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[Effect of genetic structure on hereditary diseases in Russian populations].

Several characteristics of the lead of hereditary diseases can be distinguished. These include: the mean values of a prevalent autosomal dominant; autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive disorders in a population; the spatial distribution of families with hereditary diseases, especially those with autosomal recessive disorders in a population; and diverse hereditary pathologies in the population. All these characteristics are shown to be influenced by the genetic pattern of Russian populations, namely by random inbreeding which varies significantly in northern rural populations, but which is virtually equal to 0 in northern urban and southern Russian populations. The rate of migration is another factor of the genetic pattern which also affects the load of hereditary diseases.

Genes, Dominant↗
PubMed2004

Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges.

Primary care is recognized as the most important form of healthcare for maintaining population health because it is relatively inexpensive, can be more easily delivered than specialty and inpatient care, and if properly distributed it is most effective in preventing disease progression on a large scale. Recent advances in the field of health geography have greatly improved our understanding of the role played by geographic distribution of health services in population health maintenance. However, most of this knowledge has accrued for hospital and specialty services and services in rural areas. Much less is known about the effect of distance to and supply of primary care on primary care utilization, particularly in the U.S.For several reasons the shortage of information is particularly acute for urban areas, where the majority of people live. First, explicit definitions and conceptualizations of healthcare access have not been widely used to guide research. An additional barrier to progress has been an overwhelming concern about affordability of care, which has garnered the majority of attention and research resources. Also, the most popular measures of spatial accessibility to care - travel impedance to nearest provider and supply level within bordered areas - lose validity in congested urban areas. Better measures are needed. Fortunately, some advances are occurring on the methodological front. These can improve our knowledge of all types of healthcare geography in all settings, including primary care in urban areas.This paper explains basic concepts and measurements of access, provides some historical background, outlines the major questions concerning geographic accessibility of primary care, describes recent developments in GIS and spatial analysis, and presents examples of promising work.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Distribution of human Oesophagostomum bifurcum, hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis infections in northern Ghana.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in 216 randomly selected, representative rural villages in the northeastern part of Ghana from March 1995 to May 1998. Inhabitants of randomly selected households, stratified by age and gender, were included. The geographical position of villages was recorded with a global positioning system (GPS). The prevalence of Oesophagostomum, hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis infections in a study population of 20250 people was determined by microscopic examination of larvae in stool cultures. The overall prevalence was 10.2, 50.6 and 11.6% for the three nematodes, respectively. Hookworm infections were seen in all but one (99.5%) and S. stercoralis in 88.4% of the 216 villages, while Oesophagostomum infections were found to be common in a limited area with prevalences varying from 0 to 75%. An association was found between Oesophagostomum and hookworm infection, both at the individual and at the village level. Spatial analysis of the prevalence data indicated that the endemic area is relatively clearly demarcated to the south of the study area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Chagas disease vector control through different intervention modalities in endemic localities of Paraguay.

In a field study carried out in three rural communities in Paraguay in a zone endemic for Chagas disease, we implemented three different vector control interventions--spraying, housing improvement, and a combination of spraying plus housing improvement--which effectively reduced the triatomine infestation. The reduction of triatomine infestation was 100% (47/47) in the combined intervention community, whereas in the community where housing improvement was carried out it was 96.4% (53/55). In the community where fumigation alone was used, the impact was 97.6% (40/41) in terms of domiciliary infestation. In all the houses where an intervention was made, an 18-month follow-up showed reinfestation rates of less than 10%. A serological survey of the population in the pre- and post-intervention periods revealed a shift in positive cases towards older age groups, but no significant differences were observed. The rate of seroconversion was 1.3% (three new cases) in the community with housing improvement only, but none of these cases could have resulted from vector transmission. The most cost-effective intervention was insecticide spraying, which during a 21-month follow-up period had a high impact on triatomine infestation and cost US$ 29 per house as opposed to US$ 700 per house for housing improvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Demographic characteristics of asthma admissions to hospitals.

The age, sex, race, domicile and geographic distribution of patients admitted to hospital for asthma in New Zealand in 1981 were studied. The 0-14 year age group had a higher admission rate than the older age group. Males were admitted more frequently than females in the youngest and eldest age groups, but the converse was found in the 15-64 year age group. The Polynesian admission rates were more than double those of Europeans in all age groups. The effect of urban or rural domicile on asthma admission rates is age dependent. Urban dwellers under 25 years of age have higher admission rates than those with rural domiciles, however, in those over 45 there is a higher admission rate from rural areas than from urban areas. There was a highly significant difference in the admission rates between hospital boards (p = 0.003). For hospital boards serving populations of 50,000 or more there was a 9 fold difference between the highest (Hawkes Bay) and lowest (Nelson) admission rates. The geographical distribution of asthma admission rates show distinct areas with high (south of the North Island) and low (Auckland and Waikato) rates. The national admission rates almost doubled between 1976 and 1981 and the spatial pattern of admission rates was similar in these two years (r = 0.627 p less than 0.001). This indicates that the increase in admissions occurred uniformly throughout the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Urbanization trends in Southeast Asia: some issues for policy.

"The apparent Southeast Asian paradox of fairly slow urbanization but rapidly growing urban populations is due to continued high rates of natural increase, especially in rural areas. Southeast Asian countries differ greatly in the nature of their urban hierarchies, and the appropriate policy goals and strategies therefore also differ. In countering growing urban primacy, indirect approaches emphasizing macro-economic and sectoral policies conducive to more dispersed patterns of urban growth have greater potential impact than direct attempts to slow the growth of large city populations. Greater decentralization of power and decision making over resource allocation is also needed."

Asia↗
PubMed2004

Preliminary studies on the prevalence and distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in Ondo State, Nigeria.

The prevalence of S. haematobium infection in 18 Local Government Area (LGA) in Ondo state was determined by examining pupils from randomly selected schools in the state. A total of 4266 urine samples were examined and 1303 (30.5%) were infected with the parasite. The infection was recorded in both rural and urban communities in each LGA. The overall prevalence was significantly higher in males (33.7%) than in females (26.0%) (P = -0.001). The LGA exhibiting the highest overall prevalence of infection was Akure north (86.2%; Cl, 0.82-0.9). The infection was most common in subjects between the ages of 11 and 15 years. Seven species of aquatic snails were encountered and B. (P). globosus was the most abundant and widespread species. The Owena river/dam in Idanre LGA was richest in molluscan fauna. B. (P). globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi shedding cercariae were recovered from Owena river and dam. The study shows that there were spatial heterogeneities in the prevalence of infections in both human population and the snail intermediate hosts. The implications of the clustering nature of the disease, for a successful control program in the state, were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Mortality by socio-occupational categories in urban and rural areas].

Mortality data in France are studied by a cross sectional analysis including both population density (urban or rural aggregates) and socio-economic groups. The socio-economic differentials in mortality increase with the size of localities. Specific social class distribution partly explains the excess of mortality in rural areas and the lowest mortality in the parisian agglomeration. On the contrary social class distribution does not affect mortality in small towns. Nevertheless, the expected effect of social class does not explain all the discrepancies in mortality between urban and rural areas. The population density is a parameter that should be taken into account when analyzing mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of the spatio-temporal and semantic aspects of land-cover/use change dynamics 1991-2001 in Albania at national and district levels.

In the turmoil of a rapidly changing economy the Albanian government needs accurate and timely information for management of their natural resources and formulation of land-use policies. The transformation of the forestry sector has required major changes in the legal, regulatory and management framework. The World Bank financed Albanian National Forest Inventory project provides an analysis of spatially explicit land-cover/use change dynamics in the period 1991-2001 using the FAO/UNEP Land Cover Classification System for codification of classes, satellite remote sensing and field survey for data collection and elements of the object-oriented geo-database approach to handle changes as an evolution of land-cover/use objects, i.e. polygons, over time to facilitate change dynamics analysis. Analysis results at national level show the trend of natural resources depletion in the form of modifications and conversions that lead to a gradual shift from land-cover/use types with a tree cover to less dense tree covers or even a complete removal of trees. Policy failure (e.g., corruption, lack of law enforcement) is seen as the underlying cause. Another major trend is urbanisation of areas near large urban centres that change urban-rural linkages. Furthermore, after privatisation agricultural areas increased in the hills where environmental effects may be detrimental, while prime agricultural land in the plains is lost to urbanisation. At district level, the local variability of spatially explicit land-cover/use changes shows different types of natural resources depletion. The distribution of changes indicates a regional prevalence, thus a decentralised approach to the natural resources management could be advocated.

Albania↗