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PubMed2006

[Green space vegetation quantity in workshop area of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company].

Aimed at the complex community structure and higher fragmentation of urban green space, and based on the investigation of synusia structure and its coverage, this paper studied the vegetation quantity of ornamental green space in the workshop area of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company, with the help of GIS. The results showed that different life forms of ornamental plants in this area had a greater difference in their single leaf area and leaf area index (LAI), and the LAI was not only depended on single leaf area, but also governed by the shape of tree crown and the intensive degree of branches and leaves. The total vegetation quantity was 1 694.2 hm2, with the average LAI being 7.75, and the vegetation quantity of arbor-shrub-herb and arbor-shrub communities accounted for 79.7% and 92.3% of the total, respectively, reflecting that the green space structure was dominated by arbor species and by arbor-shrub-herb and arbor-shrub community types. Single layer-structured lawn had a less percentage, while the vegetation quantity of herb synusia accounted for 22.9% of the total, suggesting an afforestation characteristic of "making use of every bit of space" in the workshop area. The vegetation quantity of urban ornamental green space depended on the area of green space, its synusia structure, and the LAI and coverage of ornamental plants. In enlarging urban green space, ornamental plant species with high LAI should be selected, and community structure should be improved to have a higher vegetation quantity in urban area. To quantify the vegetation quantity of urban ornamental green space more accurately, synusia should be taken as the unit to measure the LAI of typical species, and the synusia structure and its coverage of different community types should be investigated with the help of remote sensing images and GIS.

China↗
PubMed1986

National survey of hospital pharmacy facilities: space allocations and functions.

Space allocations for hospital pharmacies and the demand on these facilities in terms of the external environment and functions performed are described. A 12-page questionnaire was sent in July 1982 to the chief pharmacists in a random sample of 1846 hospitals in the United States stratified by 10 hospital types. The respondents in each hospital type were categorized by variables characterizing the external environment. The mean total amount of existing pharmacy space was computed for hospitals categorized by type and number of beds, and the mean space per bed in nonprofit, for-profit, and government (federal and nonfederal) hospitals was compared. The mean space for specific pharmacy functions was determined. The response rate was 45.6%, and the respondents were representative of the population. The majority of all hospitals served only one building (67%) and had no teaching affiliation agreement (63%). Forty-eight percent of the hospitals administered medications using medication nurses; another 48% used primary or team nursing. There was little relationship between the number of beds and total space allocated for pharmacy facilities. Pharmacies had a mean of 6.9, 5.0, 7.0, and 10.6 gross square feet per bed, respectively, in nonprofit, for-profit, nonfederal government, and federal government hospitals. Space for selected pharmacy functions in the three types of general medical-surgical short-term hospitals are described. Further studies examining the relationships between space and other variables described in this article are needed to explain apparent differences in the amount of space allocated to the pharmacy department among hospital types.

Hospital Bed Capacity↗
PubMed1994

Three-dimensional structure of two different lymphatic spaces in rat testis, and the route of flow fluxes of their lymphatic fluids.

In addition to the collecting vessels, two initial lymphatic spaces were observed with light and electron microscopes. In the deep parenchyma, the peritubular lymphatic spaces surrounding the tubules were observed as polygonal piles after a corrosion casting to the testis. They were joined to the adjacent piles through fenestrae to form a loose spongiform structure. In the superficial parenchyma, the peritubular lymphatic spaces communicated to the subtunical lymphatic space on one side. The subtunical lymphatic spaces anastomosed to each other through small bypasses to form a rich network. Near the mediastinum, the peritubular lymphatic spaces bifurcated and narrowed on another side. Microradiography demonstrated two fluxes of the intratesticular lymphatic fluids; fast and slow flows. The fast flow was observed as a shaded line running into the subtunical lymphatic spaces immediately after injection of the contrast media. It remained 1 or 2 minutes and then disappeared. In contrast, the slow flux was observed as a spongiform shade shifting from the anteroposterial quadrant to the posterosuperior portion of the testis. Seven to 15 minutes were needed for the contrast media to reach near the mediastinum. Both lymphatic spaces are functionally discussed with relation to the two different fluxes of the lymphatic fluids.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Rate of joint space pinching in coxarthrosis].

Accurate measures of cartilage destruction are needed to evaluate the effects of chondroprotective agents in human osteoarthritis. Use of a digitalized image analyzer (HOLOGIC, ICMS software) to measure mean joint space width on roentgenograms of the hip is a simple, reliable method with a coefficient of variation of 3.3%. To determine the rate of joint space loss and to identify factors associated with this parameter, we retrospectively studied 56 hips with osteoarthritis in 39 patients (mean age at baseline 55.5 +/- 12 years; mean roentgenographic follow-up 5.2 +/- 3.6 years, mean number of roentgenograms per patient 3.7 +/- 1.1). Mean annual joint space loss was 13.5 +/- 16.6%, i.e., 0.42 +/- 0.38 mm, and was negatively correlated with the duration of roentgenographic follow-up (r = 0.95 and 0.97, p < 0.01). When only those subjects who were followed up for two to eight years were studied, mean joint space loss was only 6.7% with a considerably smaller standard deviation of 4.2%, i.e., 0.29 +/- 0.21 mm. No influence on the rate of joint space loss was found for age at onset of symptoms, age at the first roentgenographic study, side, gender, or location of the joint space narrowing. The roentgenographic stage or joint space width at baseline were positively correlated with the rate of joint space loss expressed as a percentage but not in mm. These data suggest that the absolute amount of cartilage lost is not influenced by the roentgenographic stage of the osteoarthritis at inclusion of the patient in the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Investigation on invasion of preepiglottic space by supraglottic carcinoma].

This study, based on analysis of 100 whole-organ serial sections of the larynx, concluded that preepiglottic space invasion is involved in 60% of supraglottic carcinoma. The preepiglottic space is involved either by invasion through the adjacent structures of the epiglottis, or more frequently by destroying the epiglottic cartilage and the thyro-epiglottic ligament. The preepiglottic space is involved mainly by epiglottic and epiglottic-ventricular carcinomas, accounting for 95% of carcinomas which invade the space. The involvement of preepiglottic space by supraglottic carcinoma is intimately related to the morphologic features, marginal growth patterns, and T classification. Ulcerative carcinoma is the commonest, accounting for 65%. The incidence of the infiltrative carcinomas is the highest. With increase in T stage, the percentage of invasion of preepiglottic space is increased. We believe that the easy invasion of the preepiglottic space by the supraglottic carcinoma is due to the fact that the epiglottic and epiglttic-ventricular carcinomas which account for 83% of supraglottic carcinomas are located in front of the larynx. In addition, the carcinoma easily destroys the epiglottic, cartilage and enters the preepiglottic space because the embryonic barrier which exists below the glottis and the perichondrium of the epiglottic cartilage is quite fragile.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

MR appearance of Virchow-Robin spaces along lenticulostriate arteries: spin-echo and two-dimensional fast low-angle shot imaging.

PURPOSE: To delineate the appearance of normal Virchow-Robin spaces on routine spin-echo images and demonstrate the lenticulostriate arteries within them with a flow-sensitive fast low-angle shot (FLASH) pulse sequence. METHODS: Seventy subjects, free of cerebrovascular diseases and other neurologic disorders, ranging in age from 1 to 75 years, were examined. On a 1.5-T MR system, axial spin-echo images of 5 mm thickness were obtained in all subjects. In 45 of 70 subjects axial two-dimensional FLASH images of 3 mm thickness were continuously imaged. RESULTS: On T1- and spin density-weighted images Virchow-Robin spaces were detected as small foci of cerebrospinal fluid intensity around the anterior commissure in all subjects (100%), and in the basal ganglia at the level of the foramen of Monro in 40 (57%). T2-weighted images equally showed Virchow-Robin spaces around the anterior commissure but were less sensitive than T1- and spin-density weighted images at the level of the foramen of Monro (14%). Virchow-Robin spaces identified on T2-weighted images should be isointense with cerebrospinal fluid. However, one or two spaces in 11 younger subjects were hypointense relative to adjacent brain tissue. On FLASH images most Virchow-Robin spaces identified on spin-echo images were delineated as high-intensity foci, corresponding to lenticulostriate arteries. CONCLUSIONS: Normal Virchow-Robin spaces along the lenticulostriate arteries are frequently detected on spin-echo images. Their appearance, affected by the flow of associated lenticulostriate arteries, varies from hyper- to hypointensity to brain tissue on T2-weighted images. The two-dimensional FLASH sequence can demonstrate the flow of the arteries, thereby helping confirm that these are truly Virchow-Robin spaces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Long-spacing collagen in the human corneal stroma.

An electron microscopic observation of a corneal lenticule removed 14 months after epikeratoplasty because of refractive error and an unused lenticule was carried out to determine the presence of long-spacing collagen. In the removed lenticule, long-spacing collagen, which is often described as the product of the keratocytes migrating from the host corneal stroma, was observed near a keratocyte. However, long-spacing collagen was also observed in the unused lenticule. In this specimen, keratocytes had been destroyed by freezing so that the secretion of long-spacing collagen by keratocytes should have been negligible. Thus, it seemed that long-spacing collagen could exist naturally in the corneal lenticule as well as be newly formed by migrating keratocytes. In addition, we examined four corneas from patients ranging from 2 months to 91 years of age with no past history of corneal diseases or disorders. Long-spacing collagen was seen in the corneal stromas of the aged persons, but not in those of the younger. In the corneas of the 78-year- and 91-year-old, a different appearance from the usual long-spacing collagen was also seen in the collagen fibrils which showed a slightly shorter periodicity resembling experimentally formed 100 nm periodic fibrils in mice. Long-spacing collagen is a common component of normal human corneal stroma and its occurrence seems to correlate with the age-related changes of the tissue.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing facility and space resources in an academic health science center: a process that works.

BACKGROUND: The authors served as external consultants to an academic health science center in the eastern United States to identify current and future space needs in response to reported deficiencies, especially in the medical school. This work established a framework to identify, prioritize, and plan future facility and space improvement projects. METHODS: The authors used several methods to quantify and profile current space needs and future space requirements, including data and plan reviews, surveys and questionnaires, and on-site facility tours and inspections. Most important, the consultants brought their collective experience as well as their proprietary planning database and guidelines to formulate findings and develop practical recommendations. RESULTS: The engagement substantiated faculty's concerns and perceptions that additional space was necessary for many existing programs, especially the medical school. However, specific space needs, by department or program, frequently differed from faculty's perceived needs as well as those of the university administration. CONCLUSIONS: Several important conclusions dealt with the client's need to develop and formalize the space planning and management process. Appropriate guidelines for space planning purposes for this academic health science center also were identified as were the "next steps" to build on this successful study.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1981

Intercellular channels in the pars tuberalis of the rat hypophysis and their relationship to the subarachnoid space.

A system of intercellular channels is described in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the female rat. These spaces are lined by all types of cells found in the PT and are not sealed off by tight junctions. Ventrally and dorsally, the intercellular spaces open toward the basement membranes separating the PT from (i) the subarachnoid space, and (ii) the perivascular space of the portal capillaries, respectively. These intercellular channels differ from the follicles, which are also found in the PT, being lined by a particular type of cell. In a second group of female rats an epoxy mixture was injected into the third ventricle; 10 min thereafter horseradish peroxidase was infused into the cisterna magna. After processing the brain for the demonstration of exogenous peroxidase, it was found that the tracer had reached the subarachnoid space adjacent to the hypothalamus and entered into all ventricular cavities with the exception of the infundibular recess. Under these experimental conditions it was found that the tracer fills all intercullular channels of the PT, thus indicating that there is no barrier between the subarachnoid space and the PT. It is suggested that the subarachnoid space should be regarded as a probable route for the transport of trophic factor(s) and/or secretory product(s) of the PT.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Distribution of extracellular tracers in perivascular spaces of the rat brain.

Large molecular weight tracers (india ink or albumin labeled with colloidal gold, Evans blue or rhodamine) were micro-injected into the perivascular space of an artery or vein on the brain surface, or within the cerebral cortex or the subarachnoid space of anesthetized rats. The subsequent distribution was followed both under intravital microscopy, in order to outline the pathways and direction of tracer movement, and in histological section, in order to describe the pathways of flow at the light and electron microscopic level. The tracers remained largely in the perivascular spaces and in the interconnecting network of extracellular channels, including the subpial space and the core of subarachnoid trabeculae. Tracer also leaked across the pia into subarachnoid CSF. Bulk flow of fluid within the perivascular space, around both arteries and veins, was suggested from video-densitometric measurements of fluorescently labeled albumin. However, this flow was slow, and its direction varied in an unpredictable way. These results confirm that perivascular spaces may serve as channels for fluid exchange between brain and CSF, but do not support the idea that CSF circulates rapidly through brain tissue via perivascular spaces.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Should the Space Station be an ark?

This essay explores the pros and cons of maximizing the number of species that can be maintained on the Space Station. It reviews some of the history of comparative space biology to show that different cultures have different perspectives on the study of non-traditional research organisms (ie non-rodents) in space. Despite these differences, there are simple principles that all international partners in the Space Station endeavour should be able to uphold when deciding what facilities to build and what species to fly. As an argument for maximizing the taxonomic diversity on the Space Station, examples are given to show how very similar organisms may have different reactions to microgravity. At the same time the political pressure in the USA to make the Space Station an institution specifically servicing the 'health, well-being and economic benefits of people on earth', is acknowledged. Ultimately the justification for what species will be on the Space Station should rest with the quality of the scientific questions being asked.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Effects of prismatic adaptation on judgements of spatial extent in peripersonal and extrapersonal space.

Recent research has shown that visuomotor adaptation to a lateral displacement of the visual field induces significant perceptual aftereffects in normal observers, and in right hemisphere patients with spatial neglect [Neuroreport 11 (2000) 1899; Nature 395 (1998) 166]. These findings suggest that adaptive realignment following prism exposure induces a bias in visual space perception, even in tasks that require no visually guided motor response. Given recent neurophysiological and behavioural data suggesting independent visual representations for peripersonal and extrapersonal space, here we asked whether adaptive aftereffects extend beyond participants' immediate reaching space to stimuli presented beyond arms' reach (i.e. in extrapersonal space). Thirty-two participants underwent adaptive realignment to 10 degrees left- or right-displacing wedge-prisms. Before and after adaptation participants performed a visual landmark task that required estimation of the midpoint of horizontal line stimuli. There was a significant rightward shift in visual midpoint judgements following adaptation to left-deviating prisms, which was evident in both peripersonal and extrapersonal space. Paradoxically, a significant rightward shift also occurred following adaptation to right-deviating prisms, but only in extrapersonal space. We suggest that the pattern of adaptive aftereffects observed reflects the different reference frames used by participants to perform spatial judgements in peripersonal and extrapersonal space. We also propose that an underlying hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of spatial errors during adaptation may contribute to the direction of aftereffects in both normal observers, and in patients with unilateral lesions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

Changes in the central nervous system during long-duration space flight: implications for neuro-imaging.

The purpose of this paper is to review the potential functional and morphological effects of long duration space flight on the human central nervous system (CNS) and how current neuroimaging techniques may be utilized to study these effects. It must be determined if there will be any detrimental changes to the CNS from long term exposure to the space environment if human beings are to plan interplanetary missions or establish permanent space habitats. Research to date has focused primarily on the short term changes in the CNS as the result of space flight. The space environment has many factors such as weightlessness, electromagnetic fields, and radiation, that may impact upon the function and structure of the CNS. CNS changes known to occur during and after long term space flight include neurovestibular disturbances, cephalic fluid shifts, alterations in sensory perception, changes in proprioception, psychological disturbances, and cognitive changes. Animal studies have shown altered plasticity of the neural cytoarchitecture, decreased neuronal metabolism in the hypothalamus, and changes in neurotransmitter concentrations. Recent progress in the ability to study brain morphology, cerebral metabolism, and neurochemistry in vivo in the human brain would provide ample opportunity to investigate many of the changes that occur in the CNS as a result of space flight. These methods include positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1990

Reproduction in the space environment: Part II. Concerns for human reproduction.

Long-duration space flight and eventual colonization of our solar system will require successful control of reproductive function and a thorough understanding of factors unique to space flight and their impact on gynecologic and obstetric parameters. Part II of this paper examines the specific environmental factors associated with space flight and the implications for human reproduction. Space environmental hazards discussed include radiation, alteration in atmospheric pressure and breathing gas partial pressures, prolonged toxicological exposure, and microgravity. The effects of countermeasures necessary to reduce cardiovascular deconditioning, calcium loss, muscle wasting, and neurovestibular problems are also considered. In addition, the impact of microgravity on male fertility and gamete quality is explored. Due to current constraints, human pregnancy is now contraindicated for space flight. However, a program to explore effective countermeasures to current constraints and develop the required health care delivery capability for extended-duration space flight is suggested. A program of Earth- and space-based research to provide further answers to reproductive questions is suggested.

Extraterrestrial Environment↗
PubMed2002

Auditory peripersonal space in humans.

In the present study we report neuropsychological evidence of the existence of an auditory peripersonal space representation around the head in humans and its characteristics. In a group of right brain-damaged patients with tactile extinction, we found that a sound delivered near the ipsilesional side of the head (20 cm) strongly extinguished a tactile stimulus delivered to the contralesional side of the head (cross-modal auditory-tactile extinction). By contrast, when an auditory stimulus was presented far from the head (70 cm), cross-modal extinction was dramatically reduced. This spatially specific cross-modal extinction was most consistently found (i.e., both in the front and back spaces) when a complex sound was presented, like a white noise burst. Pure tones produced spatially specific cross-modal extinction when presented in the back space, but not in the front space. In addition, the most severe cross-modal extinction emerged when sounds came from behind the head, thus showing that the back space is more sensitive than the front space to the sensory interaction of auditory-tactile inputs. Finally, when cross-modal effects were investigated by reversing the spatial arrangement of cross-modal stimuli (i.e., touch on the right and sound on the left), we found that an ipsilesional tactile stimulus, although inducing a small amount of cross-modal tactile-auditory extinction, did not produce any spatial-specific effect. Therefore, the selective aspects of cross-modal interaction found near the head cannot be explained by a competition between a damaged left spatial representation and an intact right spatial representation. Thus, consistent with neurophysiological evidence from monkeys, our findings strongly support the existence, in humans, of an integrated cross-modal system coding auditory and tactile stimuli near the body, that is, in the peripersonal space.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Space program spin-offs of environmental systems underway

Several large NASA contractors are reevaluating their investments in space programs. As future NASA projects are put on hold or reduced in scope, companies are having to look to other areas in marketing their products. The companies that have invested in developing environmental systems for the space program are starting to realize they have a valuable product in non-space related projects. The environmental systems that are proving valuable were developed for space shuttle, space station and lunar/Mars stations. These are systems that handle air, waste, process water, potable water, solid waste, liquid waste and plant systems. With the development of longer space flights, environmental systems are developing which match Earth's environment. Now environmental systems developed for space are valuable on Earth.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1998

Space health requirements: the challenges.

This article explores the application of theoretical knowledge to clinical situations based on general systems theory and space health requirements to familiarize health care providers with requirements for the space environment. Preparation for extended periods of humans living in the space environment requires carefully planned delivery system that will promote and maintain health. Past, present, and future efforts for the establishment of'space health delivery systems are discussed. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Man-systems integration standards, NASA-STD-3000 Volume 1-MSIS, Revision B (1995, July), Houston, TX, National Aeronautics and Space Administration documents will be reviewed. Health care services will be supported by the available crew health care and emergency services systems. Providing health care in the extreme space environment with limited resources in which to carry out health practices offers challenges to health care providers.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1963

Soviet experiments aimed at investigating the influence of space flight factors on the physiology of animals and man.

Results are given of biological experiments on space ship-satellites II, III, IV and V, and of scientific investigations made during the flights of Cosmonauts Gagarin and Titov aboard space ships Vostok I and Vostok II. Physiological reactions to the action of the flight stress-factors are not of a pathological character. In the post-flight period no alterations in health conditions of either cosmonauts or animals were observed. At the same time some peculiarities which were revealed while analyzing physiological reactions and a number of biological indices require further investigations. The most important tasks remaining are to study the influence of protracted weightlessness, of the biological action of space radiation, of the action of acceleration stresses after prolonged stay under zero-gravity conditions and also to analyze the influence on the organism of the whole combination of spaceflight factors, including emotional strain. In the Soviet Union, a great number of biological experiments have been conducted with a view to elucidating the action of space flight factors on living organisms and the design of systems necessary to ensure healthy activity during flight aboard rocket space vehicles. The first flight experiments with animals were conducted by means of geophysical rockets. The next step in this direction was made by the launching of Sputnik II in 1957 and by experiments on space ship-satellites in 1960-61. The main purpose of flight and laboratory investigations was to obtain the objective scientific criteria essential for ensuring the safety of manned space flight.

Adaptation, Physiological↗