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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effects of instructional set on amnesic recognition memory performance.

Tests that tapped memory for spatial location, temporal order, frequency of occurrence, and category membership were administered to a group of alcoholic Korsakoff patients, a group of mixed amnesic patients with primarily temporal lobe pathology, and a group of normal subjects. The four tests were administered with incidental as well as intentional learning conditions. All groups performed better in the intentional than the incidental condition of the category recognition test. None of the groups performed better in the intentional than the incidental conditions on any of the other tests. The data were interpreted as implying that amnesic patients do not benefit from intentional learning conditions in tests of memory for contextual stimuli.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed2006

The effects of angry and happy expressions on recognition memory for unfamiliar faces in delusion-prone individuals.

Numerous studies suggest a cognitive bias for threat-related material in delusional ideation. However, few studies have examined this bias using a memory task. We investigated the influence of delusion-proneness on identity and expression memory for angry and happy faces. Participants high and low in delusion-proneness were presented with happy and angry faces and were later asked to recognise the same faces displaying a neutral expression. They also had to remember what the initial expressions of the faces had been. Remember/know/guess judgments were asked for both identity and expression memory. Results showed that delusion-prone participants better recognised the identity of angry faces compared to non-delusional participants. Also, this difference between the two groups was mainly due to a greater number of remember responses in delusion-prone participants. These findings extend previous studies by showing that delusions are associated with a memory bias for threat-related stimuli.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Repeated methamphetamine treatment impairs recognition memory through a failure of novelty-induced ERK1/2 activation in the prefrontal cortex of mice.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical studies have suggested that chronic use of methamphetamine (METH) induces long-term cognitive deficits. To clarify the mechanism of METH-induced cognitive impairment, we investigated the effect of METH on cognitive function in mice. METHODS: Mice were repeatedly administered METH for 7 days, and their cognitive function was assessed using a novel-object recognition task. Therapeutic effects of clozapine and haloperidol on METH-induced cognitive impairment were investigated. Western blotting and specific inhibitors were employed to determine the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). RESULTS: Repeated METH treatment induced an impairment of recognition of novel objects and behavioral sensitization. These effects persisted for at least 28 days after the drug withdrawal. Clozapine, but not haloperidol, reduced METH-induced cognitive impairment. Hyperphosphorylation of ERK1/2 was found in the prefrontal cortex of mice exposed to the novel objects, but was abolished in mice treated with METH. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by the microinjection of PD98059 into the prefrontal cortex resulted in cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that repeated METH treatment induces cognitive impairment, which is associated with the dysfunction of the ERK1/2 pathway in the prefrontal cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Recognition memory in Alzheimer's disease. A demonstration of a remarkable memory capacity in Alzheimer's disease.

A compelling feature of human memory is its striking capacity. Under certain circumstances, subjects can remember large amounts of information even with brief exposure at study. This investigation shows that this ability is preserved even in severely impaired Alzheimer's disease patients, and this holds implications for the clinical management of amnesic patients. To this date, demonstrations of preserved learning and memory capacity in Alzheimer's disease and amnesia have been confined to implicit memory tasks. Since the present results were obtained in an explicit memory task, the finding also holds implications for the understanding of amnesia.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2006

Visual sharpness contingency in recognition memory for orientation: mnemonic illusion suppressed by sensory signature.

A striking finding about human memory is that people's level of accuracy in remembering the orientation of heads on coins is often not simply at the chance level but significantly below it. However, S. W. Kelly, A. M. Burton, T. Kato, and S. Akamatsu (2001) reported that this is not so when two-alternative forced-choice visual recognition is employed. The Kelly et al. result could not be replicated here with a copy of their stimuli. However, the result was successfully replicated with newly created stimuli. A series of experiments provided converging evidence that the mnemonic illusion is suppressed when recognition alternatives possess sharp visual detail. The role of a sensory signature in suppressing the mnemonic illusion and in modulating visual recognition performance in general is delineated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mapping of brain networks involved in consolidation of lamb recognition memory.

In sheep, ewes at parturition are responsive to any newborn lamb, but within less than 1 h, mothers learn to recognize the odor of their lamb and restrict maternal care to their own offspring (maternal selectivity). In a first experiment, we investigated the long-term retention of maternal selectivity after various mother-young contact and separation durations. After 4 h of contact, 36 h of separation leads to a total loss of selectivity. Increasing contact duration to 7 days prior to this separation maintains selectivity. These data suggest that lamb memory after going through an initial labile state after parturition, is consolidated over time into a more stable long-term memory. Fos immunohistochemistry reveals that reintroduction of the lamb after 4 h of mother-young contact and 3 h of separation activates different maternal brain regions than reintroduction of the lamb after 7 days of mother-young contact and 3 h of separation. While the piriform cortex shows an enhanced activation at both times, a selective enhancement of activation is observed in the frontal medial and orbitofrontal cortices only after 7 days of mother-young contact. These data suggest that as consolidation occurs, the neurobiological networks sustaining lamb memory involve different structures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Repetition priming and recognition memory in younger and older persons: temporal stability and performance.

The dissociation between intact priming and reduced explicit memory in aging has been called into question on the basis of limited information that suggests that priming measures are less reliable than explicit memory measures. No aging study to date, however, has offered a comprehensive examination of the reliability of these measures. Age-related performance and test-retest stability coefficients for multiple priming and explicit memory tasks were compared. Age effects were found on some tasks but not others, and stability was not related to task performance. Stability was similar for implicit versus explicit task instructions, younger versus older persons, and studied versus unstudied items. Results indicate that dissociations between priming and explicit memory performances cannot be accounted for by differential reliability of the measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Enhanced performance of spatial and visual recognition memory tasks by the selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor E2020 in rhesus monkeys.

Hepatotoxicity limits the clinical utility of the cholinesterase inhibitor tacrine as a palliative therapy for Alzheimer's disease. The present studies examined the effects of E2020, a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor not associated with liver toxicity in man, on cognitive performance in rhesus monkeys using tasks employed previously to evaluate tacrine and other cholinomimetic agents. The ability of E2020 to prevent the induction of a cognitive impairment by the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine was assessed using an automated spatial delayed response task. Coadministration of E2020 (0.5-1.75 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent reversal of the scopolamine (0.03 mg/kg) induced impairment observed after retention intervals of 10 and 20 s. At the highest dose of E2020 examined (1.75 mg/kg), choice accuracy approached normal control levels. In this dose range, E2020 was well tolerated, but at the higher dose of 2 mg/kg, cholinergic side-effects were apparent. The effect of E2020 on choice accuracy in a visual recognition task was also assessed as this task does not require the use of scopolamine to disrupt performance and beneficial effects of cholinomimetics can therefore be detected at lower doses than in the spatial memory paradigm. In this task, administration of E2020 increased choice accuracy from 59 +/- 1% correct to up to 71 +/- 2% at doses of 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg. No observable adverse effects were induced by E2020 in this dose range. The ability of E2020 to improve performance in these cognitive tasks resembles the profile of other cholinesterase inhibitors, including tacrine, that also improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients. Because of its more favourable clinical safety profile, E2020 may provide a significantly improved palliative therapy for dementia.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1997

The effects of neurotoxic lesions of the perirhinal cortex combined to fornix transection on object recognition memory in the rat.

The effects of lesions centred in the perirhinal cortex region (Prh) or in both the perirhinal cortex region and the fornix (Prh + Fx) were assessed in two different working memory tasks, one spatial the other nonspatial. For the spatial task the rats were tested in an eight arm radial maze, using a standard procedure in which they were rewarded for avoiding previously visited arms. The Prh + Fx, but not the Prh, rats produced significantly more errors (re-entries) and these started significantly earlier in each session when compared with a surgical control group. The nonspatial task was a test of spontaneous object recognition in which rats were tested on their ability to discriminate between a familiar and a novel object. For the initial tests the Prh group failed to discriminate between the objects, but the Prh + Fx group showed a clear preference for the novel object. Observation of the test showed, however, that the Prh + Fx group were spending a greater length of time initially exploring the sample (familiar) object. When the amount of exposure to the sample object was limited to either 20 or 40 s (i.e. was the same for all three groups), the Prh + Fx group now failed to discriminate between the two objects. This change was especially evident for shorter sample duration (20 s). The Prh group did, however, show an amelioration of their deficit with this further testing. The present results support previous dissociation between spatial and nonspatial working memory, and indicate that there may be some recovery of function following perirhinal cortical damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Object recognition memory and cholinergic parameters in mice expressing human presenilin 1 transgenes.

Most autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer disease (AD) are related to missense mutations in the human presenilin (PS) 1 gene. Although the underlying mechanisms associated with pathophysiology of AD have yet to be clearly established, pathogenic mutations in the PS1 gene influence the processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein, leading to increased production and deposition of highly fibrillogenic amyloid beta(1-42) peptide in the brains of AD patients. As cognitive dysfunction in AD is associated with a dramatic loss of cholinergic innervation particularly in the hippocampus and neocortex, we investigated learning and cholinergic neurochemistry in transgenic mice expressing pathogenic mutant L286V or wild-type(wt) human PS1 transgenes. Relative to wt, the L286V PS1 transgenic mice exhibited reduced sensorimotor activity and marked deterioration of object memory between 3 and 5 h after the first encounter. Activity of the biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase was not altered in the hippocampus, frontoparietal cortex, or striatum of mutant transgenic mice relative to wt transgenic or littermate nontransgenic controls. No differences in the densities of M1/[3H]pirenzepine, M2/[3H]AF-DX 384, or alpha(7) nicotinic/125I-alpha-bungarotoxin receptor binding sites were evident in any brain regions among L286V PS1 transgenic, wt PS1 transgenic, and littermate nontransgenic controls. These results suggest that overexpression of a mutated PS1 gene induces a subtle alteration in object memory without affecting cholinergic neurochemistry.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1986

Dissociation of recognition memory and associative learning by a restricted lesion of the chick forebrain.

Bilateral lesions of a restricted part of the chick forebrain (IMHV) have been shown to impair the acquisition and retention of imprinting preferences. The present study sought to determine the effects of such lesions on an operant conditioning task in which the reward was the presentation of one of two conspicuous objects, a stuffed jungle fowl or an illuminated red box. Twelve hours after hatching 28 domestic chicks received bilateral lesions of IMHV. Thirty-two chicks served as sham-operated controls. On the following day all birds underwent two sessions of operant training. After the second session the chicks were given a preference test. In this test the reinforcing object (box or fowl) and a novel object (fowl or box, whichever had not been seen before) were simultaneously presented. One test was given 2 hr and a second 24 hr after the termination of the operant task. The lesioned birds were not impaired on the operant task or on measures of general activity. In contrast, these birds failed to show a preference for the reinforcing object whereas the sham-operated controls strongly preferred this object. These results suggest that object recognition and associative learning can be dissociated in young chicks. This dissociation is reminiscent of certain human amnesias. The lesion did not impair an expected increase in preference for the stuffed fowl which developed in all birds between the 2-hr and 24-hr preference tests.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Inter- and intraindividual variability in recognition memory: effects of aging and estrogen use.

Traditionally, studies of cognitive aging have focused on comparing the average performance of younger and older adults, whereas variability around the mean has been attributed to task-irrelevant noise. The present study examined the hypothesis that variability in memory performance increases with age and that estrogen helps temper age-related increases in variability. Postmenopausal estrogen users, estrogen and progestin (est + prog) users, and nonusers, as well as younger women, completed 16 blocks of an item-source memory task. Older women showed greater variability than younger women on measures of dispersion and consistency. Estrogen users, but not est + prog users, performed more consistently than nonusers. Overall, age-related increases in variability differed with the type of variability measured, and estrogen use, but not est + prog use, appeared to reduce age-related increases in at least 1 form of variability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Signal detection theory with finite mixture distributions: theoretical developments with applications to recognition memory.

An extension of signal detection theory (SDT) that incorporates mixtures of the underlying distributions is presented. The mixtures can be motivated by the idea that a presentation of a signal shifts the location of an underlying distribution only if the observer is attending to the signal; otherwise, the distribution is not shifted or is only partially shifted. Thus, trials with a signal presentation consist of a mixture of 2 (or more) latent classes of trials. Mixture SDT provides a general theoretical framework that offers a new perspective on a number of findings. For example, mixture SDT offers an alternative to the unequal variance signal detection model; it can also account for nonlinear normal receiver operating characteristic curves, as found in recent research.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

The effect of rehearsal on hemispheric processing in a memory recognition task.

The effect of rehearsal on right and left hemisphere performance was investigated in a recognition task in which a lateralized picture probe followed the presentation of two words in central vision. Half the 16 right-handed subjects rehearsed the pair of words vocally and half subvocally. Four different interstimulus intervals (0.5 s, 1.5 s, 3 s and 5 s) between words and picture probes were considered. Results showed no difference between the vocal and subvocal rehearsal conditions, an overall LVF right hemisphere advantage, and a trend in the linear component of the interaction visual field X interstimulus interval, indicating that the LVF advantage decreases as the interstimulus interval increases.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of attention on infants' preference for briefly exposed visual stimuli in the paired-comparison recognition-memory paradigm.

This study examined the effect of attention on 3- to 6-month-olds responses to briefly exposed visual stimuli. In Study I, stimuli presented at 2.5 or 5.0 s resulted in a familiarity preference in a subsequent paired-comparison procedure. A novelty preference was found with 10.0- or 20.0-s exposure durations. In Study 2, a Sesame Street movie elicited heart-rate-defined attention phases and stimuli replaced Sesame Street during sustained attention, attention termination, or 5.0 s following attention termination. For 20 and 26-week-olds. Stimuli presented for 5.0 s during sustained attention resulted in a novelty preference similar to that found when exposure time was 20.0 s. The duration of stimulus exposure during sustained attention in the familiarization phase was positively correlated with the preference for the novel stimulus in the paired-comparison procedure. Thus, processing of briefly presented visual stimuli differs depending on the type of attention in which the infant is currently engaged.

Arousal↗
PubMed2001

Crossed unilateral lesions of medial forebrain bundle and either inferior temporal or frontal cortex impair object recognition memory in Rhesus monkeys.

In monkeys, section of the fornix, amygdala and anterior temporal stem results in a severe anterograde amnesia. Immunolesions of the cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain suggest that this amnesia is a result of isolating the inferior temporal cortex and medial temporal lobe from their cholinergic basal forebrain afferents. In this experiment, six monkeys were trained in a delayed match-to-sample task and then received a section of the medial forebrain bundle in one hemisphere and an ablation of either the frontal or inferior temporal cortex in the opposite hemisphere. All the animals were severely impaired in the performance of this task following this surgery, and the severity of the impairment was independent of the cortical area from which the medial forebrain bundle was disconnected. These results support a model of fronto-temporal interaction via the basal forebrain in new learning, in which midbrain sites related to reward modulate the cholinergic basal forebrain activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Basal forebrain-lesioned monkeys are severely impaired in tasks of association and recognition memory.

Six squirrel monkeys received ibotenic acid-induced lesions targeted to the basal nucleus of Meynert (BNM). Postoperatively, the monkeys were trained in a broad spectrum of learning tasks and compared to normal and sham-operated controls. The lesioned monkeys showed severe and enduring learning and memory deficits in a visual reversal task, several concurrent object discriminations, a delayed nonmatch-to-sample task, and, most outstanding, and angle threshold discrimination. Although in some of the monkeys the BNM was lesioned only partly with some surrounding tissue affected as well, the lesion of the BNM appears to be crucial in the large and apparently irreversible learning deficits of the monkeys. However, final proof for this suggestion is still needed.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1998

The neural response in short-term visual recognition memory for perceptual conjunctions.

Short-term visual memory has been widely studied in humans and animals using delayed matching paradigms. The present study used positron emission tomography (PET) to determine the neural substrates of delayed matching to sample for complex abstract patterns over a 5-s delay. More specifically, the study assessed any differential neural response associated with remembering individual perceptual properties (color only and shape only) compared to conjunction between these properties. Significant activations associated with short-term visual memory (all memory conditions compared to perceptuomotor control) were observed in extrastriate cortex, medial and lateral parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus, and the thalamus. Significant deactivations were observed throughout the temporal cortex. Although the requirement to remember color compared to shape was associated with subtly different patterns of blood flow, the requirement to remember perceptual conjunctions between these features was not associated with additional specific activations. These data suggest that visual memory over a delay of the order of 5 s is mainly dependent on posterior perceptual regions of the cortex, with the exact regions depending on the perceptual aspect of the stimuli to be remembered.

Adult↗