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PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory brain stem potentials recorded at different scalp locations in neonates and adults.

The auditory evoked brain stem potential was recorded in 14 normal full-term infants and nine normal-hearing adults. Silver-silver chloride electrodes were placed at nasion, forehead, vertex, each mastoid over the bony prominence, and the seventh cervical vertebra (noncephalic reference) in order to study the scalp distribution of the auditory brain stem response. Large differences in the scalp distribution between the newborn and adult populations were observed. At the ipsilateral mastoid, an x wave occurring at approximately 2 ms and a y wave occurring at approximately 3.3 ms were identified in the adult; this contrasts to a y wave at approximately 3.7 ms in the neonate. It appears that there are either separate generators for some of the components in the adult versus the neonate, and/or as the nervous system matures, myelinization occurs with a concomitant change in the scalp distribution of the auditory brain stem potentials.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Origins of the scalp recorded frequency-following response in the cat.

The frequency-following response (FFR) is a short-latency scalp-recorded evoked potential elicited by the presentation of low-frequency acoustic stimuli. It is thought to be the result of the synchronous electrical activity in brain stemauditory nuclei to each wave in the acoustic signal. The present investigation constitutes an attempt to determine the generators of the FFR in the cat by analysis of the response and by section of brain stem auditory nuclei and tracts. Among the results were the following: (1) the cochlear nuclei contribute approximately 50% of the amplitude of the scalp-recordedFFR in the cat. (2) The cochlea also makes a significant contribution, accounting for an average of nearly 25% of the response amplitude. (3) The superior olivary nuclei (and/or the nuclei of the lateral lemnisci) account for about 20% of the response amplitude. (4) The contributions from the inferior colliculi (contrary to earlier studies) were found to be relatively insignificant. (5) As a consequence of the existence of multiple generators, the FFR ample area of hair cell excitation for each stimulus frequency involved in the mediation of the FFR, suggestion that scalp-recorded FFRs could be used to ascertain low-frequency hearingsensitivity in uncooperative human subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The dipole layer as a model for scalp potentials.

Estimates are made of the potential field at the scalp and cortical surfaces due to large numbers of synchronously active cortical current sources. The basic model is a dipole layer in an infinite, homogeneous conducting medium. Estimates are made of the effects of various inhomogeneities on the attenuation of potentials. It is shown that these approximate methods seem to illuminate the following questions which are of interest in EEG research: (1) The interpretation of reference recordings in terms of local source currents; (2) The differences in amplitude between scalp and cortical recordings; (3) The differences in frequency spectra between scalp and cortical recordings; (4) The observation that alpha rhythm can be recorded deep in the brain; and (5) The effects of simple inhomogeneities on the attenuation of potentials.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1983

Hair and scalp disorders in blacks.

Hair and scalp disorders in blacks and the properties of hair in blacks that make it behave differently are described. Hair disorders commonly seen now are the result of permanent and relaxer damage, heat, and traction alopecias. Presently, the most common scalp disorders in blacks are keloidal folliculitis and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. Treatment modalities for these disorders are reviewed.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1983

Scalp as skin graft donor site: rapid reuse with synthetic adhesive moisture vapor permeable dressings.

Synthetic Adhesive Moisture vapor permeable (S.A.M.) dressings, Op-Site and Tegaderm, are compared to Fine Mesh Gauze (F.M.G.), as a dressing for split-thickness skin graft donor sites. Scalp as a donor site is compared to nonscalp donor sites. The combination of S.A.M. dressings and scalp as a donor site allows for rapid reuse of a donor site. Pain is substantially decreased and rate of healing is increased when this combination is used. The scalp, because of its availability, accessibility, excellent color match for facial grafting, and rapid healing, is recommended as a donor site.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1984

[Scalp infection caused by B-streptococci in a newborn infant following internal cardiotocography].

The paper reports on a newborn developing a scalp abscess 10 days after birth due to fetal monitoring with scalp electrodes. B-streptococci were isolated from purulent material after surgical intervention. The recovery was uneventful after therapy with appropriate antibiotics and removal of the pus (incision). In a short review of literature the authors discuss some of the aspects of infections arising in connection with use of scalp electrodes for fetal monitoring.

Abscess↗
PubMed1983

A device for easier collection of fetal scalp blood.

Since its introduction in 1961 the analysis of fetal scalp blood has become an indispensable tool in modern intrapartum obstetric management. However, the procedure to obtain a fetal blood sample remains rather cumbersome. A new device - with a light source inside - was developed which allows collection of fetal scalp blood directly into a capillary tube. The instrument can be used single-handed and since no change of instrumentation during this procedure is necessary, blood collection can be performed rapidly. Moreover, the depth of the incision into the fetal scalp is predefined to give maximal safety to the procedure.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed1984

"Stretch-back" in scalp reductions for male pattern baldness.

"Stretch-back" is a phenomenon which to a considerable extent reduces the benefits of scalp excisions for reduction of male pattern baldness. Tattoo marks placed on the scalp have revealed that about one-third to one-half the effect of the excision of the bald area of the scalp is lost postoperatively. Most of this stretch-back occurs during the first 8 postoperative weeks and is completed at 12 weeks. Most of the stretch-back originates from the wound area. It is important to be aware of the stretch-back for correct planning of the surgical program and for being able to predict the final result.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1981

Split skin grafts from the scalp.

In 31 patients 57 split skin grafts were taken from the scalp. The scalp proved to be a very suitable place for the taking of skin grafts. Small postoperative complications can be prevented by careful subgaleal injection of saline, prevention of the strips of split skin grafts crossing each other and good postoperative care. The cosmetic disadvantage of temporarily losing one's hair is counterbalanced by wound healing without scarring; and 90% of the parents and all the questioned children were perfectly willing to have, if necessary, a second split skin graft taken from their head and preferred the scalp to any other donor locality. If children and parents are treated with understanding and consideration no psychological problems will result.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Scalp avulsions and review of successful replantation.

Microvascular surgery has greatly altered the handling of scalp avulsions. Review of the injury mechanism and of successful replantations has yielded some basic axioms concerning treatment of this tragic injury. Generally, larger avulsions contain vessels that are easily identified and anastomosed, and therefore have a better prognosis. Long periods of ischemia do not appear to threaten graft viability. The superficial temporal artery is the most reliable artery for scalp replantation; accompanying veins can normally be used for venous drainage, though vein grafts are often needed due to vessel disruption at injury. Replantation should be attempted with all scalp avulsions, though the size of the defect and its location will affect the outcome.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1982

[Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in cancer patients by scalp hypothermia (author's transl)].

Chemotherapy-induced alopecia observed in cancer patients can now be prevented by a simple, effective, inexpensive and well tolerated procedure: scalp hypothermia. Refrigeration is obtained by placing on the scalp two bags filled with crushed ice 15 minutes before, and removing them 15 minutes after intravenous injection of antineoplastic drugs. Only patients treated with drug combinations that are rapidly administered (into the giving-set tube or by i.v. infusion lasting less than 60 minutes) seem to benefit from scalp hypothermia. The fact that good results were obtained with those drugs (adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, vincristine) and modes of administration that are most commonly used in women with breast cancer or ovarian cancer makes this procedure extremely interesting.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1982

The punch scalp graft.

The punch scalp graft hair transplant procedure is an established, acceptable, and successful method of hair replacement for various forms of alopecia, in both men and women. The surgical skills require discipline, knowledge, and a modicum of surgical training, which allows most physicians, particularly surgeons, to be qualified to perform the procedure. Selection of the patient, objective evaluation of the alopecias and the donor area, and postoperative care and instructions are all essential ingredients to satisfying the hair transplant patient. The punch graft scalp technique hair transplant has become essentially a common operative procedure and is available to almost any qualified and desirous patient. The cost factors have remained reasonable and in keeping with other nonsurgical methods of artificial hair replacement. For the past 15 years, there have been numerous symposia and seminars on hair transplantation conducted by qualified experts in this particular field, which have made such courses available to essentially all physicians. Sufficient journal articles and textbooks have been published to provide any physician with adequate reference material, and ongoing additional publications with updates continue to be made available to all physicians. Many university medical teaching centers have developed free hair transplant clinics or low-cost hair transplant clinics at which residents in training perform the punch scalp graft hair transplant procedure to allow indigent patients likewise to obtain hair transplant procedures. Hence, the day has come when any patient, male or female, of any race, with suitable objective indications, can obtain a hair transplant if he or she is properly motivated and desires to do so.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1981

Fetal heart rate patterns and scalp blood pH as predictors of fetal distress.

Repeated samplings of scalp blood pH were obtained from 62 fetuses in whom continuous fetal heart rate monitoring was indicative of fetal distress. In all, 182 scalp blood samples were evaluated. Umbilical cord blood pH was determined immediately after delivery in 48 cases. In addition to heart rate abnormalities, fetal metabolic changes were considered in determining the mode of delivery. Vaginal delivery was allowed in 74.2% of the patient in our series and only 25.8% had cesarean sections. Repeated scalp blood pH sampling proved to be an important adjunct to continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in increasing the accuracy of diagnosis of fetal distress.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1995

[Benign meningioma following scalp irradiation in north African immigrants].

Many Jewish immigrants from North Africa in the late 1950s were treated with low-dose irradiation of the scalp for tinea capitis. In 2 such patients, a 47-year-old man and a 43-year-old woman, both with long histories of headaches and dizziness, meningiomas were found. There is a well-known correlation between low-dose irradiation of the scalp and development of meningioma. Therefore, in immigrants from North Africa with prolonged headaches and dizziness, there should be a careful history with regard to irradiation of the scalp and investigation to exclude meningioma.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed1995

[Repair of scalp defects with skull exposure].

The methods for repairing scalp defects and skull exposure are introduced. From 1980 to 1991, 9 cases of scalp defects and skull exposure from injury or tumor extirpation were treated with free omentum transfer with split skin graft, free flap or axial flap transfer. The surgical procedure was described in detail. For the whole defect of scalp with skull exposure the authors consider the free anterior-lateral femoral flap more appropriate and suggest that the free omentum flap be avoided as far as possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Lidocaine adrenaline tetracaine gel versus tetracaine adrenaline cocaine gel for topical anesthesia in linear scalp and facial lacerations in children aged 5 to 17 years.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study is to compare LAT gel (4% lidocaine, 1:2000 adrenaline, 0.5% tetracaine) to TAC gel (0.5% tetracaine, 1:2000 adrenaline, 11.8% cocaine) for efficacy, side effects, and costs in children aged 5 to 17 years with facial or scalp lacerations. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, double-blinded clinical trial. SETTING: Inner-city Emergency Department with an Emergency Medicine residency program. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 5 to 17 years with linear lacerations of the face or scalp. INTERVENTION: After informed consent was obtained patients had lacerations anesthetized with topical TAC or LAT gel according to a random numbers table. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 95 patients were included in the statistical analysis with 47 receiving TAC and 48 receiving LAT. Physicians and patients/parents separately rated the overall pain of suturing using a modified multidimensional scale for pain assessment specifically for children. Patients/parents also stated the number of sutures causing pain. The power of the study to determine a ranked sum difference of 15 was 0.8. Multidimensional rating scale results and number and percentage of sutures causing pain were compared using Wilcoxon's rank sum test. According to patients no difference could be detected in percent of sutures causing pain in the LAT versus TAC group (P = .51). Using the multidimensional scale, physicians and patients/parents found LAT statistically the same as TAC in effectiveness (P = .80 for physicians and P = .71 for patients). Cost per application was $3.00 for LAT compared to $35.00 for TAC. Follow-up was accomplished in 85 of 95 participants in the study with no reported complications for either medication. CONCLUSION: LAT gel worked as well as TAC gel for topical anesthesia in facial and scalp lacerations. Considering the advantages of a noncontrolled substance and less expense, LAT gel appears to be better suited than TAC gel for topical anesthesia in laceration repair in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) by leadings on scalp and dura in rabbits].

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were obtained from five rabbits. Responses to the photic stimulation were recorded by leading on scalp and dura. Stimulating conditions were changed in order of binocular, monocular (left and right) and screened binocular. The VEP waveforms leading on scalp and dura were composed of five positive and four negative peaks. The amplitude of the VEP leading on dura was about five times larger than that of the VEP leading on scalp. The VEP evoked by the monocular stimulation was characterized by the decreased amplitude in the ipsilateral hemisphere to the stimulated eye. It is furthermore characteristic in the dural recording that the major negative peaks in the early component disappeared in the same side as the stimulated eye. These differences in the VEP evoked by the monocular stimulation might reflect that the most projection of optic nerve cross at the optic chiasm in rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Microsurgical scalp and skull reconstruction using a serratus anterior myo-osseous flap.

In reconstruction of large scalp and skull defects, the usefulness of microvascular free tissue transfer is manifest. We have performed 4 scalp and skull reconstructions by free serratus anterior osteomuscle flap transfer. The usefulness of serratus anterior osteomuscle flap for reconstruction of combined, extensive scalp and skull defects is emphasized.

Brain Injuries↗