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PubMed2002

Salicylic acid has cell-specific effects on tobacco mosaic virus replication and cell-to-cell movement.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were used to probe the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the cell biology of viral infection. Treatment of tobacco with SA restricted TMV.GFP to single-epidermal cell infection sites for at least 6 d post inoculation but did not affect infection sites of Cucumber mosaic virus expressing GFP. Microinjection experiments, using size-specific dextrans, showed that SA cannot inhibit TMV movement by decreasing the plasmodesmatal size exclusion limit. In SA-treated transgenic plants expressing TMV movement protein, TMV.GFP infection sites were larger, but they still consisted overwhelmingly of epidermal cells. TMV replication was strongly inhibited in mesophyll protoplasts isolated from SA-treated nontransgenic tobacco plants. Therefore, it appears that SA has distinct cell type-specific effects on virus replication and movement in the mesophyll and epidermal cell layers, respectively. Thus, SA can have fundamentally different effects on the same pathogen in different cell types.

Cucumovirus↗

PubMed2006

Pseudomonas aeruginosa inducing rice resistance against Rhizoctonia solani: production of salicylic acid and peroxidases.

Three isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used for seed treatment of rice; all showed plant growth promoting activity and induced systemic resistance in rice against Rhizoctonia solani G5 and increased seed yield. Production of salicylic acid (Sal) by P. aeruginosa both in vitro and in vivo was quantified with high performance liquid chromatography. All three isolates produced more Sal in King's B broth than in induced roots. Using a split root system, more Sal accumulated in root tissues of bacterized site than in distant roots on the opposite site of the root system after 1 d, but this difference decreased after 3 d. Sal concentration 0-200 g/L showed no inhibition of mycelial growth of R. solani in vitro, while at > or =300 g/L it inhibited it. P. aeruginosa-pretreated rice plants challenged inoculation with R. solani (as pathogen), an additional increase in the accumulation of peroxidase was observed. Three pathogenesis-related peroxidases in induced rice plants were detected; molar mass of these purified peroxidases was 28, 36 and 47 kDa. Purified peroxidase showed antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi R. solani, Pyricularia oryzae and Helminthosporium oryzae.

Antibiosis↗

PubMed1981

Treatment of psoriasis of the scalp with betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate plus salicylic acid lotion ('Diprosalic').

In an open study, 38 patients suffering from psoriasis of the scalp with various degrees of severity and duration, were treated for 4 weeks with a lotion containing 0.05% betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate and 2% salicylic acid in a paraben-free vehicle containing isopropyl alcohol. The results showed agreement between the overall evaluation of response by patients and the physician using a 60 mm visual scale analogue. Marked relief of symptoms appeared after 1 week of treatment while clinical improvement appeared after 2 weeks. Slight degree of induration was present in 1 patient after 4 weeks of treatment, while 8 patients showed slight degree of scaling. After 2 weeks, excoriation disappeared in all the patients treated. Overall tolerance and cosmetic acceptability of the preparation were good.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Is the High Basal Level of Salicylic Acid Important for Disease Resistance in Potato?

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants contain a high basal level of salicylic acid (SA), the role of which in disease resistance is currently unclear. Here we report that, in spite of a drastic reduction in total SA levels in transgenic potato plants expressing the bacterial salicylate hydroxylase gene (nahG), there was no significant increase in disease severity when infected by Phytophthora infestans. Therefore, the high basal level of SA does not lead to constitutive resistance in healthy potato plants. However, in contrast to control plants, arachidonic acid failed to induce systematic acquired resistance (SAR) in nahG plants against P. infestans, indicating an essential role of SA in potato SAR. These results suggest that in potato the development of SAR against P. infestans may involve increased sensitivity of the plant to SA.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

Chloride-37 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of binding of salicylic acid and other hydroxybenzoic acids to the band 3 anion transport protein of human erythrocytes.

Chloride-37 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate the displacement of chloride (Cl-) from binding sites on band 3 anion transport protein in human erythrocytes by salicylic acid and five other hydroxybenzoic acids (HAs). All the HAs studied displaced Cl- from these binding sites. The association constants for binding of the HAs to band 3 anion transport protein were larger than that for Cl- and dependent on the specific structural features of the molecule, rather than general physicochemical characteristics.

Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte↗

PubMed2006

Role of salicylic acid in alleviating oxidative damage in rice roots (Oryza sativa) subjected to cadmium stress.

Time-dependent changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and lipid peroxidation were investigated in roots of rice (Oryza sativa) grown hydroponically with Cd, with or without pretreatment of salicylic acid (SA). Exposure to 50 microM Cd significantly decreased root growth, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), but increased the concentrations of H(2)O(2), malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and non-protein thiols (NPT). However, pretreatment with 10 microM SA enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants, but lowered the concentrations of H(2)O(2) and MDA in the Cd-stressed rice compared with the Cd treatment alone. Pretreatment with SA alleviated the Cd-induced inhibition of root growth. The results showed that pretreatment with SA enhanced the antioxidant defense activities in Cd-stressed rice, thus alleviating Cd-induced oxidative damage and enhancing Cd tolerance. The possible mechanism of SA-induced H(2)O(2) signaling in mediating Cd tolerance was discussed.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2003

Plantar wart treatment with combination imiquimod and salicylic acid pads.

Treatment of plantar warts is often difficult and may be painful, often employing destructive treatment modalities. We report the successful treatment of a patient with a large plantar wart using Imiquimod 5% cream under occlusion with a 40% salicylic acid pad. This combination treatment modality likely allows successful delivery of Imiquimod through the thick skin on the plantar surface. Once penetrated, an anti-viral state is created by upregulating specific cytokines to eradicate the human papilloma virus (HPV).

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2003

Plantar wart treatment with combination imiquimod and salicylic acid pads.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Iontophoretic transdermal delivery of salicylic acid dissolved in ethanol-water mixture in rats.

The usefulness of iontophoresis is restricted to highly water-soluble compounds, since drugs are generally applied as an aqueous solution in a drug electrode. In the present study, salicylic acid (SA) dissolved in ethanol-water mixture was loaded in a drug electrode, and the effect of ethanol on the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of SA was evaluated. Ethanol at a concentration of 10 or 30% showed no significant effect on the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of SA compared to that in the absence of ethanol, but 40 or 70% ethanol increased it significantly. The current density passing through in vivo during iontophoretic treatment decreased with increase in ethanol concentrations. These results suggested that the enhanced transdermal absorption of SA iontophoretically by the presence of ethanol in a drug solution is not due to the increased current density in vivo, but probably due to the direct action of ethanol on the stratum corneum. In conclusion, addition of ethanol to a drug solution at an appropriate concentration was proved to enhance the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of SA. A mixture of ethanol and water can dissolve many poorly water-soluble drugs, and therefore it would be able to expand the application of iontophoresis to include many drugs that are poorly soluble in water.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1984

[Studies on the pharmacological bases of fetal toxicity of drugs (VII). Enhancement effect of bacterial pyrogen on the fetal toxicity of salicylic acid].

We reported previously that the acute and fetal toxicities of aspirin (ASA) were enhanced by bacterial endotoxin (LPS). In order to clarify the mechanism of the enhancement by LPS, the effects of LPS on the toxicities of salicylic acid (SA), the main metabolite of ASA, were investigated in rats. The following results were obtained: 1) The acute toxicity of SA was significantly potentiated by LPS in male rats. The LD50 of SA with LPS was about one third of that of SA alone. 2) The increase of maternal body weight was inhibited significantly after administration of SA (383 mg/kg, p.o.) with LPS (20 micrograms/kg, i.v.), but not after administration of SA alone. 3) The fetal toxicity of SA including fetal death, resorption, growth retardation and skeletal variations was slightly observed in the dam receiving a single dose of SA on the 15th day of pregnancy, but it was markedly increased by LPS (20 micrograms/kg, i.v.). 4) The half-life period of SA in plasma was increased significantly by the co-administration of LPS in male rats after administration of ASA or SA. All of these phenomena in the rats given SA closely resembled the phenomena previously reported in the rats given ASA. These results suggest that SA might play a main role in the acute and fetal toxicities of ASA, and one of the mechanism of the enhancement effect by LPS on ASA-induced fetal toxicity might be related to the increase of SA concentration in the fetus.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Salicylic acid mediated by the oxidative burst is a key molecule in local and systemic responses of cotton challenged by an avirulent race of Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum.

We analyzed the production of reactive oxygen species, the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), and peroxidase activity during the incompatible interaction between cotyledons of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv Reba B50/Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum (Xcm) race 18. SA was detected in petioles of cotyledons 6 h after infection and 24 h post inoculation in cotyledons and untreated leaves. The first peak of SA occurred 3 h after generation of superoxide (O(2)(.-)), and was inhibited by infiltration of catalase. Peroxidase activity and accumulation of SA increased in petioles of cotyledons and leaves following H(2)O(2) infiltration of cotyledons from 0.85 to 1 mM. Infiltration of 2 mM SA increased peroxidase activity in treated cotyledons and in the first leaves, but most of the infiltrated SA was rapidly conjugated within the cotyledons. When increasing concentrations of SA were infiltrated 2. 5 h post inoculation at the beginning of the oxidative burst, the activity of the apoplastic cationic O(2)(.-)-generating peroxidase decreased in a dose-dependent manner. We have shown that during the cotton hypersensitive response to Xcm, H(2)O(2) is required for local and systemic accumulation of SA, which may locally control the generation of O(2)(.-). Detaching cotyledons at intervals after inoculation demonstrated that the signal leading to systemic accumulation of SA was emitted around 3 h post inoculation, and was associated with the oxidative burst. SA produced 6 h post infection at HR sites was not the primary mobile signal diffusing systemically from infected cotyledons.

Amitrole↗

PubMed1984

Rapidly-adapting receptor activity and intratracheal pressure in guinea pigs. II. Action of aspirin and salicylic acid in antagonizing mediators of allergic asthma.

The effects of leukotriene C4 (LTC4), prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), histamine, and bradykinin upon intratracheal pressure and nerve activity from rapidly-adapting receptors (RARs) before and after the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs salicylic acid (SA) and aspirin (ASA, acetylsalicylic acid) have been studied in guinea pigs. All mediators increased tracheal pressure and nerve activity in a time-dependent manner. The peak in nerve activity always preceded the peak in tracheal pressure. Neither SA or ASA blocked the effects of histamine or PGF2 alpha upon tracheal pressure or nerve activity. ASA and even SA blocked the effects of bradykinin on both parameters. While SA had no effect on LTC4, ASA blocked the effects of LTC4 upon both tracheal pressure and nerve activity. These results suggest that both LTC4 and bradykinin may act through mediators derived from arachidonic acid not only in increasing tracheal pressures but also to increase RAR nerve activity.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Salicylic acid and NIM1/NPR1-independent gene induction by incompatible Peronospora parasitica in arabidopsis.

To identify pathogen-induced genes distinct from those involved in systemic acquired resistance, we used cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism to examine RNA levels in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type, nim1-1, and salicylate hydroxylase-expressing plants after inoculation with an incompatible isolate of the downy mildew pathogen Peronospora parasitica. Fifteen genes are described, which define three response profiles on the basis of whether their induction requires salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and NIM1/NPR1 activity, SA alone, or neither. Sequence analysis shows that the genes include a calcium binding protein related to TCH3, a protein containing ankyrin repeats and potential transmembrane domains, three glutathione S-transferase gene family members, and a number of small, putatively secreted proteins. We further characterized this set of genes by assessing their expression patterns in each of the three plant lines after inoculation with a compatible P. parasitica isolate and after treatment with the SA analog 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid. Some of the genes within subclasses showed different requirements for SA accumulation and NIM1/NPR1 activity, depending upon which elicitor was used, indicating that those genes were not coordinately regulated and that the regulatory pathways are more complex than simple linear models would indicate.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1975

[The effect of salicylic acid on epidermal cell proliferation kinetics in psoriasis. Autoradiographic in vitro-investigations(author's transl)].

Salicylic acid in the therapeutic concentrations from 0.5 to 10% does not affect the rate of proliferation of psoriatic epidermal cells. In 18 patients suffering from psoriasis the H3-I (H3-thymidine labelling index) was determined using autoradiographic in vitro labelling techniques. In 12 of these patients double-labelling with C14-and H3-thymidine was used to determine the H3-I, the DNA-synthesis time (ts) and the duration of the cell-cycle (tc). No significant changes were observed following external application of salicyclic acid in white Vaseline in concentrations of 0.5, 2 and 10% for one week.

Autoradiography↗

PubMed1999

Effect of barrier perturbation on cutaneous penetration of salicylic acid in hairless rats: in vivo pharmacokinetics using microdialysis and non-invasive quantification of barrier function.

The penetration of topically applied drugs is altered in diseased or barrier-damaged skin. We used microdialysis in the dermis to measure salicylic acid (SA) penetration in hairless rats following application to normal (unmodified) skin (n = 11) or skin with perturbed barrier function from (1) tape-stripping (n = 5), (2) sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) 2% for 24 h (n = 3) or (3) delipidization by acetone (n = 4). Prior to the experiment, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema were measured. Two microdialysis probes were inserted into the dermis on the side of the trunk and 5% SA in ethanol was applied in a chamber overlying the probes. Microdialysis sampling was continued for 4 h, followed by measurements of probe depth by ultrasound scanning. SA was detectable in all samples and rapidly increasing up to 130 min. Microdialysates collected between 80 and 200 min showed mean SA concentrations of 3 microg/ml in unmodified and acetone-treated skin, whereas mean SA concentrations were 280 microg/ml in SLS-pretreated skin and 530 microg/ml in tape-stripped skin (P < 0.001). The penetration of SA correlated with barrier perturbation measured by TEWL (P < 0.001) and erythema (P < 0.001). A correlation between dermal probe depth and SA concentration was found in unmodified skin (P = 0.04). Microdialysis sampling in anatomical regions remote from the dosed site excluded the possibility that SA levels measured were due to systemic absorption. Microdialysis sampling of cutaneous penetration was highly reproducible. Impaired barrier function, caused by irritant dermatitis or tape stripping, resulted in an 80- to 170-fold increase in the drug level in the dermis. This dramatic increase in drug penetration could be relevant to humans, in particular to topical treatment of skin diseases and to occupational toxicology.

Absorption↗

PubMed2006

Silverleaf whitefly induces salicylic acid defenses and suppresses effectual jasmonic acid defenses.

The basal defenses important in curtailing the development of the phloem-feeding silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci type B; SLWF) on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were investigated. Sentinel defense gene RNAs were monitored in SLWF-infested and control plants. Salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene transcripts accumulated locally (PR1, BGL2, PR5, SID2, EDS5, PAD4) and systemically (PR1, BGL2, PR5) during SLWF nymph feeding. In contrast, jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene-dependent RNAs (PDF1.2, VSP1, HEL, THI2.1, FAD3, ERS1, ERF1) were repressed or not modulated in SLWF-infested leaves. To test for a role of SA and JA pathways in basal defense, SLWF development on mutant and transgenic lines that constitutively activate or impair defense pathways was determined. By monitoring the percentage of SLWF nymphs in each instar, we show that mutants that activate SA defenses (cim10) or impair JA defenses (coi1) accelerated SLWF nymphal development. Reciprocally, mutants that activate JA defenses (cev1) or impair SA defenses (npr1, NahG) slowed SLWF nymphal development. Furthermore, when npr1 plants, which do not activate downstream SA defenses, were treated with methyl jasmonate, a dramatic delay in nymph development was observed. Collectively, these results showed that SLWF-repressed, JA-regulated defenses were associated with basal defense to the SLWF.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Microfabrication of individual 200 microm diameter transdermal microconduits using high voltage pulsing in salicylic acid and benzoic acid.

We describe an extension of semiconductor fabrication methods that creates individual approximately 200 microm diameter aqueous pathways through human stratum corneum at predetermined sites. Our hypothesis is that spatially localized electroporation of the multilamellar lipid bilayer membranes provides rapid delivery of salicylic acid to the keratin within corneocytes, leading to localized keratin disruption and then to a microconduit. A microconduit penetrating the isolated stratum corneum supports a volumetric flow of order 0.01 ml per s with a pressure difference of only 0.01 atm (about 10(2) Pa). This study provides a method for rapidly microengineering a pathway in the skin to interface future devices for transdermal drug delivery and sampling of biologically relevant fluids.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of chloroxylenol 0.5% plus salicylic acid 2% cream and benzoyl peroxide 5% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized double-blind study.

A 12-week double-blind randomized study was performed to compare benzoyl peroxide 5% (BP) gel and chloroxylenol 0.5% plus salicylic acid 2% (PCMX + SA) cream (Nisal cream) for efficacy and adverse reactions. Thirty-seven volunteers participated in the study, 19 in the BP group and 18 in the PCMX + SA group. The patients applied the medication twice daily to the entire face. Clinical evaluation and lesion counts were obtained at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. At week 12 both groups showed a marked improvement in both inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions (60% and 54% for the BP group and 62% and 56% for and 56% for the PCMX + SA group, respectively). Although PCMX + SA showed a slightly stronger keratolytic effect throughout the study period, there was no statistically significant difference in the reduction of the papulopustules or comedones between the two groups. Adverse effects such as erythema and photosensitivity were significantly fewer in the PCMX + SA group at week 12 (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.05, respectively). These results suggest that PCMX + SA cream is as effective as BP gel in the treatment of papulopustular and comedonal acne and that it is better tolerated.

Acne Vulgaris↗