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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Lectin binding by structures of the submandibular gland of the rat during postnatal ontogenesis in the presence of thyroid pathology].

Redistribution of lectin receptor sites in rat submandibular gland under hypo- and hyperthyroidism has been investigated using lectin-peroxidase technique. Lectin preparation include con A, peanut agglutinin (PNA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and fucose-specific lectin from Laburnum anagyroides bark (LAB). Submandibular gland is excised on the 1st, 10th, 20th and 40th days of postnatal life and in adult rats. Hyperthyroidism, as well as hypothyroidism cause a considerable decrease of con A, WGA and LAB binding with simultaneous enhancement of PNA binding in all investigated groups of the animals. The only exception from this regularity is noted for con A: hypothyroidism in adult rats and on the 40th day of postnatal development causes enhancement of this lectin binding to granular duct epitheliocytes. Selective staining of mast cells with PNA and of separate neurocytes with con A is also demonstrated; these cells staining is affected neither by hyperthyroidism, nor by hypothyroidism. Possible interpretation of the observed phenomena is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Thyroid hormone regulation of granular intercalated duct cells in the submandibular glands of female mice.

Intercalated ducts (IDs) in the submandibular glands (SMGs) of mice exhibit a sexual dimorphism, in which a few cells in the IDs of females, but not of males, possess secretory granules. The effects of a hypophysectomy (Hypox) followed by the administration of triiodo- l-thyronine (T3) on such granular intercalated duct (GID) cells in the female gland were histologically examined. Semithin sections stained with Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin revealed that Hypox resulted in the complete disappearance of the GID cells. In Hypox females, electron-microscopy examination of the ID cells whose localization corresponded to that of the GID cells in normal females showed that these cells had a pale, centric nucleus, poorly developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi apparatus, and no secretory granules. When T3 (1 mg/kg body weight) was given to Hypox female mice every other day for 2 weeks, the GID cells reappeared in most of the ID segments. Electron microscopy revealed that these cells had abundant secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm, a nucleus located near the base of the cell, and layered cisterna of RER and segments of Golgi apparatus in the perinuclear cytoplasm. The localization and distribution of the GID cells in the T3-treated Hypox females were almost the same as those in normal females. Taken together, these results suggest that thyroid hormones upregulate the GID phenotype, and that thyroid hormones are essential for the exocrine activities of GID cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biochemical and morphological studies of rat submandibular gland: I. Centrifugal fractionation of granule-rich fraction.

Submandibular glands from male rats were homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in 10 mM HEPES buffer at a pH of 7.4. The extract was centrifuged and filtered through nuclepore filters to prepare a granule-rich fraction. Electron dense zymogen granules constituted approximately 85% of the particles in this fraction which also contained about a third of the total alkaline esterase activity in the gland.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1985

Cl- requirement for saliva secretion in the isolated, perfused rat submandibular gland.

Replacement of perfusate Cl- with Br- reduced by 37% the volume of saliva secreted by isolated, perfused rat submandibular glands exposed to 10(-6) M acetylcholine. Replacement of perfusate Cl- with SO4(2-) reduced fluid secretion by 73%, while replacement of bicarbonate with HEPES or addition of acetazolamide had no effect on salivary flows or volumes. Furosemide (10(-3) M) reduced saliva secretion when added to Cl- -(73%) or Br- -containing (56%) perfusates and also to HEPES- (95%) or acetazolamide-containing (82%) perfusates. Perfusion of the glands with furosemide or SO4- containing perfusates resulted in significantly reduced salivary Cl- concentrations and increased residual anion (Na+-K+-Ca2+-Cl-) concentrations, while perfusion with solutions containing acetazolamide or with HCO3- -free (HEPES) perfusates resulted in opposite changes in salivary anions. Addition of furosemide to HEPES- or acetazolamide-containing perfusates reversed these changes and caused a reduction in salivary Cl- concentrations and an increase in residual anion concentrations. It is concluded that 1) extracellular Cl- is required for saliva secretion in the rat submandibular gland, 2) the required external Cl- enters the salivary cells by a furosemide-sensitive transport system, which is likely to be similar to a Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport system described in other epithelia, 3) HCO3- is not normally required for saliva secretion but can sustain it partially when Cl- transport is inhibited by either furosemide or Cl- replacement, and 4) salivary electrolyte changes induced by Cl- or HCO3- replacement or by furosemide probably represent combined effects on acinar secretion and transductal electrolyte transport.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Changes in rat submandibular gland N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

Changes were determined in the activity of submandibular gland N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase from streptozotocin-induced diabetic and insulin-treated rats. Most of the activity of this enzyme was localized histochemically in the ductal cells. The activities of this enzyme from both the subcellular supernatant and lysosomal fractions were increased in the diabetic group, and recovered to the level of the controls in the insulin-treated group. Although sex differences were observed in the activity of this enzyme, with the activity in the male rats of the control group being lower than that in the females, these differences disappeared in the diabetic group, suggesting that insulin may be related to the expression of androgen function. Both enzymes in the supernatant and lysosomal fractions were separated by isoelectric focusing into two enzymatic proteins with isoelectric points in the vicinities of pI 3 and pI 8. The effects of diabetes were reflected in an increase primarily in the activity in the vicinity of the pI 8 isoenzyme in the supernatant fraction, and in an increase in both isoenzymes in the lysosomal fraction. It is clear from these findings that the diabetic condition brings about an insulin-dependent increase in the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the rat submandibular gland, and imparts certain changes in the properties of the enzymatic proteins themselves.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Age and hormonal dependence of tonin levels in rat submandibular gland as determined by a new direct radioimmunoassay.

A simple and sensitive direct radioimmunoassay for tonin (EC.3.4.99.-) has been developed. This assay incorporates a modified and convenient poly(ethylene glycol) technique for separation of free from bound tonin. A rabbit antiserum in a final dilution of 1:160,000 was used and the purified tonin was labelled with 125I by using a lactoperoxidase method. It detects 20 pg of immunoreactive tonin per tube. Serial dilutions of rat submandibular gland extracts showed complete parallelism with tonin standard curves. No cross-reactivity with rat tissue kallikrein was seen. Intra- and inter-assay errors were 3.2 and 5.6%, respectively. Using this assay, immunoreactive tonin was detected in the rat submandibular gland as early as 3 weeks after birth (body wt. approximately 50-60 g). Tonin levels are shown to be dependent on age and sex with significantly higher levels in male than in female rats. Castration results in decrease of tonin levels and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone replacement reversed the level to higher than the sham-operated control rats. Cortisol treatment increased, but thyroxine or oestradiol had no effect, on tonin levels in the submandibular gland of castrated rats. This newly developed radioimmunoassay can now be used to measure low levels of tonin in various tissues and body fluids to address questions about its regulation and functional significance.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic and surgical management of submandibular gland sialolithiasis: report of a stone of unusual size.

Sialolithiasis of the salivary glands is a relatively rare occurrence. It is the most common cause of acute and chronic infections. Sialoliths occurs in the submandibular gland in 80% of the cases and its etiology is associated with some anatomical factors proper of it. In many cases the diagnosis is easy due to obvious clinical features but, for treatment, imaging studies are always necessary. The most of the sialoliths are usually of 5 mm in maximum diameter and all the stones over 10 mm should be reported as a sialolith of unusual size. For these reason we considered useful to report our case in the managing of a stone 13 mm placed in the submandibular gland context and its treatment by surgical resection of the entire gland.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Effects of reserpine and isoproterenol on elemental distribution in submandibular gland of rat.

The effects of a single dose of reserpine or isoproterenol on the acinar cells of rat submandibular gland were investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. About 4 h after injection of reserpine, the cellular Ca concentration started to increase and at 24 h a level two to three times the control value was reached. The mucus content of the cells increased in parallel with the Ca concentrations. Isoproterenol stimulation depleted the acinar cells of their mucus. Resynthesis of mucus was visible at 8-12 h after injection. Changes in cellular Ca concentrations followed the mucus content of the cells. After 24 h both the mucus content and the Ca concentration were significantly increased over the control values. High-resolution X-ray microanalysis on thin cryosections showed that the calcium was accumulated in the mucus granules, both after reserpine and after isoproterenol administration. The newly synthesized mucus was also more calcium-rich than the original mucus. The effect of a single isoproterenol stimulation on elemental content of rat submandibular gland acinar cells was not significantly different from that of chronic isoproterenol treatment. Chronic treatment with reserpine resulted in a higher cellular Na/K ratio than a single dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Keratin distribution in precancerous stages of experimental carcinogenesis in mouse submandibular glands.

The immunohistochemical distribution of keratin is reported in experimental carcinogenesis in the mouse submandibular gland (SMG). The initial changes included degranulation of granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells and the appearance of keratin in the degranulated cells. There was a gradual increase in the area showing keratin staining in the altered tubule cells. Duct-like and cystic structures exhibited an intense keratin staining of their lining epithelium. The squamous cell carcinomas induced varying degrees of keratinization and positive immunohistochemical keratin staining. The latter technique provided a useful marker for distinguishing tumor cells of segmental duct origin in the salivary gland.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Intra-oral removal of stones from the hilum of the submandibular gland: report of technique and morbidity.

There is increasing evidence to show that the submandibular gland regains function after stone removal and sialoadenectomy may not be the treatment of choice for proximal calculi. A technique of hilar stone removal is described with results and morbidity reported in a series of 55 patients. Stones were retrieved in 54 patients (98%) but four glands (8%) were subsequently removed due to recurrent obstruction. There were no complications related to the procedure (nerve injury, bleeding, infection or scarring) and the morbidity was less than reported for sialoadenectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Recurrent extensive pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) of the submandibular gland--diagnosis and therapy].

The authors report an extensive recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland with destruction of the ramus of the lower jaw. The advantages of computed tomography are the possibility of assessing the osseous structures, the extension of the soft parts, and the relation to the adjacent neck structures. Despite the unusual bone infiltration, histological examination did not point to malignancy.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed1999

Affinity profiles of various muscarinic antagonists for cloned human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes and mAChRs in rat heart and submandibular gland.

A family of five subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) has been identified based on their molecular structures and second signal transduction pathways. In the present study, we examined the antagonist binding profiles of 9 muscarinic antagonists (atropine, 4-DAMP, pirenzepine, oxybutynin, tiquizium, timepidium, propiverine, darifenacin and zamifenacin) for human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes (m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5) produced by using a baculovirus infection system in Sf9 insect cells, and rat tissue membrane preparations (heart and submandibular gland). In a scopolamine methyl chloride [N-methyl-3H]- ([3H]NMS) binding assay, pirenzepine and timepidium displayed the highest affinities for the m1 and m2 subtypes, respectively, and both zamifenacin and darifenacin had the highest affinities for the m3 subtype, although the selectivities among the five subtypes were less than 10-fold. Propiverine showed a slightly higher affinity for the m5 subtype, whereas none of the drugs used in this study was uniquely selective for the m4 subtype. The binding affinities of muscarinic antagonists for rat heart and submandibular gland strong correlated with those for human cloned m2 and m3 subtypes, respectively. These data suggest that [3H]NMS binding studies using rat heart and submandibular gland might be useful methods which predict the affinities of test drugs for human muscarinic M2 and M3 receptor subtypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Analysis of submandibular gland sialograms in Sjögren's syndrome.

We report here the sialographic appearances of the submandibular gland in both primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). In order to compare these with those of the parotid gland, we defined new criteria for the staging for SS based on the degree of depiction of the peripheral ducts. In 24 out of 74 cases the submandibular sialogram showed more advanced, destructive disease compared with the parotid. This study suggests that although SS involves the parotid gland first, it progresses in the submandibular gland more rapidly.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Endothelium-derived vasodilator responses to sympathetic stimulation of the submandibular gland in the cat.

1. The extent to which vasodilator responses to electrical stimulation of the sympathetic innervation, in the submandibular gland of the cat, depend upon release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) within the gland has been investigated in anaesthetized cats given N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) which specifically blocks the synthesis of EDRF from arginine. 2. Close intra-arterial infusions of L-NAME (> or = 100 mg kg-1) produced a steady and significant rise in mean aortic pressure together with a steady increase in basal submandibular vascular resistance over the next 20-30 min. It also reduced, but failed to abolish, the vasodilatation which occurs during intermittent stimulation of the sympathetic innervation (20 Hz for 1 s at 10 s intervals) together with the after-dilatation which occurs immediately after a period of continuous stimulation of these nerve fibres (2 Hz). 3. In cats pretreated with the beta-blocker propranolol (> or = 1.0 mg kg-1) both vasodilator responses were reduced, but persisted until L-NAME was administered, whereupon both were abolished. 4. It is concluded that release of EDRF within the submandibular gland of the cat contributes to the basal tone of the vasculature and is responsible for the alpha-adrenergic vasodilator responses to stimulation of the sympathetic innervation, but not for the beta-adrenergic vasodilator responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of calcitonin on elemental distribution and ultrastructure of rat submandibular gland acinar cells.

The effect of calcitonin on rat submandibular gland acinar cells was investigated by X-ray microanalysis and electron microscopy. Calcitonin caused a transient increase of the cellular calcium and magnesium concentration, but did not affect the intracellular concentration of other electrolytes. The relative volume of intracellular mucus increased from 45% in control glands to 72% at 6 h after administration of calcitonin. Calcitonin caused an inhibition of the cellular response of the acinar cells to beta-adrenergic and cholinergic agonists. The changes in elemental composition and ultrastructure of the gland cells are probably due to inhibition of mucus release from the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of autonomic agents on the amount of androgen-dependent granules in convoluted tubular cells of the mouse submandibular gland.

The convoluted tubular cells of the male mouse submandibular gland contain many serous-like granules in their apical cytoplasm. The autonomic regulation of the secretory process of the contents of these granules was studied by the following two methods: (1) immunochemical method using an antiserum specific to the granular components; and (2) histometric observations using light and electron microscopes. The results obtained by these two methods were well in agreement. When male mice were administered either phenylephrine or norepinephrine, the amount of granules in the glands significantly decreased. These two adrenergic stimulators were very effective, whereas synephrine was less effective. When mice were injected with a beta-adrenergic agent(isoproterenol) or a parasympathomimetic agent (pilocarpine), the amount of granules in the glands did not change. The alpha-adrenergic blockers phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine almost completely neutralized the effect of alpha-adrenergic agents on the glands, whereas another alpha-blocker (ergotamine) was less effective. These facts suggest that the secretion of the granular components is mediated by way of alpha-adrenergic receptor sites in the glands.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1998

Isoproterenol-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in submandibular glands of parasympathectomized rats.

Parasympathetic innervation of rat submandibular and parotid glands regulates saliva volume, its rate of secretion and its composition. It also has a regulatory role in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of salivary glands, and in the expression of specific sets of genes. Rat cystatin S is a member of family 2 of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor superfamily. Cystatin S gene expression is tissue- and cell type-specific, temporally regulated during postnatal development, and not observed in adult animals. Isoproterenol (IPR), a beta-adrenergic agonist, induces hypertrophic and hyperplastic enlargement of rat salivary glands and expression of a number of genes including cystatin S. Sympathectomy reduces, but does not completely block IPR-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in the submandibular glands of adult female rats, indicating the participation of sympathetic factor(s) in this regulation. Since both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system act in parallel in the submandibular gland, it is possible that parasympathetic nerve terminals also provide factor(s) that play a role in regulation of cystatin S gene expression. Experiments described in this paper were designed to test the hypothesis that the parasympathetic nervous system participates in IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression. Bilateral parasympathectomy reduced IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression, suggesting a role of the parasympathetic nervous system in its regulation. Unilateral parasympathectomy in contrast, had no effect on IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression, suggesting that the presence of an intact parasympathetic innervation in the contralateral side permits the 'normal' IPR-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in the parasympathectomized gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Developmental changes of esteroprotease and androgen receptors in the mouse submandibular gland.

The activities of p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMEase) and cytosolic and nuclear androgen receptors in the submandibular glands of male and female mice were determined at various developmental stages. In males, the activity of TAMEase was detectable at four weeks after birth, and thereafter it increased rapidly. Cytosolic androgen receptor increased gradually with age, whereas nuclear androgen receptor, which was minimal one week after birth, increased remarkably four weeks after birth. In females, the minimal activity of TAMEase was detectable at five weeks after birth and increased very slowly with age. Cytosolic receptor increased with age, but nuclear receptor level was unchanged. These findings suggest that the appearance of TAMEase was in accordance with an elevation of nuclear androgen receptor in mice submandibular glands.

Age Factors↗