaric and succinic acids (15 micro equivalents), a new polycarboxylic acid (35 micro equivalents), and isethionic acid, a biologically novel sulfonic acid (220 micro equivalents). Besides potassium, sodium, small amounts of calcium, and magnesium there is a considerable fraction of organic (nitrogenous) base. Other features of the chemical composition of squid axoplasm include a relatively high concentration of taurine (100 micro equivalents) and an ultraviolet absorbing substance possibly identical with N-methylpicolinic acid. The distribution of the phosphates, especially the concentration of ATP, has been investigated. Specific techniques elaborated in connection with this study have been described and the biochemical implications of the analytical results are discussed.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2006

Lactobacillus casei metabolic potential to utilize citrate as an energy source in ripening cheese: a bioinformatics approach.

AIMS: To identify potential pathways for citrate catabolism by Lactobacillus casei under conditions similar to ripening cheese. METHODS AND RESULTS: A putative citric acid cycle (PCAC) for Lact. casei was generated utilizing the genome sequence, and metabolic flux analyses. Although it was possible to construct a unique PCAC for Lact. casei, its full functionality was unknown. Therefore, the Lact. casei PCAC was evaluated utilizing end-product analyses of citric acid catabolism during growth in modified chemically defined media (mCDM), and Cheddar cheese extract (CCE). Results suggest that under energy source excess and limitation in mCDM this micro-organism produces mainly L-lactic acid and acetic acid, respectively. Both organic acids were produced in CCE. Additional end products include D-lactic acid, acetoin, formic acid, ethanol, and diacetyl. Production of succinic acid, malic acid, and butanendiol was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Under conditions similar to those present in ripening cheese, citric acid is converted to acetic acid, L/D-lactic acid, acetoin, diacetyl, ethanol, and formic acid. The PCAC suggests that conversion of the citric acid-derived pyruvic acid into acetic acid, instead of lactic acid, may yield two ATPs per molecule of citric acid. Functionality of the PCAC reductive route was not observed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This research describes a unique PCAC for Lact. casei. Additionally, it describes the citric acid catabolism end product by this nonstarter lactic acid bacteria during growth, and under conditions similar to those present in ripening cheese. It provides insights on pathways preferably utilized to derive energy in the presence of limiting carbohydrates by this micro-organism.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1997

Acid tolerance and acid-neutralizing activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum.

The tolerance to acid and the acid-neutralizing activity of three important periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum were studied. P. gingivalis strains grew only at neutral pH and did not utilize glucose, whereas strains of P. intermedia and F. nucleatum could grow under acidic conditions and increased their growth by utilizing glucose. P. gingivalis tended to raise the culture pH during growth. P. intermedia and F. nucleatum raised the culture pH during growth in the absence of glucose, while in the presence of glucose they decreased the pH. Resting cell suspensions of all the bacteria raised the pH in the presence of tryptone and casamino acids. Acid-neutralizing activity was confirmed by measuring base production at a fixed pH with a pH-stat. During neutralization, the cells produced cytotoxic substrates, ammonia and organic acids (butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids by P. gingivalis; isovaleric and succinic acids by P. intermedia; propionic and butyric acids by F. nucleatum). These findings suggest that deamination of amino acids into ammonia and organic acids occurs simultaneously with base production, resulting in acid neutralization. These results could partially explain the survival of P. intermedia and F. nucleatum in both supragingival and subgingival plaque and the apparent restriction of P. gingivalis to subgingival plaque. The former bacteria may aid in creation of an environment fostering colonization of subgingival plaque by P. gingivalis.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1994

Production of a bioflocculant by mixed culture.

Colony groups that form large amounts of slime externally were obtained from activated sludge among phthalate-assimilating microbes. That slime, which R-3 mixed microbes produced externally, had a high level of flocculation activity. R-3 mixed strains, one of such colony groups, efficiently produced a bioflocculant (APR-3) in liquid cultures of production medium, especially that containing starch and glucose (1:1) as carbon sources. Identification of this group of bioflocculant-producing microbes (R-3 mixed strains) showed that it was comprised of four strains belonging to the genera Oerskovia, Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium, and Enterobacter. The bioflocculant (APR-3) was purified electrophoretically to homogeneity by ethanol and CPC precipitation. Its molecular mass is at least 2 x 10(6) Da. APR-3 is an acidic polysaccharide made of glucose, galactose, succinic acid, and pyruvic acid (molar ratio: 5.6:1:0.6:2.5).

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed2003

Extracellular acidic polysaccharide production by a two-membered bacterial coculture.

A two-membered coculture of strains KYM-7 and KYM-8, identified as Cellulomonas cellulans and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, respectively, produced a large amount of an extracellular polysaccharide, designated APK-78, from starch. Each strain in pure culture produced only very little amount of polysaccharide from starch; the coexistence of the two strains from the early stage of cultivation was indispensable for a large amount of polysaccharide to be produced. The polysaccharide APK-78 was acidic and composed of glucose, galactose, succinic acid, and pyruvic acid with a molar ratio of 8.1:1.0:1.7:1.0, indicating that it is a succinoglycan type of polysaccharide.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed1991

Microbial metabolism of quinoline and related compounds. XI. Degradation of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid by Microbacterium sp. H2, Agrobacterium sp. 1B and Pimelobacter simplex 4B and 5B.

From soil enrichment cultures four strains, using quinoline-4-carboxylic acid as sole source of energy and carbon, have been isolated. According to their physiological properties these bacteria have been identified as Microbacterium sp. designated H2, as Agrobacterium sp. designated 1b and Pimelobacter simplex designated 4B and 5B. Metabolites of the degradation pathway of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid have been isolated and identified. With Pimelobacter simplex 4B and 5B 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxylic acid and 8-hydroxycoumarin-4-carboxylic acid were isolated. The Agrobacterium strain accumulated 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxylic acid and 2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-4-carboxylic acid in the media during growth; with Microbacterium sp. H2 we only found 8-hydroxycoumarin-4-carboxylic acid. With mutants of Microbacterium sp. H2 which were induced with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine we found 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxylic acid, 8-hydroxy-coumarin-4-carboxylic acid and 2,3-dihydroxyphenyl-succinic acid.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1989

Diagnostic use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in radioisotope evaluation of unilateral renal artery stenosis.

Iodine-123 hippurate renography, [99mTc]diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) renography, and [99mTc]dimercapto succinic acid (DMSA) renal scintigraphy were performed before and during angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in a group of 15 hypertensive patients with angiographically "significant" unilateral renal artery stenosis. Visual and quantitative evaluation of the three radioisotope methods before ACE inhibition already disclosed abnormalities suggestive of renal artery stenosis in a high percentage (87%, 60%, and 60%, respectively) in this group of patients, but ACE inhibition further improved the diagnostic yield in all three methods (93%, 86%, and 80%). Iodine-123 hippurate renography was at least as useful as [99mTc]DTPA renography in this respect, while [99mTc]DMSA scintigraphy can be used particularly in segmental stenosis. Despite a large drop in blood pressure after ACE inhibition little adverse reactions were seen and overall renal function was fairly well maintained, the exceptions noted in patients with initially a more impaired renal function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Reverse cross-coupling in the synthesis 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid.

The present report describes the characterization of (24R and 24S)-27-nor-24-methyl-3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acids obtained in considerable amounts during the synthesis of (25RS)-3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by the electrolytic coupling of chenodeoxycholic acid and the half ester of methylsuccinic acid. The mixture of 24R and 24S diastereomers was resolved by analytical and preparative thin-layer chromatography and characterized by gas-liquid chromatography, proton magnetic resonance, and molecular rotation differences. For reference, the model compound, 27-nor-3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, was synthesized by electrolytic coupling of chenodeoxycholic acid and the half ester of succinic acid.

Cholestanols↗
PubMed1982

Histochemistry of the striated musculature in the opossum and human oesophagus.

The striated muscle component of the opossum oesophagus has been studied for fibre type as revealed by histochemical stains for succinic acid dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase and after staining with the periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The reactions were compared to those obtained in a single human oesophagus. In both species, the striated muscle consisted of Type II fibres throughout, but at the pharyngeal end, some Type I fibres passed into the muscularis externa from the lower pharyngeal constrictor and extended for a short distance along the oesophagus. Differences in the reactions to these histochemical stains indicated that the Type II fibres of the opossum oesophageal musculature are subtype A, while those of the human are subtype B.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neuronal reactions of the accessory olfactory bulb in the frog, Rana temporaria, to chemical stimulation of the vomeronasal organ].

Studies have been made on the reactions of 34 neurones from the accessory olfactory bulb of the frog Rana temporaria to stimulation of the receptors in the vomeronasal organ by amino acids (L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-valine, L-glytamic acid, glycine, L-proline, L-serine), carboxylic acids (acetic, glutaric, isovaleric, propionic and succinic acids) at a concentration 10(-4) M, as well as by "rinsing" the frog's skin. The general pattern of the background and evoked activities in the neurones of the accessory and main olfactory bulbs is similar. Neurones of the accessory bulb exhibited selective responses to all the amino acids at a concentration 10(-4) M, in which they are effective for stimulation the olfactory receptors of bony fishes. This finding indicates the adequate nature of the stimulation used for receptors of the vomeronasal organ, as well as underlies functional similarity of these receptors in the frog with the olfactory receptors of fishes.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Fermentation of 1,2-O-iso-propylidene-D-glucofuranose ("monoacetone glucose") by anaerobic bacteria.

Various species of Clostridium, Bacteroides, Propionibacterium and Eubacterium were incubated in a 1% solution of 1,2-O-iso-propylidene-D-glucofuranose in a peptone-yeast-extract (PY) medium according to the VPI-technique. The volatile and non volatile acids were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. All microorganisms showed a pattern of VFA different from that one produced by the glucose containing medium. In most microorganisms the formation of acetic acid was suppressed while the production of propionic, butyric, valeric and iso-valeric acids was stimulated. The production of succinic acid was not affected. Simultaneous determination of monoacetone glucose and glucose in the culture medium showed that the glucose analogue is used to a lesser extent than glucose.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1993

Novel, negatively charged, human serum albumins display potent and selective in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity.

We prepared a series of modified proteins and peptides by derivatizing the positively charged epsilon-amino groups of the lysine amino acids through reaction with anhydrides of succinic acid (Suc) and aconitic acid (Aco). Human serum albumin (HSA) was modified by introduction of a single carboxylic group (Suc-HSA) or two carboxylic groups (Aco-HSA) per amine function, yielding strongly negatively charged compounds. The in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 IC50 of Suc-HSA was about 1 microgram/ml, and the most polyanionic modified albumin of the series (Aco-HSA) exhibited an IC50 as low as 0.02 microgram/ml. Similar derivatization of the plasma protein orosomucoid or the synthetic polypeptide polylysine did not produce compounds with significant anti-HIV-1 activity, indicating an HSA-specific effect. The mechanism of action of Suc-HSA was reported to be the inhibition of a post-binding virus-cell fusion event, probably due to interference with the gp41-mediated fusion process. In the present study we demonstrate that the more potent Aco-HSA also interferes with this fusion process but, additionally, this compound inhibits (i) the binding of soluble CD4 to HIV-infected cells, (ii) the binding of HIV particles to MT-4 cells, and (iii) the binding of anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody to the gp120 molecule. This indicates that Aco-HSA, apart from post-binding fusion, also inhibits virus-cell binding by shielding viral gp120. The simultaneous inhibition of binding and fusion may lead to a synergistic effect, explaining the extreme potency of Aco-HSA. The polyanionic HSAs are significantly less active against HIV-2 and do not interfere with the replication of feline immunodeficiency virus or 12 other DNA or RNA viruses, indicating a HIV-1-specific effect. In contrast, another polyanionic compound, the sulfated polysaccharide dextran sulfate, inhibits the replication of various viruses in a more nonspecific way, as a general polyanion. Dextran sulfate also exhibits strong anticoagulant activity, whereas Suc-HSA and Aco-HSA do not show this unwanted side effect.

Anions↗
PubMed1983

Excess rumen product anions in cattle. I. Blood clearance rates and reduced liver function from sublethal doses of volatile fatty acids, lactate and succinate.

Blood clearance rates of volatile fatty acids, lactate and succinate were estimated in cattle following a single rapid intravenous injection of a Na-anion solution. Bromosulfophthalein was administered immediately before the anion to monitor the effects upon liver function, blood circulation, and dose equilibrium. Acetate, propionate, and valerate at doses up to 5 mmole/kg were cleared quickly from the blood by a first-order process without effects either upon the animal or bromosulfophthalein clearance. Injection of acetic acid solutions produced no effects. Butyrate was toxic at doses above 1 mmole/kg and progressively affected both the rate and progress of bromosulfophthalein clearance as the dose increased. Lactate and succinate were toxic and lethal at doses around 0.25 mmole/kg, and caused both reduced rates and altered progress of bromosulfophthalein clearance. The toxic reactions resulted in total collapse from loss of muscle tone. The butyrate and lactate effects were accentuated when the anion solutions were injected at low pH where a large portion of the anion would be unionized. Levels of butyrate, lactate and succinate in the rumens of feedlot cattle were high enough to provide toxic doses of these anions. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of excess rumen production of these anions upon the liver function and health of feedlot cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Extracellular oxidoreduction potential modifies carbon and electron flow in Escherichia coli.

Wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 ferments glucose to a mixture of ethanol and acetic, lactic, formic, and succinic acids. In anoxic chemostat culture at four dilution rates and two different oxidoreduction potentials (ORP), this strain generated a spectrum of products which depended on ORP. Whatever the dilution rate tested, in low reducing conditions (-100 mV), the production of formate, acetate, ethanol, and lactate was in molar proportions of approximately 2.5:1:1:0.3, and in high reducing conditions (-320 mV), the production was in molar proportions of 2:0.6:1:2. The modification of metabolic fluxes was due to an ORP effect on the synthesis or stability of some fermentation enzymes; thus, in high reducing conditions, lactate dehydrogenase-specific activity increased by a factor of 3 to 6. Those modifications were concomitant with a threefold decrease in acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) needed for biomass synthesis and a 0.5- to 5-fold decrease in formate flux. Calculations of carbon and cofactor balances have shown that fermentation was balanced and that extracellular ORP did not modify the oxidoreduction state of cofactors. From this, it was concluded that extracellular ORP could regulate both some specific enzyme activities and the acetyl-CoA needed for biomass synthesis, which modifies metabolic fluxes and ATP yield, leading to variation in biomass synthesis.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Metabolic effects of succinic and nicotinic acids in emotional pain stress].

In experiments on rats it was shown that administration of succinic and nicotinic acids in doses of 30 and 4 mg/kg for 5 days elevated pyruvic acid level and changed catecholamine balance in tissues of the aorta and heart. The administration of the drugs to rats with current-induced stress partially eliminated unfavourable shifts in carbohydrate metabolism and catecholamine balance in the aortic and cardiac tissues. Succinic acid had more pronounced metabolic activity.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2001

Selective nucleation and discovery of organic polymorphs through epitaxy with single crystal substrates.

Crystallization of 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile (1), previously found to produce six conformational polymorphs from solution, on single-crystal pimelic acid (PA) substrates results in selective and oriented growth of the metastable "YN" (yellow needle) polymorph on the (101)(PA) faces of the substrate. Though the freshly cleaved substrate crystals expose (101)(PA) and (111)(PA) faces, which are both decorated with [101](PA) ledges that could serve as nucleation sites, crystal growth of YN occurs on only (101)(PA). Goniometry measurements performed with an atomic force microscope reveal that the (001)(YN) plane contacts (101)(PA) with a crystal orientation [100](YN)//[010](PA) and [010](YN)//[101](PA). A geometric lattice analysis using a newly developed program dubbed GRACE (geometric real-space analysis of crystal epitaxy) indicates that this interfacial configuration arises from optimal two-dimensional epitaxy and that among the six polymorphs of 1, only the YN polymorph, in the observed orientation, achieves reasonable epitaxial match to (101)(PA). The geometric analysis also reveals that none of the polymorphs, including YN, can achieve comparable epitaxial match with (111)(PA), consistent with the absence of nucleation on this crystal face. In contrast, sublimation of 1 on cleaved succinic acid (SA) substrates, which expose large (010)(SA) faces decorated with steps along [101](SA), affords growth of several polymorphs, each with multiple orientations, as well as oriented crystals of a new metastable polymorph on the (010)(SA) surfaces. The lack of polymorphic selectivity on (010)(SA) can be explained by the geometric lattice analysis, which reveals low-grade epitaxial matches between (010)(SA) and several polymorphs of 1 but no inherent selectivity toward a single polymorph. These observations demonstrate the sensitivity of crystal nucleation to substrate surface structure, the potential of crystalline substrates for selective nucleation and discovery of polymorphs, and the utility of geometric lattice modeling for screening of substrate libraries for controlling polymorphism.

Benzodiazepines↗
PubMed2006

Molecular and sensory studies on the umami taste of Japanese green tea.

Aimed at defining the key drivers for the quality-determining umami taste of a high-grade powdered green tea, called mat-cha, a bioactivity-guided fractionation using solvent extraction, solvent precipitation, preparative chromatographic separations, and human psychophysical experiments was applied on freshly prepared mat-cha. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and one-/two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies on isolated fractions led to the identification of l-theanine, succinic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid), and (1R,2R,3R,5S)-5-carboxy-2,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (theogallin) as umami-enhancing compounds in the green tea beverage, and it can be shown by sensory studies that these compounds are able to raise the umami intensity of sodium l-glutamate proportionally.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗