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PubMed1997

The first injustice: socioeconomic disparities, health services technology, and infant mortality.

"Infant mortality has long been viewed as a synoptic indicator of the health and social condition of a population. In this article we examine critically the structure of this reflective capacity with a particular emphasis on how new health care technologies may have altered traditional pathways of social influence.... Current patterns of infant mortality in the United States provide a useful illustration of the dynamic interaction of underlying social forces and technological innovation in determining trends in health outcomes. We review the implications of this perspective for [future] sociological research into disparate infant mortality...."

Americas↗
PubMed1983

[Long-term and short-term patients in a psychiatric university-polyclinic: a comparison of their social indicators using the AMDP system].

Although a remarkable knowledge about socioeconomic variables of psychiatric outpatients has been gathered until now little is known how their social conditions influence their duration of psychiatric service utilization. In this paper two groups of clients of the University Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic of Basle with different durations of treatment were compared by using the social indicators of the AMDP-System: the first group of outpatients has been in treatment for less than one year (short term patients, KZP), the second has been in treatment for more than five years (long term patients, LZP). Long term patients are more often than short term patients unmarried. They live more often in family fragments, are/were less often in professional leading positions and are less often integrated in the labour-market. Before as well as after their first contact to the University Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic long term patients were more often hospitalized in psychiatric clinics. Social sex differences are elaborated for both groups. The heavier institutional dependence of the second group is discussed in the light of their greater social disintegration. The importance of the social indicators as determinators for the institutional selection is stressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Development and health in the Pacific: which way to die?

Development in the Pacific has largely ignored the importance of health as a pathway and an outcome. This paper reviews the effects of development on health and health services in the region. It aims to highlight the plight of development that happens without considering the sociocultural and physical environments of the small island countries. The review shows that health and social conditions in the Pacific are deteriorating. The process of development has been externally controlled without community participation. Pacific leaders have been preoccupied with economic development and have not been cognisant of health and social consequences. During progress an enjoyable life can be achieved through sustainable development with community participation. However, indicators of economic growth in the Pacific do not correlate with those of health. The increase of rape, suicide, drug abuse, sexual promiscuity and crime suggests that Pacific islanders are increasingly disillusioned by the present developmental approach: they have ceased to enjoy life before death. It is suggested that decentralized development planning with community involvement, integrating health and social considerations, would be the way out of this dilemma.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

Accidents in childhood: relation to psychosocial conditions and mental development.

In a longitudinal cohort study we investigated if children experiencing psychosocial stress and exhibiting certain psychopathological symptoms run a higher risk of having accidents than other children. In 366 children the number of hospital-treated casualties during the first 10 years of their lives was related to the physical and mental characteristics of the children and to the social conditions in their families. Boys had a higher number of accidents when one or both of the parents were known to have alcohol problems. Girls exhibiting symptoms of depression, anxiety and problems in social relationships at 4-5 years of age had more accidents than girls without such symptoms. However, the differences in accident rates were small, perhaps due to the physical environment in the housing areas and the general attitude, both aiming towards reducing childhood accidents.

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

[Outpatient surgery. Why? How?].

One day surgery--defined by the fact that the patient enters the clinic in the morning and returns at home late in the afternoon--requires the observation of a whole of criteria which are absolutely necessary to guarantee the highest security as possible. At first an outstanding collaboration with the anesthetist is mandatory. Material conditions of its practice should'nt be neglected. Rooms and medical staff have to be appropriate. Indications of its performance are large but depend of the experience of the surgeon. Limits are ruled by the general status of the patient and also by his social conditions and his surroundings, not to forget an excellent collaboration with the general practitioner. Economic advantages seem obvious but have to be calculated. It is above all necessary to persuade the public hospital administrations and the social Security structures, of the interest and the advantages of one day surgery.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1992

[The French state and immigration: problems involved in implementing a public policy].

The author uses the example of France to examine why it is so difficult for a liberal democratic state to control immigration. He examines the political process in France, particularly the capacity of the government to intervene in matters of social and economic activity. Even though France is seen as a strong, centralized state with the capacity to intervene when it needs to do so, the author concludes that "economic and social conditions are found to play a much greater role in channeling migratory flows than the 'actions' of the state, as expressed in public policy." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMed1990

[Depression and self perception in chronic hemodialysis patients].

The research analyses the influence of variables such as sex and social condition during psychologic adjustment to haemodialysis. The measure of depression and self-perception during various years of dialysis represented the index of adjustment. The analysis of the variance showed that people of low social class are more at risk among patients in haemodialysis. Women are more depressed compared to men. The Author points out the ambivalence of the employment as a factor facilitating the adjustment to haemodialysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Health promotion: from concepts to strategies.

Just 20 years ago, health promotion was a little understood aspect of healthcare. Although still secondary to disease treatment, especially in hospitals, it now has gained a great deal of support. A number of charters, frameworks and reports have been put forth in the last several years which have tried to establish that social conditions and personal actions are also important in determining health, not only physicians and sophisticated medical equipment. Community leadership, consisting of collective discussion, decision making and action is the key. Two successful groups illustrate how social action can produce beneficial results, and how professionals and agencies can help communities put health promotion into operation.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Social stress results in altered glucocorticoid regulation and shorter survival in simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

From early in the AIDS epidemic, psychosocial stressors have been proposed as contributors to the variation in disease course. To test this hypothesis, rhesus macaques were assigned to stable or unstable social conditions and were inoculated with the simian immunodeficiency virus. Animals in the unstable condition displayed more agonism and less affiliation, shorter survival, and lower basal concentrations of plasma cortisol compared with stable animals. Early after inoculation, but before the emergence of group differences in cortisol levels, animals receiving social threats had higher concentrations of simian immunodeficiency virus RNA in plasma, and those engaging in affiliation had lower concentrations. The results indicate that social factors can have a significant impact on the course of immunodeficiency disease. Socially induced changes in pituitary-adrenal hormones may be one mechanism mediating this relationship.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Drugs in East Germany.

Germany was divided into two parts after World War II. The closed border and a nonconvertible currency in the Eastern part were the factors that did not allow a drug market to develop. Alcohol and medicaments were used as substitute drugs. Since Germany was reunified 5 years ago, there are now the same conditions prevailing for the procurement and sale of drugs in East Germany as there are in the Western German states. This report describes the current state of drug traffic, especially in Saxony, under the new social conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The effects of meal schedule and quantity on problematic behavior.

We present 2 case examples that illustrate the effects of meal schedule and quantity on displays of problematic behavior. In the first example, self-injury displayed by a toddler with severe developmental delays was maintained by parent attention, but only when he was satiated for food. When he was food deprived, self-injury decreased but did not appear to be differentiated across low or high social conditions. In the second example, crying and self-injury displayed by an elementary-aged girl with severe disabilities were correlated: Both behaviors were associated with food quantity, and neither behavior was responsive to social stimuli. These results replicate and extend previous findings demonstrating that meal schedule or food quantity can affect problematic behavior. In the present studies, brief functional analyses of aberrant behavior provided useful information for interpreting distinct patterns of behavior displayed by each child. We discuss these results in terms of the concept of establishing operations.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Yolk antioxidants vary with male attractiveness and female condition in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus).

The manipulation of egg content is one of the few ways by which female birds can alter offspring quality before hatch. Lipid-soluble vitamins and carotenoids are potent antioxidants. Female birds deposit these antioxidants into eggs in variable amounts according to environmental and social conditions, and the quantities deposited into eggs can have effects on offspring health and immunological condition. Allocation theory posits that females will alter the distribution of resources according to mate quality, sometimes allocating resources according to the differential allocation hypothesis (DAH), investing more in offspring sired by better-quality males, and other times allocating resources according to a compensatory strategy, enhancing the quality of offspring sired by lower-quality males. It is unknown, however, whether antioxidants are deposited into eggs according to the DAH or a compensatory strategy. We examined deposition patterns of yolk antioxidants (including vitamin E and three carotenoids) in relation to laying order, mate attractiveness, female condition, and yolk androgen content in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). Female house finches deposited significantly more total antioxidants into eggs sired by less attractive males. Additionally, yolk antioxidant content was significantly positively correlated with female condition, which suggests a cost associated with the deposition of antioxidants into eggs. Finally, concentrations of antioxidants in egg yolks were positively correlated with total yolk androgen content. We suggest that yolk antioxidants are deposited according to a compensatory deposition strategy, enabling females to improve the quality of young produced with less attractive males. Additionally, yolk antioxidants may act to counter some of the detrimental effects associated with high levels of yolk androgens in eggs and, thus, may exert a complementary effect to yolk androgens.

Androgens↗
PubMed2005

[The effect of social isolation during juvenile period on the sexual arousal in adult rats].

The effects of chronic postweaning social isolation combined with subsequent resocialization on the sexual arousal were studied in male rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH strain) and in Wistar rats. Young males were isolated on the Day 21 of postnatal life for 6 weeks. Then they were kept in groups of 5. 4-month males underwent the partition test: a receptive female was introduced into the male's cage, but the male and the female were separated by a transparent partition. The number of approaches to the partition and total time spent near the partition during the test served as an index of sexual motivation. Hormonal component of sexual arousal was estimated by measuring plasma testosterone level. No interstrain differences in magnitude of the sexual arousal were observed. However, chronic social isolation during juvenile period caused a genotype-dependent diminution of sexual motivation in the adult male rats of both strains. The decrease of sexual motivation in ISIAH rats was more pronounced as compared to Wistar rats. Moreover, the social isolation during the juvenile period completely abolished the female-induced rise in plasma testosterone in ISIAH and Wistar male rats. Plasma corticosterone level was increased during the period of sexual arousal, but this rise of corticosterone was not affected by the social conditions during postweaning period.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Advertising health: the case for counter-ads.

Public service advertisements have been used by many in hopes of "selling" good health behaviors. But selling good behavior--even if it could be done more effectively--is not the best goal for using mass media to prevent health problems. Personal behavior is only part of what determines health status. Social conditions and the physical environment are important determinants of health that are usually ignored by health promotion advertising. Public service advertising may be doing more harm than good if it is diverting attention from more effective socially based health promotion strategies. Counter-ads are one communications strategy that could be used to promote a broader responsibility for rectifying health problems. In the tradition of advocacy advertising directly promoting policy rather than products, counter-ads promote views consistent with a public health perspective. Counter-ads set the agenda for health issues, conferring status on policy-oriented strategies for addressing health problems. The primary purpose of counter-ads is to challenge the dominant view that public health problems reflect personal health habits. They are controversial because they place health issues in a social and political context. Advertising strategies for health promotion range over a spectrum from individually oriented public service advertising to socially oriented counter-advertising. The recent anti-tobacco campaign from the California Department of Health Services represents advertisements across the spectrum. Counter-ads that focus on a politically controversial definition for health problems are an appropriate and necessary alternative to public service advertising.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Phantom breast syndrome in young women after mastectomy for breast cancer. Physical, social and psychological aspects.

Phantom breast syndrome (PBS) developed in 11 out of 31 (35.5%) consecutive young women, who had undergone mastectomy for breast cancer. Six to 21 months after operation the patients were asked to take part in a follow-up investigation in which physical sequelae, social condition, and psychological reactions were assessed and related to the presence of PBS. There was no correlation between PBS and postsurgical physical sequelae, those who had received adjuvant radiotherapy, or the side on which mastectomy was performed. Socially, the group with PBS was dominated by women with an occupation outside the home. The psychological examination showed that the group with PBS had a definite predominance of women with a severely damaged body image and impaired sexual function in comparison to the group without PBS. However, the predominance did not reach a statistically significant level. Sexual identity, anxiety, affective disorder or changes in close family relationships did not reveal any distinct pattern. In our opinion, the appearance of PBS should be seen in relation to complex psychological reactions to the mastectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Return to the past. On the psychoanalysis of Spanish immigrant workers].

The author reports on her work with women who have returned to their native Spain after living for a lengthy period in central Europe, drawing upon a detailed case study to demonstrate that migration can make people ill if the social conditions of the host country are such that they are experienced by migrants as degrading and discriminating. Zeul points out in this connection that in the psychoanalytic literature on emigration there has been a significant neglect of social factors and the influence they have on the way people come to terms with migration psychologically. With reference notably to ideas stemming from the work of Doris Bernstein, she also pinpoints the role played by a specifically female super-ego structure originating in very early mother-daughter interaction and early body experiences which sabotages the efforts of these women to come to terms successfully with emigration and repatriation.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1998

Objective and subjective quality of life of first-admitted women and men with schizophrenia.

Empirical studies have shown that there are differences between women and men with respect to the onset of schizophrenia and the development of their mental and social conditions. It was therefore the goal of this study to assess the objective life situation and subjective quality of life, as well as the differences, similarities and interrelations, at the onset of schizophrenia in women and men. Ninety schizophrenic patients were interviewed between the second and fourth weeks of their first hospital stay using the Berlin Quality of Life Profile, and rated according to the BPRS. Areas of social problems (work, living circumstances, safety and drug abuse) had become manifest with several of the patients, particularly among the young men, prior to first admission. Although objective conditions, gender and psychopathology have an impact on the subjective quality of life, it cannot be fully explained by them. Multivariate analyses have demonstrated that the factors influencing it are probably different for women and men, and schizophrenic women appraise their life circumstances in a different manner from men, as is true for differences between the statements of acutely and chronically ill patients. It can be concluded from the results of this study that psychiatric services should offer specific social support measures before or at first hospital admission and not after the illness has become chronic. The subjective construct of global quality of life apparently differs from one sample to another, and gender-related aspects, among others, have an impact on it.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A study of pretherapy role induction as an influence process.

It is not clear whether the effectiveness of role induction procedures derives from the fact that they (a) provide clients with information about therapy; or (b) serve as a vehicle for influencing attitudes and beliefs about treatment. In this study 17 clients were assigned to one of two pretherapy interview conditions or to a control (no interview) group. In one condition, social influence aspects of the interview were maximized, while in the other they were minimized. Information given about therapy was the same in both circumstances. Results suggest that therapeutic gains were greatest for patients in the high influence condition. Implications are drawn for the conceptualization of role induction procedures.

Adaptation, Psychological↗