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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The presence of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like factor in the grass shrimp (black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon)

Immunoreactive (TRH) has been detected in acid and methanol extracts of hepatopancreas, in grass shrimp (black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon). The evidence provided by the stimulation of thyrotropin (TSH) release from perfused rat anterior pituitary glands in vitro following the application of hepatopancreas extracts (SHE) reflected the presence of TRH-like substance in the shrimp. However, the molecular weight of the TRH-like substance estimated by gel filtration in SHE was greater than that of the synthetic TRH. Furthermore, other differences are also noted, e.g. TRH-like activity in SHE could not be completely neutralized by anti-TRH antiserum nor degraded in normal rat serum.

Acids↗
PubMed1990

Existence of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like factor in the grass shrimp (black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon)

The immunological and biological gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like activities in the acid extract of shrimp hepatopancreas (SHE) were studied. The immunological activity determined by a GnRH radioimmunoassay was 22.3 +/- 2.7 ng per ml of SHE. SHE increased luteinizing hormone (LH) release from rat anterior pituitary glands (APs) in vitro, and its biological activity was 42.9 +/- 28.5 ng per ml. No immunological activity was found in the acid extracts of eye ball, eye stalk, nerve and heart. These results suggest that the shrimp hepatopancreas has both immunological and biological GnRH-like activity.

Acids↗
PubMed1987

[Preparation and evaluation of fish portions from shrimp by-catch].

Fish portions were obtained from a mixture of fish flesh from shrimp by-catch. Physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory tests were done to evaluate quality of raw materials, formulations and processing conditions. Several technological procedures proved to be feasible for this product. Stability of frozen products for four months was determined by physical, chemical and microbiological tests, the results of which indicated its stability during the study period. Findings of our study, therefore, suggest the potential of shrimp by-catch for the preparation of fish portions in view of its high acceptability and simple processing technique, by using marine resources not fully utilized at present.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Quantitative and qualitative aspects of bacterial flora of Karachi coastal water shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis and Metapenaeus monoceros).

Bacterial counts were made over a period of two years of two important commercial shrimp varieties of Karachi coastal waters. Bacteria were also isolated and identified. Total number of bacteria were found to be remarkably equal at 37 degrees, 30 degrees and 25 degrees C. Aerobic plate count of Penaeus merguiensis at 37 degrees C ranged from 1.2 X 10(5) to 6.0 X 10(7) CFU/g (Median 1.8 X 10(6) CFU/g), and were predominantly Vibrio, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Flavobacterium. The corresponding count at 30 degrees C ranged from 3.2 X 10(5) to 4.7 X 10(7) CFU/g (Median 2.6 X 10(6) CFU/g). The bacterial flora in order of predominance were Vibrio, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Alteromonas, and Acinetobacter. The 25 degrees C counts ranged from 5.3 X 10(5) to 8.5 X 10(7) CFU/g (Median 3.1 X 10(6) CFU/g), the flora was composed of Vibrio, Moraxella, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Alteromonas, and Acinetobacter in order of predominance. The aerobic plate count of Metapenaeus monoceros at 30 degrees C ranged from 8.4 x 10(5) to 3.8 x 10(7) CFU/g (Median 2.9 x 10(6) CFU/g). The bacterial flora in order of predominance were Vibrio, Micrococcus, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Flavobacterium and Staphylococcus. No significant qualitative or quantitative difference was obtained between the two shrimp species. The presence of Staphylococcus at 37 degrees C was attributed to favourable incubation temperature as well as to excessive unsanitary handling while the absence of Moraxella and Alteromonas putrefaciens at this temperature was considered due to the psychotrophic nature of these organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Colorimetric determination of boric acid in prawns, shrimp, and salted jelly fish by chelate extraction with 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol.

Borate was directly chelate-extracted from foods with 5% 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD) in n-hexane-n-butyl acetate mixture (8 + 2), from which borate was selectively transferred into 1% NaOH, since EHD-chelated boron did not react with curcumin to develop color. Finally, an aliquot of the alkaline solution was acidified with HCl and reacted with curcumin in a rotary evaporator. Color development was increased by heating for 8 min at 80 degrees C under reduced pressure of 16 mm Hg. Frozen shrimp and prawns (peeled and with shells) and salted jelly fish were analyzed by the proposed method. Results were compared with the contemporary official method of Japan based on curcumin reaction on an incinerated sample. Over 90% of the boric acid was recovered by the proposed method when samples were fortified with 20 ppm boric acid. Recoveries were superior to those of the official method especially for shrimp and prawns with shells and salted jelly fish. Detection limit of boric acid is 1 ppm. Moreover, the method requires only about 1 hr for analysis of one sample, making it suitable for routine analysis.

Boric Acids↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae as a bioassay for mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs.

Brine shrimp larvae was tested as a possible simple biological screening system to identify specimens of animal feedstuffs that should be examined further by chemical analytical procedures for mycotoxins. All extracts of the control, nonmouldy feedstuffs increased larval mortality, this being most marked in the case of silage. Chemical and biological testing of diagnostic specimens indicated that the bioassay identified two of four chemically positive specimens and 59 of 135 chemically negative specimens and 59 identified larvicidal compounds present in normal feedstuffs gave a high percentage (56%) of false-positive bioassay results when compared to the results of chemical analyses for three mycotoxins. The use of brine shrimp larvae did not materially reduce the necessity of conducting chemical analyses for mycotoxins.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1984

Site of synthesis of the alpha and beta subunits of the Na,K-ATPase in brine shrimp nauplii.

Developing nauplii (embryos) of the brine shrimp Artemia salina are an excellent model system for studying the biogenesis of the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na,K-ATPase). The nauplii exhibit a burst of Na,K-ATPase synthesis between 6 and 32 h of development (Peterson, G. L., Churchill, L., Fisher, J. A., and Hokin, L. E. (1982) J. Exp. Zool. 221, 295-308). We have now determined the sites of synthesis of the alpha and beta subunits of the Na,K-ATPase in developing A. salina nauplii. Membrane-bound and free polysomes were isolated from nauplii, and RNA was extracted from the polysomes. The polysomal RNA was translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate, and the translation products were immunoprecipitated by anti-subunit antisera. The immunoprecipitated proteins were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. Our data show that the alpha subunit precursor is synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes and the beta subunit precursor is synthesized on free polysomes. In addition, the alpha subunit precursor appears as two separate peptides on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, which suggests that the two alpha subunit forms seen in mature brine shrimp Na,K-ATPase are products of two distinct messenger RNAs. The beta subunit precursor appears as a single discrete band, unlike the mature beta subunit, which appears as a diffuse band.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Modification of the AOAC gas-liquid chromatographic method for indole in shrimp: collaborative study.

Several changes were suggested for standardization of the AOAC official final action gas chromatographic method for the determination of indole in shrimp. In a collaborative study, 3 FDA laboratories compared the modified method with the current method. At a 95% confidence level, the same results were obtained for each respective sample by the AOAC or the modified method, which had the following changes. The cleanup column was standardized by drying the silica gel for 2 h at 125 degrees C and equilibrating with 3 g of water/25 g of silica gel. Concentrated ethyl acetate shrimp extracts were treated with anhydrous sodium sulfate before column cleanup and indole was eluted from the column with 15% ethyl ether/hexane. A reduced amount of the internal standard, 2-methylindole, was used to improve peak height measurements at the 25 microgram% indole level. The modified method has been adopted official first action to replace method 18.075.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Biosynthesis and physiological role of homarine in marine shrimp.

Glycine, which contributes 2 carbon atoms and the nitrogen for the biosynthesis of homarine by homogenates of shrimp muscle, reacts metabolically with succinyl coenzyme A to form N-succinylglycine. The latter product is effectively converted by such homogenates to homarine, and it is concluded that N-succinylglycine is on the main pathway of this biosynthetic series of reactions and provides all of the required atoms in homarine, except for the N-methyl carbon. A possible pathway for the complete biosynthesis of homarine is described. Evidence is presented that homarine acts as a transmethylating agent in shrimp muscle homogenates and is capable of transferring its N-methyl group to form mono-, di-, and trimethylamines, trimethylamine oxide, choline, and betaine. In this process, homarine loses its methyl groups to form picolinic acid, and, conversely, picolinic acid can be methylated to yield homarine. It is speculated that homarine is not only a "methyl" donor but may serve as a reservoir of methyl groups in crustacea.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMed1994

Human urinary arsenic excretion after one-time ingestion of seaweed, crab, and shrimp.

We studied chemical speciation of arsenic compounds in urine samples by using HPLC with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. We examined urinary arsenic excretion patterns and the arsenic species excreted from nine human subjects who ingested seaweed products and crab (or shrimp). Fast urinary excretion of unchanged arsenobetaine was seen after ingestion of crab and shrimp, which contain arsenobetaine as the major arsenic species. In contrast, the arsenosugars, which comprise the major arsenic species in seaweed, are metabolized and have a longer retention time in the human body. When nine volunteers ingested the commercial seaweed product nori, both the urinary arsenic excretion pattern and the excreted arsenic species varied from individual to individual, and as many as six metabolites could be detected. It seems that arsenosugars are not decomposed by stomach acid and that reactions involving enzymatic and (or) microbial activity in the human body may be responsible for the metabolism of arsenosugars.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous determination of nitrofurazone and furazolidone in shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) muscle tissue by liquid chromatography with UV detection.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nitrofurazone (NFZ) and furazolidone (FZD) in shrimp muscle tissue. The drugs are extracted from the tissue with acetonitrile, and the lipids and lipophilic pigments are removed from the extract with hexane. The remaining acetonitrile extract is evaporated by rotary evaporation, and the resultant residues are dissolved with LC-grade water, applied to a preconditioned C18 solid-phase extraction column, and eluted with acetonitrile. The acetonitrile eluant is then dried under nitrogen, and the resultant drug residues are dissolved with mobile phase and filtered. The drugs are determined by LC by using a C18 reversed-phase (octyldecylsilyl Hypersil) column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile--1% aqueous acetic acid (25 + 75, v/v), and a photodiode array UV detector at 375 nm. NFZ and FZD were determined in shrimp tissue at each of 5 spiking levels (64, 32, 16, 8, and 4 ng drug/g tissue). Absolute recoveries ranged from 70.6 to 78.4%, and relative standard deviations ranged from 4.0 to 13.6%. The limit of detection of pure standard of each drug was approximately the equivalent of 1 ng drug/g tissue, and the limit of determination in a sample was 4 ng drug/g tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Optimal conditions for rearing the tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus (Notostraca:Triopsidae), a biological control agent against mosquitoes.

Tadpole shrimp (TPS) were reared at 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C in the laboratory. Size of TPS was temperature and age dependent with more rapid development at warmer temperatures. Survivorship was inversely related to rearing temperature. Mean age at death was 24.2, 19.2, 14.3, and 11.8 days at 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C, respectively. Rearing temperature (excluding 15 degrees C) did not affect lifetime fecundity, but larger TPS laid more eggs than smaller ones. Tadpole shrimp began ovipositing earlier at higher temperatures, and at a smaller size than their counterparts in lower temperatures. Mean age at reproductive maturity was 18.8, 13.1, and 10.2 days and mean carapace length was 10.8, 11.0, and 10.3 at 20, 25, and 30 degrees C, respectively. Embryogenesis required a minimum of 3 days for completion. Hatching rates during the first hydration decreased with increasing egg batch number produced by individuals, ranging from a mean of 74% for the first batch to 31% for the 5th batch. Cumulative hatching rates of eggs after 2 hydrations were consistent across temperatures and egg batches (79 +/- 2%).

Animals↗
PubMed1998

alpha-Glucosidase from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea-Decapoda).

Penaeus vannamei is an omnivorous species, and it can be assumed that a high level of carbohydrates is necessary for growth. Alpha-glucosidases are important enzymes necessary for the ultimate liberation of glucose residues from various carbohydrates. Using acarbose affinity chromatography, a glycosylated alpha-glucosidase with a molecular mass of approximately 105 kDa was isolated for the first time from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp. Exhibiting an optimal catalytic activity in the temperature range from 40 degrees C to 50 degrees C at pH 6, the purified enzyme hydrolyses alpha 1-4 bonds and liberates glucose from different oligo and polysaccharides. By contrast to other known glucosidases, no alpha 1-6 glucose link with hydrolysis has been observed. This could explain the different rates of growth in shrimp aquaculture with starches from various origins. The amino-acid composition, together with the partial sequence of a hydrolytic peptide, shows a high degree of similarity to the alpha-glucosidases reported for various organisms including yeast and fungi and may help determine the phylogeny of the family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2026

Proteomic profiling of the aqueous extract from the antennal gland of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

The antennal gland (AnG) of decapod crustaceans has been proposed as a potential source of bioactive molecules involved in chemical communication; however, its protein composition remains largely unexplored. Here, we present the first reference proteomic map of the aqueous extract from the antennal gland of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Protein extracts from immature and mature females were analyzed using an integrated workflow combining one-dimensional SDS-PAGE, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and nanoLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses revealed a high degree of qualitative similarity between reproductive stages. SDS-PAGE resolved six major protein bands (∼227, 166, 77, 42, 35, and 17 kDa), most comprising multiple co-migrating proteins as revealed by LC-MS/MS. Hemocyanin was identified as the predominant protein and was detected across several electrophoretic bands. Additional proteins were associated with innate immunity, including β-1,3-glucan-binding protein and coagulable hemolymph protein; reproductive processes, including vitellogenin, spermatogonial stem-cell renewal factor, farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase, estrogen sulfotransferase, and prostaglandin reductase 1; as well as energy metabolism, protein homeostasis, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular trafficking. Because several identified proteins are widely distributed or known hemolymph components, their detection cannot be assumed to reflect AnG-specific expression or function. Collectively, these findings establish a molecular reference for the L. vannamei AnG and reveal protein components associated with multiple physiological processes. This dataset provides a proteomic framework for future comparative and functional studies aimed at elucidating antennal gland physiology and experimentally evaluating the potential involvement of proteinaceous or peptide-based molecules in chemical communication in decapod crustaceans.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Genome sequences of pirAB+ and pirAB- Vibrio campbellii strains isolated from shrimp ponds with mortality outbreaks carry type VI secretion systems.

Vibrio campbellii strains PH1401 and PH1409 were isolated from shrimp ponds with documented mortality outbreaks in the Philippines. PH1401 and PH1409 share identity with V. campbellii strain BoB-53. Whole-genome analysis reveals full-length pirAB binary toxin genes in PH1401. Both strains carry three type VI secretion systems.

Vibrio campbellii↗
PubMed1996

Carboxy-terminal CVLS-sequence-specific protein farnesyltransferase from the eyes of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus: purification and characterization.

Protein farnesyltransferase from the eyes of Penaeus japonicus farnesylates predominantly H-ras-specific carboxyl termini, with the sequence CVLS, but not the K-ras-specific sequence CVIM or the protein geranylgeranyltransferase-specific sequence CAIL. The purified protein farnesyltransferase from shrimp was found by immunoblotting and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions to consist of subunits of Mr 49,000 and Mr 48,000. Since the active protein farnesyltransferase was found to have a relative mass of 100,000, the purified enzyme was deduced to be a heterodimer. The enzyme had an optimal pH of 6 and a K(m) of 14 +/- 1 microM with the synthetic peptide RTRCVLSH as the substrate. The enzyme was activated by Mn+2 and Mg+2 but inhibited by Ca+2 ions.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗
PubMed1998

Carboxy-terminal CFFL-sequence-specific monomeric protein geranylgeranyltransferase I from the eyes of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus.

Protein geranylgeranyltransferase I from the eyes of Penaeus japonicus geranylgeranylates predominantly the sequence CFFL and Drosophila-specific Ras1 carboxyl termini, with the sequence CKML, as well as mammalian-specific G gamma carboxyl termini, with the sequence CAIL, but not the protein farnesyltransferase-specific sequence CVLS. The purified protein geranylgeranyltransferase I from shrimp was evidenced by immunoblotting and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions to consist of single subunit of Mr 66,000 +/- 500. Since the active protein geranylgeranyltransferase I was found to have a relative mass of 67,000 +/- 1,000, the purified enzyme was deduced to be a monomer. The enzyme had an optimal pH of 8.0 with 100 mM Tris as the buffer and a K(m) of 7 +/- 2 microM with the synthetic peptide KCFFL as the substrate. The enzyme was inhibited by Zn++ and Mg++ ions at micromolar concentrations.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗
PubMed1999

Gill-cleaning mechanisms of a dendrobranchiate shrimp, Rimapenaeus similis (Decapoda, penaeidae): description and experimental testing of function.

Observations on functional morphology and results from experiments demonstrate that setiferous epipods compose the major gill-cleaning mechanism in a penaeoid shrimp, Rimapenaeus similis. Epipods on the second maxillipeds and on pereopods 1-3 are equipped with long setae bearing an array of digitate scale setules. These multidenticulate setae reach to most gills and are jostled among them during limb movements. Experiments were performed in which epipods were removed from the gill chamber on one side (experimental) but not the other (control); treated animals were exposed to fouling in a recirculating water system for 2 weeks. Particulate fouling, measured by reduction in relative gill transparency, was significantly greater on experimental than control gills. The pereopodal exopods, not previously implicated in gill cleaning in any decapod, were similarly identified as important gill-cleaning structures. Equipped with long multidenticulate setae like those on the epipods, exopods sweep back and forth over the gill filaments just under the gill cover, areas not reached by the epipods. Exopod-ablation experiments were conducted that showed that exopods prevent particulate fouling on gill surfaces over which they sweep. The similarity in action of the passive gill-cleaning system of R. similis to that of crayfish (Bauer [1998] Invert Biol 117:29-143) suggests the hypothesis that the epipodal and exopodal cleaning setae of R. similis are ineffective against epibionts. The reduction in epipodal and exopodal cleaning systems that occurs in the Penaeoidea is hypothesized to be compensated for by increased development of gill-cleaning setae on the branchiostegite, scaphognathite, or other structures.

Animals↗