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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The effect of nutrition on the seasonality of reproduction in ewes.

The beneficial effects of nutrition on reproduction in sheep have been described, particularly on ovulation rate. However, the relationships between nutrition and reproductive seasonality are not well known. This review will deal with the effects of body fat or food intake on sexual and hypothalamic/pituitary activity in sheep, mainly focused on Mediterranean genotypes. Although only severe malnutrition can significantly extend the length of the seasonal anestrous period, the level of fat reserves can play a significant role on reproductive seasonality delaying the onset of seasonal anoestrus, particularly on the Mediterranean environment. The effect of overfeeding on LH secretion has also been reported, specially at short term. Several experimental approaches have elucidated that both high body fat and food intake are able to modify the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to oestradiol negative feedback during seasonal anoestrus, with those effects being associated to a reduced amount of NPY mRNA and to an increase of plasma insulin, glucose and leptin concentrations, particularly in the late scenario. However, the highest receptivity to nutritional stimulation in terms of increasing LH occurs when ewes are subjected to a photoperiodic state of early anoestrus or late breeding season rather than under a photoperiod characteristic of the end of anoestrus or the beginning of the breeding season.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Seasonal variation in flares of inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Previous research has yielded conflicting data as to whether the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease follows a seasonal pattern. The purpose of this study was to determine whether relapse of inflammatory bowel disease follows a seasonal pattern either across a cohort of patients or within individual patients. METHODS: We used 1988 to 1997 data from the General Practice Research Database to conduct a retrospective cohort study of 1587 patients with Crohn's disease (mean age at start of follow-up, 41 +/- 17 years) and 2773 patients with ulcerative colitis (mean age at start of follow-up, 48 +/- 16 years). Flares of disease were identified by receipt of a new prescription for either corticosteroids or 5-ASA medications following an interval of at least 4 months without prescriptions for either class of medication. Logistic regression was used to adjust the association of season of the year and flare of disease for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: There was no association between season of the year and flare of Crohn's disease (P = 0.66). Season of the year was only weakly associated with flares of ulcerative colitis (P = 0.02). Compared with winter, spring had very slightly higher rates of flares (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05-1.23). We did not observe seasonal patterns within individual patients experiencing multiple flares (P > 0.05 for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). CONCLUSIONS: Although we observed a slight increase in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis in the spring, in general, these data do not support an association between season of the year and flares.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1992

Seasonal deterioration of selected physiological variables in elite male skiers.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether seasonal deterioration in physiological variables could be observed in skiers. Eighteen international male British downhill, free-style, and speed skiers were subjected to a maximal treadmill running test, a 30-s Wingate test, and isokinetic dynamometry at the beginning, middle, and end of the 1989-90 competition season. Maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) and respiratory anaerobic threshold (T vent) were among the parameters measured on the treadmill test, while peak and mean power outputs were measured during the Wingate test. During dynamometry, knee flexors and extensors were bilaterally assessed at 1.04 and 3.14 rad.s-1. Mean VO2max (p < 0.01) and mean T vent (p < 0.05) were lower at the end compared to the beginning, but not compared to the middle of the competition season. The isokinetic test demonstrated lower mean peak torques at 1.04 rad.s-1, for the knee extensors measured at the end of the season, compared with both the start (p < 0.01) and the middle (p < 0.05). Also at 1.04 rad.s-1, knee flexors produced lower torques at the end than the start of the season (p < 0.05). No further statistical differences were found. It was concluded that seasonal deterioration in key physiological variables such as aerobic endurance and muscle strength, can be observed in elite alpine skiers, and that in-season fitness training programmes should take account of this.

Anaerobic Threshold↗
PubMed2002

Understanding the seasonal pattern of childhood asthma: results from the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study (NCICAS).

OBJECTIVE: To contrast the seasonal patterns of asthma symptoms and utilization and determine the impact of allergen sensitivity, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and air pollution on the seasonal patterns of asthma. STUDY DESIGN: Participants in the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study (NCICAS) were tracked for approximately 4 years after allergen skin testing and determination of exposure to ETS. Air pollution data were obtained from EPA monitoring sites in NCICAS cities. RESULTS: Asthma symptoms (wheeze) and health care utilization (unscheduled visits and hospitalization) had similar seasonal patterns, with low points during the summer months of June through August and a distinct autumn peak beginning in September. Seasonal patterns were similar among children with no allergen skin test reactivity, those reactive only to indoor allergens, and those reactive to outdoor allergens. ETS exposure, whether defined by self-report or urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio, was not related to the observed seasonal patterns. Among the pollutants evaluated, only the seasonal pattern of SO(2) coincided with that of asthma morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Atopy, ETS, and most air pollutants do not appear to contribute to the distinct asthma seasonal pattern. On a population level, changes in symptoms are mirrored by changes in utilization.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1997

Seasonal patterns of luteal cyclicity in young red deer (Cervus elaphus) and sambar deer (Cervus unicolor).

Seasonal onset of pubertal ovulation and incidence of luteal cyclicity was assessed from plasma progesterone profiles over 15 months for tame red deer (n = 7) and sambar deer (n = 7) hinds. Seasonal responses to photoperiod were determined from plasma prolactin profiles. All red deer attained puberty at 17-18 months of age in May-June and expressed 3-6 luteal cycles of length 20.0+/-10.4 days (mean+/-s.e.m.) over 52-102 days. Six sambar deer attained puberty at 7-19 months of age, between August and December. Duration of luteal cyclicity was variable. While one animal remained continuously cyclic for 13 months, most entered anoestrus between November and February. The mean length of the luteal cycle was 17.2+/-0.3 days. While red deer exhibited strongly seasonal patterns of prolactin secretion, sambar deer showed no such seasonal trends. The data collectively indicate that young sambar hinds at temperate latitudes exhibit loosely defined patterns of reproductive seasonality that are 4-6 months out of phase with those of red deer, although some individuals may be non-seasonal. Failure to express seasonal patterns of prolactin secretion indicates that sambar deer may not perceive photoperiodic cues to the same extent as do red deer.

Anestrus↗
PubMed1992

Effects of the ovary, sucking stimulus and season on the pattern of LH and FSH release in the female tammar, Macropus eugenii.

The sequential effects of removal of the corpus luteum, removal of the non-luteal ovary and sucking stimulus and the effects of season of the year on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) have been determined in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. Plasma concentrations of LH and FSH were measured at 15 min intervals for 6 h in eight animals at four successive times in the breeding season (lactational quiescence); (A) while they were intact and lactating, (B) 10 days after removal of the ovary bearing the quiescent corpus luteum, (C) 21 days after bilateral ovariectomy and (D) 21 days after removal of the sucking stimulus, and (E) in the following non-breeding season (seasonal quiescence). Single blood samples were taken twice weekly during lactational quiescence. In the presence of ovarian tissue, basal concentrations of LH were low (0.94 ng mL-1) with pulses of low magnitude (1.3 ng mL-1) and low frequency (1.4 pulses per 6 h). There was no response to luteectomy but all three parameters increased after bilateral ovariectomy. Removal of the sucking stimulus affected the LH pulse frequency but seasonal differences were not evident. The pattern of release of FSH was not pulsatile. There was no response to luteectomy in basal concentrations of FSH but these rose significantly after bilateral ovariectomy (P less than 0.001) in lactational quiescence. There was no effect of removing the sucking stimulus but in seasonal quiescence concentrations were higher. The results indicate that non-luteal ovarian tissue is essential for the negative-feedback effects on LH and FSH secretion, that the pattern of release of LH, but not FSH, is pulsatile, and that there is no marked seasonal change in hypothalamo-hypophysial activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Timing of seasonal breeding in birds, with particular reference to New Zealand birds.

A model to explain the timing of seasonal breeding in birds is presented. It is assumed that, despite the wide range in egg-laying seasons, there are common physiological mechanisms which underlie seasonality in birds and that most, if not all, birds are photoperiodic. Birds are considered to possess an internal rhythm of reproduction which is synchronized with seasonal changes in the environment by external factors, particularly the annual cycle of daylength. The rhythm consists, at least in part, of regular changes in the photoperiodic response between states of photosensitivity and photorefractoriness. Avian breeding seasons effectively start in autumn when birds become photosensitive, regardless of when egg-laying occurs. The timing of breeding is then influenced by the rate of increase of hypothalamic 'drive' and by the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibitory feedback from gonadal steroids. If sensitivity is high, gonadal growth will not occur until the threshold daylength for photostimulation is exceeded after the winter solstice. Egg-laying then starts in late winter, spring or summer. Alternatively, steroid feedback may be relatively low and gonadal growth may be sufficiently rapid once the birds become photosensitive that breeding occurs in late autumn or winter. The time of egg-laying in birds may also be strongly influenced by supplementary information, such as social cues, food availability, temperature and rainfall and, in some species, this information is more important than daylength in determining the timing of breeding. The review also includes the first summary of the breeding seasons of New Zealand birds. The pattern of egg-laying is exactly the same in native birds, in birds introduced to New Zealand and in other Southern hemisphere birds from similar latitudes, with a broad peak of egg-laying occurring from September to December. In addition, annual cycles of steroid hormone concentrations in the North Island brown kiwi, the yellow-eyed penguin and the kakapo are consistent with results from many studies on Northern hemisphere birds. This model for the timing of breeding in birds can be applied to New Zealand birds and it is concluded that the physiological control mechanisms for the timing of seasonal breeding in New Zealand birds are similar to those of other birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Seasonal weight loss and metabolic adaptation in rural Beninese women: the relationship with body mass index.

A large variation in seasonal weight loss between individuals exists in rural communities in developing countries. Therefore, it was investigated whether some individuals show a metabolic adaptation and, through that, prevent large body-weight losses during the preharvest season. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), energy intake and physical activity level (PAL) of rural Beninese women were measured in three seasons. Groups of subjects were: women with a body mass index (BMI) < 18 (n 18), and a BMI > 23 (n 16), and women who had shown small (n 18) and large (n 15) preharvest weight loss. All groups of subjects decreased energy intake during the preharvest season by 0.66-1.09 MJ/d. PAL did not show significant seasonal changes in any of the four groups. Only subjects with a BMI < 18 decreased BMR during the preharvest season with 2.9 (SD 6.7) J/kg per min (P < 0.05), with a decrease of 0.8 (SD 1.4) kg (P < 0.05) in body weight. In very thin women with a BMI < 17 (n 5) BMR expressed per unit body weight decreased even more during the preharvest season (by 12%).

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Effect of density and season on stress and behaviour in broiler breeder hens.

1. We examined the effect of density (5, 7, 9 and 11 birds/m2) and season (summerand winter; different hens each season) on stress and behaviour in two flocks of 64 broiler breeder females divided among 8 pens. 2. The hens, approximately the same age and body mass in each season, were maintained on hard-packed ground, without litter, in an open-sided chicken house and were offered the same amount of food each season. 3. Mean house max/min temperatures varied between 18 and 33 degrees C in summer and 7 and 17 degrees C in winter. Mean relative humidity in summer varied between 68% at 08:00 h and 42% at 14:00 h and in winter was 64% at 08:00 h and 47% at 14:00 h. 4. No difference was found in heterophil:lymphocyte ratios among densities and between seasons; however, basophil numbers were higher in winter than in summer indicating prolonged stress in winter. 5. Stereotyped pecking increased with an increase in density and was higher in winter than in summer. Pecking on the ground was higher in winter, but was not affected by density. 6. In summer the hens spent more time lying and eating than in winter, whereas in winter the hens spent more time walking, preening and drinking than in summer. They spent the same amount of time standing in both seasons. None of these behaviours was density dependent. 7. We conclude that season had more of an effect than density on stress and behaviour in broiler breeder hens under the conditions of our study.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

A serological study of cohorts of young dogs, naturally exposed to Ixodes ricinus ticks, indicates seasonal reinfection by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.

Thirty-three family dogs were monitored for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato over a 3-year period. Serum samples were collected before and during the season of high tick activity. Antibody levels were measured with an ELISA based on whole-cell antigens and an ELISA with a purified recombinant flagellin (r410). Antibody levels measured with the whole-cell ELISA increased after the first exposure to ticks. Following the first seasonal period of tick quiescence, antibody levels decreased, and subsequently increased again in the second tick season. Thereafter whole-cell ELISA titres persisted at moderate levels and did not decrease between tick seasons. The recombinant flagellin ELISA did not show a strong response in the first tick season, but did in the second tick season and levels of antibodies continued to fluctuate thereafter. We conclude that most dogs in this study developed an antibody response against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato after their first tick infestation and were thereafter repeatedly immunologically stimulated, probably reinfected, during the consecutive tick seasons.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seasonal changes and the physical development of young Serere children in Senegal.

Children under 5-years old from a random sample of 40 families of the Serere people in Senegal were studied for two years, in 1981 and 1982. Two visits took place each year, one in the dry season, one in the rainy season. On each visit, height and weight were measured for all children. For children aged over two years, measures of biacromial and bi-iliocristal diameter, and biceps, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were also taken. Significant variation was found for all measures according to season. There were no significant differences between boys and girls. There were increases in the measures of biacromial and bi-iliocristal diameter with age. Decreases with age in sub-cutaneous fat levels were compensated by a slight increase in muscle mass. Both height and weight velocities show seasonal variation, but the changes are not synchronised. Weight velocity was very low during the 1981 rainy season, whilst height velocity at the same period was comparable with that of English children. During the 1982 dry season, weight velocity was similar to that for European children, whilst height velocity for Serere children less than 3 years old was substantially reduced. Mean levels for each age group, together with the difference between observed and expected values of Quetelet's index show the effect of the 1981 rainy season on all children. These data also reveal the existence of a critical period between 6 and 24 months of age when Serere infants are particularly vulnerable.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal variation in amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the intestine after breakfast in Japanese subjects.

We previously showed that daytime dim-light exposure has a negative effect on the efficiency of dietary carbohydrate absorption in the evening, whereas evening-time dim-light exposure has a beneficial effect. These results suggest that seasonal changes in the environmental light may affect gastrointestinal activity, and that there might, therefore, be seasonal variation in the efficiency of dietary carbohydrate absorption from the intestine. In order to prove this hypothesis, we measured the amount of dietary carbohydrate unabsorbed from the intestine after a breakfast in healthy female Japanese subjects during the four seasons of the year. We estimated the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate by the breath hydrogen test, which measures the amount of hydrogen in exhaled air. A 6 g solution of lactosucrose, an indigestible trisaccharide, was used for comparison. Two groups of subjects, 12 subjects in Osaka and 14 subjects in Nagano, were studied in the winter (January to February), spring (April to May), summer (July to August), and autumn (October to November) of 2004. We found the following results: (1) In no season were there any significant differences between the two subgroups in the orocecal transit time of the breakfast and the lactosucrose solution. Nor were there any significant differences in the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the breakfast. (2) Using the pooled data of the total of 26 subjects, there was no significant seasonal variation in the orocecal transit time of the breakfast or the lactosucrose solution. (3) There was a significant seasonal variation in the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the breakfast. (4) The amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the breakfast was largest in winter and smallest in autumn. Results in spring and in summer were similar and intermediate between those in winter and autumn. Post hoc multiple comparison tests showed that the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate in winter was significantly larger than in autumn. (5) In winter, the average ratio of the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate to the total amount of carbohydrate in the breakfast was about 12%; in autumn it was about 6%. These results clearly show that there is seasonal variation in the efficiency of intestinal dietary carbohydrate absorption among young female Japanese subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Seasonality and human in vitro fertilization outcome.

Seasonal changes in spontaneous fecundity have been observed in several human populations, but it is not clear whether the same applies to human in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF) procedures. In the present study, 2067 patients undergoing their first IVF attempt between the years 1998 and 2003 were grouped into four 'seasons' (December-February, March-May, June-August, September-November) according to the day on which they were administered human chorionic gonadotropin. Several parameters known to affect IVF outcome (including ovarian response to gonadotropins, sperm and oocyte quality, fertilization rate, embryo quality, pregnancy and implantation rates) were considered and potential changes among the four seasonal periods were analyzed. Moreover, some confounding variables (sperm quality, age, duration of infertility, indications for IVF) were controlled for. Overall, pregnancy rate per oocyte pick-up and per embryo transfer of 32.5% and 35.8%, respectively, as well as implantation rate of 18.9%, were recorded. None of the observed IVF-related parameters showed any significant change clearly related to a specific seasonal period, their fluctuations throughout the year being randomly determined. Ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins, quality of gametes and embryos, and fertilization and implantation processes were apparently not significantly affected by seasonality. It is concluded that the results of a good-quality IVF program in humans are not significantly affected by the season of the year in which the IVF attempt is accomplished; therefore, season is not a relevant factor to be considered when planning an IVF treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Songhuajiang River (China) during different sampling seasons.

The Songhuajiang River watershed is the important industrial and foodstuff base in the northeast part of China. However, the increasing population, industrial and agricultural activities around the Songhuajiang River lead to the introduction of contaminants and the possibility of polluting the river. This investigation represents an extensive study of the spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediment samples collected from the Songhuajing River in flood season (August, 2005) and icebound season (December, 2005) by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. In flood season, the total PAHs concentrations in sediments ranged from 84.44 ng g-1 to 14938.73 ng g-1, with average concentration of 2430.37 ng g-1. In icebound season, the total PAHs concentrations in sediments ranged from 23.61 ng g-1 to 15310.25 ng g-1, with average concentration of 1825.60 ng g-1. Compared to the concentration of PAHs between central sediment and riverbank-exposed sediment at some stations, the concentration in exposed sediment was higher than that in the central sediment in the upstream of river. It was also observed that the concentration of PAHs in flood season was higher than that in icebound season. The level of PAHs in the sediments of Songhua River was higher in comparison with values reported from other river and marine systems in the world. The most contaminated sediment samples were found in the upstream area of Songhuajiang River located near Jilin petrochemical industrial company for both flood and icebound seasons. The 4-6 ring PAHs were dominated in sediments due to their higher persistence. There was positive correlation between total PAHs concentration in sediment samples and TOC or LOI (r = 0.62 and r = 0.58, P < 0.01, n = 31). The calculated ratio of selected PAH and principal component analysis (PCA) suggests the contamination source of PAHs were combined inputs of pyrolytic and petrogenic contamination, due to the discharge from municipal and industrial wastewater runoff and atmospheric fallout.

China↗
PubMed2004

Could seasonal variation in testosterone levels in men be related to sleep?

We have previously reported seasonal variations in both total and free testosterone in men living in north Norway. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether seasonal variation in testosterone also occurs in men living in geographical areas with less extreme seasonal variation in sunlight and temperature. In 915 men aged 24-91 years from Rancho Bernardo, a suburb of San Diego in southern California, we found that neither total nor bioavailable testosterone varied by season, with or without adjustments for age and anthropometric measurements. Of all examined covariates, only physical activity showed a seasonal variation, with a peak in August (p < 0.001), and adjusting for physical activity did not change the lack of seasonal variation in testosterone. In addition, there was no association between testosterone and mean air temperature, or testosterone and possible hours of sunshine. We conclude that men living in southern California show no seasonal variation in testosterone levels. One possible explanation, besides the difference in climate, for the diverging findings between our previous study and the present study is different sleep patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Seasonal variation in heart rate variability in asthmatic children.

Asthma is a "seasonal disease" with symptoms either aggravated by environmental changes during specific seasons or prevalent at certain times of the year for other reasons. We examined whether the heart rate variability (HRV) of asthmatic children changes by season. The HRV during a portion of one night (00:00-04:00) and day (12:00-16:00) and the entire 24h period (00:00-24:00) during each of the four seasons was analyzed. The data of 95 children with asthma and 106 healthy children, as controls, were assessed. In children with asthma during the 24h period, seasonal variation in the low-frequency (LF) band (0.04-0.15 Hz) and the high-frequency (HF) band (0.15-0.4 Hz) were detected (HF: F=6.81, p=.0003; LF: F=4.18, p= .008). The HF value in the summer was significantly higher than in autumn and spring (Scheffe test: autumn vs. summer, s = 4.46, p < .001: spring vs. summer, s = 2.86, p < .05), while the LF value in autumn was significantly lower than in summer (s = 3.42, p < .01). In the control group, no seasonal variation in HF, LF, or LF/HF was detected. The findings infer the HRV, a surrogate measure of autonomic nervous system function, of asthmatic children is more susceptible to seasonal changes brought about by either endogenous annual rhythms or environmental weather phenomena.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Season of birth and reproductive performance: an analysis of family reconstitutions of 800 women born in The Netherlands at the end of the 19th century.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported associations between season of birth and reproductive characteristics such as menarcheal age, fecundability, and twinning, but the results are inconsistent with respect to the location of high- and low-risk seasons. To assess whether this disagreement could be due to the use of populations from different geographic areas and time frames instead of different etiologic pathways, we investigated the season-of-birth dependency of a variety of reproductive outcomes within one time- and area-limited population. METHODS: In a historic follow-up study, the reconstituted families of 800 women born between 1873 and 1887 in or near Rotterdam, The Netherlands, were used to determine eight types of reproductive outcome: childlessness, interval to first pregnancy, pregnancy interval, stillbirth, neonatal death, postneonatal death, multiple birth, and gender of offspring. The relation of these outcomes with season of birth was modeled using cosinor functions with periods of 1 year or a half year. Data were analyzed by use of logistic regression or general estimation equations (GEE), dependent on whether outcomes could occur more than once per woman. RESULTS: Peaks in the model-based risks of reproductive failure were found within two small temporal ranges, January 1 to February 11 and July 1 to August 11 for all outcomes except gender. The picture did not change after controlling for known and possible risk factors, including age, offspring's birth cohort, and some social variables. CONCLUSIONS: This study reconfirms the idea that seasonal factors around conception or birth influence later reproductive characteristics. Observing the consistency of the location of high-risk seasons across a variety of outcomes, the explanation of season-of-birth dependency of different reproductive outcomes need not involve multiple etiological pathways.

Female↗
PubMed2002

The effect of energy and seasonality on avian species richness and community composition.

We analyzed geographic patterns of richness in both the breeding and winter season in relation to a remotely sensed index of seasonal production (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) and to measures of habitat heterogeneity at four different spatial resolutions. The relationship between avian richness and NDVI was consistent between seasons, suggesting that the way in which available energy is converted to bird species is similar at these ecologically distinct times of year. The number and proportion of migrant species in breeding communities also increased predictably with the degree of seasonality. The NDVI was a much better predictor of seasonal richness at finer spatial scales, whereas habitat heterogeneity best predicted richness at coarser spatial resolutions. While we find strong support for a positive relationship between available energy and species richness, seasonal NDVI explained at most 61% of the variation in richness. Seasonal NDVI and habitat heterogeneity together explain up to 69% of the variation in richness.

Animals↗