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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Levels and enterotoxigenicity of Clostridium perfringens in pozole, tamales, and birria.

A quantitative survey of Clostridium perfringens in typical foods served at local restaurants was conducted for 18 months in Guadalajara, Mexico. A total of 151 samples, including goat's birria (50), pozole (50), and beef tamales (51), were collected from small restaurants in Guadalajara. Samples were tested for C. perfringens by the most probable number (MPN) method and for mesophilic aerobic plate counts (MAPCs) and coliform, yeast, and mold counts by plate count methods. Isolates confirmed as C. perfringens were further sporulated and tested for cytotoxic or cytotonic effect against Vero cells as an indication of enterotoxin production. C. perfringens was detected in 78 (52%) of all samples at concentrations that ranged from 2.3 to 5.4 log MPN/g. Average MAPCs were 1.3 to 2.7 log CFU/g, depending on the type of dish. Coliform counts ranged from less than 1.0 to 1.5 CFU/g, and yeast and mold counts were less than 1.0 log CFU/g in all cases. A total of 118 isolates of C. perfringens were tested for enterotoxic effect on Vero cells; 82 (70%) showed activity against Vero cells. Of them, 31 isolates induced cell lysis, indicating cytotoxic effect; 41 induced cell elongation, indicating cytotonic effect; and 10 produced both cytotoxic and cytotonic effect. Dilution of the bacterial filtrates that were still producing an effect on Vero cells ranged from 1:80 to 1:5,120. These results underscore the importance of determining enterotoxigenicity when testing for C. perfringens in foods.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tokyo story. A British nurse is setting up an infection control service in Japan.

Tokyo is an amazing capital city, just as you would expect: tall buildings, bright lights, overcrowded and fast paced. Japan was a bit of a culture shock at first, but things have settled down since I learned a few key Japanese phrases for such questions as 'Can I have... ?' and 'Where is... ?' There are many places to visit in this city of almost 15 million people. Getting around is straightforward, as there is an efficient underground system with the station names in English as well as Japanese. The trains are on time and fully air-conditioned, but during rush hours it can get very uncomfortable with so many people squashed inside the carriages. The food ranges from inexpensive pavement cafes serving batter-fried octopus to exclusive sushi restaurants. Every type of food is available in the many restaurants, but I enjoy trying traditional Japanese dishes. The food is always fresh, well presented and tasty. Some of the more unusual dishes include raw horse, raw eggs, sea urchins and live fish. I have been taken to a karaoke bar by my work colleagues and it was great, but very different from what I had expected. You only sing to the people you are with and there are a number of rooms in the bar, depending on how many of you there are, which reduces the public humiliation factor.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of nicotine, 3-hydroxycotinine, cotinine, and caffeine in urine of passive smokers by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of nicotine and two of its major metabolites, cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine, as well as for caffeine from urine samples. The method was developed to assess exposure of restaurant and hotel workers to environmental tobacco smoke. METHODS: The method includes sample pretreatment and reversed-phase HPLC separation with tandem mass spectrometric identification and quantification using electrospray ionization on a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer. Sample pretreatment followed standard protocols, including addition of base before liquid-liquid partitioning against dichloromethane on a solid matrix, evaporation of the organic solvent using gaseous nitrogen, and transferring to HPLC vials using HPLC buffer. HPLC separation was run on-line with the electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric detection. RESULTS: The detection limits of the procedure were in the 1 microg/L range, except for nicotine (10 microg/L of urine). Still lower detection limits can be achieved with larger sample volumes. Recoveries of the sample treatment varied from 99% (cotinine) to 78% (3-hydroxycotinine). CONCLUSIONS: The method described is straightforward and not labor-intensive and, therefore, permits a high throughput of samples with excellent prospects for automation. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in a small-scale study on restaurant employees.

Caffeine↗
PubMed1999

[Interposition of a synthetic mesh by vaginal approach in the cure of genital prolapse].

There are two goals for treatment if vaginal prolapse, restauration of normal function and anatomy and prevention of recurrence. Most operations described for replacement and maintenance of prolapsed organs in the pelvic cavity do not treat the cause of the prolapse which is diastasis of levator muscles and, in most cases, failure of the pelvic fascia. By analogy with the treatment of parietal hernias, the concept of a synthetic graft to reinforce failing fascias and restauration of normal anatomy has been proposed. From June 1994 through March 1999, 46 patients were treated for genital prolapse by a vaginal approach with positioning of a polyester mesh sutured to the vaginal angles. No major complication was observed. One mesh exposure occurred 4 months after treatment of a cystocele with vaginal hysterectomy and was treated by partial resection with good outcome. With a 5-year follow-up (median 26 months), all patients are totally satisfied. No recurrence of prolapse was observed. Sexual function was preserved without dyspareunia. This study demonstrates the feasability and efficacy of using a synthetic graft in the cure via a vaginal approach of genital prolapse. Complementary studies are necessary to evaluate the indications for which the procedure can be proposed and how it should be integrated in to schemes with other procedures.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Menu Analysis for Improved Customer Demand and Profitability in Hospital Cafeterias.

Several sophisticated menu analysis methods have been compared in studies using theoretical restaurant menus. Institutional and especially hospital cafeterias differ from commercial restaurants in ways that may influence the effectiveness of these menu analysis methods. In this study, we compared three different menu analysis methods - menu engineering, goal value analysis, and marginal analysis in an institutional setting, to evaluate their relative effectiveness for menu management decision-making. The three methods were used to analyze menu cost and sales data for a representative cafeteria in a large metropolitan hospital. The results were compared with informal analyses by the manager and an employee to determine accuracy and value of information for decision-making. Results suggested that all three methods would improve menu planning and pricing, which in turn would enhance customer demand (revenue) and profitability. However, menu engineering was ranked the easiest of the three methods to interpret.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

[Nitrate and nitrite in prepared meals in relation to the nitrate concentration of drinking water (author's transl)].

The nitrate and nitrite content of prepared foods was investigated in four areas in Rhineland Palatinate. The nitrate content of the drinking water was different in each area, the first region always having less than 1 mg NO-3/litre, the second an average of 19.5 mg NO-3/litre, the third an average of 35.6 mg NO-3/litre and the fourth 130 mg NO-3/litre. The samples were restaurant food which had been served without previously informing the maker. They were separately analysed according to soup, meat and gravy, carbohydrate accompaniments, vegetables and salad. It was shown that, in the four areas (in the above order) an average of 46, 67, 45 and 65 mg NO-3/main meal was ingested, which corresponds to a ratio of 1:1.5:1:1.4. For nitrites, the figures were 1.4, 2.0, 1.5, and 2.8 mg NO-2/main meal, corresponding to a ratio of 1:1.4:1.1:2. The nitrate excess consumed by the population in the principal meals in areas with a drinking water concentration of 130 mg/1 is consequently only 1.4 times higher than in an area where the water supply is free from nitrate. Under the same conditions the nitrite content is doubled. However, the levels at 2 and 1 mg NO-2/kg are altogether very low and are not likely to be of any importance hygienically for the public at large. The concentrations of nitrate in potatoes and carbohydrate accompaniments (94 mg NO-3/kg), vegetables (99 mg NO-3/kg) and salads (109 mg NO-3/kg) show average levels which are double those of soups (50 mg NO-3/kg) and meat dishes (58 mg NO-3kg). An effect of the nitrate content of drinking water on these figures is only seen in soups and meat, an increase by a factor of 4 occurring between the area with nitrate-gree drinking water and the area with 130 mg NO-3/1). Contrary to expectation, the nitrite levels show the reverse relationship. They are highest in soups (4.7 mg NO-2/kg) and meat dishes (3.5 mg NO-2/kg) to salads (1.4 mg NO-3/kg). The values obtained may be considered representative for the average population, because the present day cooking habits of the private household is largely equivalent to that of the restaurant industry as a result of the use of tinned foods, ready-cooked soups and ready-made gravies.

Cooking↗
PubMed1994

Check, please. Don't expect after-dinner mints.

That's because when the check arrives, there'll be condoms instead. Cabbage and Condoms, a Thai restaurant overseen by the Bangkok-based Population and Development Association, serves both items. The eatery plans to open its first overseas outlet in Beijing next month. "We have been working with Chinese family-planning groups and chose Beijing because it is the capital of the world's most populous country," says PDA founding chairman Mechai Viravaidya, who is widely known as "Mr. Condom" for his promotion of the device to stem population growth and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Stressing public awareness over coercion represents the next wave of birth control in China. The country's population is projected to hit 1.65 billion stabilizing around 2044. "Our food is guaranteed not to cause pregnancy," quips Mechai. Cabbages and condoms plans to serve Chinese and Thai dishes and offer karaoke. Profits will go to promoting birth control and AIDS awareness. The opening is timely: the World Health Organization recently urged China to boost its efforts to fight the spread of AIDS. Officially the country has 1159 cases of the disease, but the real number may be a lot higher. The PDA also plans to open restaurants in Vietnam, Australia and the US.

Asia↗
PubMed2002

Evidence for sequential decision making in the medicinal leech.

Decision making can be a complex task involving a sequence of subdecisions. For example, we decide to pursue a goal (e.g., get something to eat), then decide how to accomplish that goal (e.g., go to a restaurant), and then make a sequence of more specific plans (e.g., which restaurant to go to, how to get there, what to order, etc.). In characterizing the effects of stimulating individual brain neurons in the isolated nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis, we have found evidence that leeches also make decisions sequentially. In this study, we describe a pair of interneurons that elicited locomotory motor programs, either swimming or crawling, in isolated nerve cords. In semi-intact animals, stimulating the same neurons also produced either swimming or crawling, and which behavior was produced could be controlled experimentally by manipulating the depth of saline around the intact part of the leech. These same neurons were excited and fired strongly when swimming or crawling occurred spontaneously or in response to mechanosensory stimulation. We conclude that these brain interneurons help to decide on locomotion (i.e., they are "locomotory command-like neurons") and that the ultimate behavior is determined downstream, in a part of the decision-making hierarchy that monitors stimuli related to the depth of fluid surrounding the leech.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) in public catering services: a modified method, combined to bacteriologic assay.

During 1990 and 1991 the Veterinary and Public Health Services of USL 35 of Ravenna carried out a research programme aimed at the control of food-borne diseases in the sector of public catering services, in collaboration with the Public Health Laboratory (Presidio Multizonale di Prevenzione). The objectives were: obtaining sure information about health hazards in public catering services; checking structural characteristics and equipment of workrooms in restaurants, hotels and refectories; verifying food preparation and preservation methods; promoting health education to increase employees' awareness of hygiene-related problems. The first objective, evaluation of the level of the control of the workrooms exerted on the food contamination hazard by pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organisms, was carried out by allotting specific scores to several characteristics of laboratories or workers' habits, as suggested by the "Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point" (HACCP) method for butcher's shops and fish markets. Five hundred ninety-eight public catering service units have been inspected in restaurants, hotels, school-refectories, factories, hospitals and social houses; 2,097 bacteriological examinations by agar-contact plates and swabs were carried out; 118 preserved-food temperatures were measured, especially in deep-frozen and cooked food; 70 food specimens were tested to search for Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus and measure Total Aerobic Mesophilic Weight. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli was also tested.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1992

[Etiology of hypersensitivity reactions following Chinese or Indonesian meals].

Various authors have criticised or confirmed the relation between adverse reactions to Chinese food ('The Chinese Restaurant Syndrome') and the use of monosodium glutamate (Vetsin). In our experience the occurrence of urticaria, angioedema or anaphylaxis after meals in Chinese or Indonesian restaurants is more often due to IgE-mediated Type I food allergy, caused by consumption of shrimp, peanut or spices, in particular those of the parsley family (e.g. coriander). A detailed description of four such cases is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Salmonellosis associated with 'Combi-oven' cooked egg.

During July 1989, four cases of Salmonella enteritidis (later identified as PT24) infection were reported by laboratories in Bristol. All those infected had dined at a restaurant in the city. An epidemiological investigation revealed that a number of restaurant staff and 56 customers who had completed a questionnaire had also been ill with gastrointestinal illness. An association was found between illness and eating egg mayonnaise. A 'Combi-oven' egg-cooking technique has been identified as the most likely cause of this outbreak. In view of the widespread commercial use of this cooking method the evidence related to this outbreak is given in detail.

Cooking↗
PubMed2005

Salt fluoridation in Germany since 1991.

Since 1991, fluoridated salt has been on sale in household-size packages in Germany. Potassium or sodium fluoride is added to iodized salt until the fluoride concentration reaches 250 mg/kg. The use of fluoridated salt to prevent caries is officially recommended by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK) and several other associations and groups interested in public health. In the course of the past thirteen years, the market share of fluoridated and iodized domestic salt rose to 63.1% in Germany. However, this positive development must not obscure the fact that fluoridated and iodized salt is still not allowed to be used in restaurant or cafeteria kitchens. This restriction now needs to be revoked in view of the fact that many children, adolescents and adults take their main meals in cafeterias or restaurants. Scientific studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that using fluoridated and iodized salt in cafeteria kitchens poses no problem whatever.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rate of serological markers of hepatitis B and C viruses in first-time users of the hemodialysis program at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH)].

PURPOSE: Determine the rate of markers of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses in patients with terminal chronic kidney failure (TCKF) prior to the start of a chronic hemodialysis program (CHD), and assess the time relation between infection and epidemiological history. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective and analytical study. The study population was composed of the entire group of TCKF patients using the CHD program for the first time at the HNCH, Lima, from June 2002 to September 2003. HbsAg and HBV Anti-HBc, and HCV anti-VHC markers were assessed. RESULTS: 86 patients were studied, 45 female (52.3%) and 41 male (47.7%). During the study, the total rate of HBV markers was 20.9%, HBsAg(+) was 2.3%, and anti-HBcT(+) was only 18.7%. Anti-HCV rate was 4.65%. Related factors for potential carriers of only anti-HBcT(+) were: elder age, sexual intercourse with prostitutes OR=6.1 (1.5-25.3), food consumption at restaurants OR=5.2 (1.6-16.4), or being born in the jungle area OR=6.7 (1.5-30.5). Multi-variance analysis showed that only elder age OR=1.03 (1.00-1.06), being born in the jungle area OR=13.1 (1.8-91.1), and food consumption in restaurants OR=5.0 (1.4-18.0) were related to total anti-HBc count. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest a low rate of serological markers of HBV and HCV in TCKF patients using chronic hemodialysis treatment for the first time at HNCH.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with consumption of raw shellfish--three states, 2006.

During May 20-July 31, 2006, New York City, New York state, Oregon, and Washington health departments reported a total of 177 cases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, of which 122 have been associated with 17 clusters. A cluster has been defined as a group of two or more ill persons who were linked to the same shellfish source (e.g., shared a meal at the same restaurant or obtained shellfish from the same seafood market). Certain clusters were associated with restaurants, certain clusters with seafood markets, and certain clusters with recreational harvesting. Three patients were hospitalized; no fatalities have been reported. No demographic (e.g., age, sex, or race) or medical history (e.g., predisposing conditions) information is yet available regarding affected persons.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1991

[Adhesive bridge and marginal periodontium--results of a prospective study after a period of wear of 2-3 years].

After a period of wear of 2-3 years in 48 adhesive bridges periodontal criteria (SBI and PI) were determined around the abutment teeth and compared with the condition before the insertion of the restaurations. Significant increase in the index values on the oral side of these abutment teeth was found out. Here the distance from the gingiva to the margin of restaurations was smaller than 1 mm.

Dental Plaque Index↗
PubMed1991

Present status of trichinellosis in Japan.

There have been three mass outbreaks of human trichinellosis in Japan. The first was in 1974 in Iwasaki, Aomori Prefecture, involving a group of hunters who ate raw meat of a black bear they had shot. Of the 20 people who ate the bear meat raw, 15 showed clinical symptoms of trichinellosis. The second outbreak was experienced in Sapporo, Hokkaido, in 1980. The patients had eaten the raw meat of a brown bear served in a local restaurant. Twelve people were diagnosed positive on the basis of clinical symptoms and the results of serological tests. The third outbreak was reported in 1982. Of the 434 people who had eaten raw black bear meat at a local restaurant in Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture in December 1981, 60 were diagnosed as positive for trichinellosis. The first finding of Trichinella spiralis in Japan was in 1957, when the parasite was detected in a formalin-preserved specimen of an indigenous dog in Sapporo, Hokkaido. Since then T. spiralis infection has been reported in imported animals, such as mink (1957), polar bears (1960, 1969, 1986), tiger (1986), and black leopard (1986). To date, spontaneous infection of T. spiralis in wildlife in Japan has been reported in sables (in Hokkaido, 1963), Japanese black bear (in Aomori, 1974, 1975), brown bear (in Hokkaido, 1980) and raccoon dog (in Yamagata, 1984).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ionomer as a substitute for lost dentin in conservative dentistry].

The availability of glass Ionomer cement with physical properties, very similar to dentin given the clinician a substitute for dentine (it is artificial dentin) which has had to be eliminated because of caries. Its use in restaurative dentistry with silver amalgam allows us to reduce the size of cavity without having to eliminate all the enamel which is not supported by dentine (we can leave hollowed enamel which will be supported by the glass Ionomer cement as it acts as dentine). Using it in restaurative dentistry with composite resins offers us an adherent base stuck chemically to the dentine, which is of similar colour, with the rest of the dental structure. It also avoids recurrent caries as it contains fluoride ions, and provides a strong micromechanic union with the composite (more similar in colour and more resistant) which is placed onto the surface.

Composite Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Restorative dentistry in a community center. 10-year report].

It is reported the results of voluntary odontological assistance in the Community Center of the Methodist Church of Vila Virginia. In a period of ten years the relation patient/dentistry student was an average of 23.08. Of the procedures, 69.9 per cent were amalgam restaurations and 30.1 per cent with silicate cement or resin. This is an important extracurricular activity for the student, in the sense that it helps improve his techniques. On the other hand, although restricted in time, this work has been important for the oral health of the community. Uniterms: voluntary extracurricular activity; amalgam, silicate or resin restaurations.

Community Dentistry↗