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PubMed1985

Self blood glucose monitoring: evaluation of Haemo-Glukotest 20-800R, Visidex I and Reflolux.

Trained staff-members evaluated the accuracy of Haemo-Glukotest 20-800R (= HG 20-800R), Visidex I and Reflolux in 135 blood glucose measurements. A glucose-oxidase method was used as reference method. Although the correlation between the 3 methods tested was excellent, more detailed analysis revealed for all methods a clear deviation from the real blood glucose, especially in the low blood glucose range. This might result in an inappropriate adaptation of the insulin dose, when the estimated blood glucose is used in connection with a classic algorithm. Apart from this limitation, Reflolux had the best accuracy, followed by HG 20-800R. If stored in a desiccated tube, the HG 20-800R strip can be reliably re-read (visually or with Reflolux) even after 7 days. Visidex I is unsuitable for storage and re-reading.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1989

[Measurement of alcohol in saliva with a test strip].

As the concentration of alcohol in saliva follows the concentration of alcohol in the blood meticulously, a test strip to measure alcohol in saliva would provide an easy and rapid method of semiquantitative estimation of the blood alcohol concentration. The authors have submitted Alco-Screen test strips to trial by comparing five different batches by measurement on aqueous solutions of alcohol, saliva to which alcohol had been added and also in practice. The batch variations were very great and the results obtained on aqueous solutions and saliva with added alcohol were too high whereas the results in practical use were, in general, too low. In addition, it was found that the colour of the reagent field was difficult to compare with the reference fields. Instructions for use were incomplete and easily misunderstood.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Reliable five-minute test strip method for identification of Streptococcus pyogenes.

A novel and rapid method (Strep Strip, Lab M) for identification of Streptococcus pyogenes was evaluated. The method combines the established test for pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase (PYR) with a rapid chromogenic test for beta-glucosidase on a paper strip. The test was evaluated with 274 clinical isolates and 237 culture collection isolates of beta-haemolytic streptococci. Streptococcus pyogenes was identified with 100% specificity. Six isolates identified as Lancefield group A and which might therefore be assumed to be Streptococcus pyogenes were shown by the test strip method not to be this species. The beta-glucosidase test on the test strip allowed differentiation between enterococci and Streptococcus pyogenes (both PYR positive) in all cases. The test strip method represents an economical and accurate method for identification of Streptococcus pyogenes in clinical material.

Aminopeptidases↗

PubMed2001

A simple and sensitive test for field diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND: Current methods for diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) do not offer adequate sensitivity and specificity. OBJECTIVES: To develop a simple and sensitive test for field diagnosis of PKDL. METHODS: Immunochromatographic nitrocellulose strips precoated with recombinant k39 antigen were evaluated for the detection of circulating antibodies to leishmanial k39 in PKDL sera. A drop of serum applied to the strip followed by buffer led to the development of two visible bands indicating the presence of anti-k39 IgG. RESULTS: The strip test was able to detect cases of PKDL with 91% sensitivity. The specificity of the test was evaluated using controls with other skin diseases, other common infections and healthy persons from endemic and non-endemic regions. Of 125 controls examined, all were negative on the strip test, indicating 100% specificity of the test. CONCLUSIONS: The immunochromatographic nitrocellulose strips provide a non-invasive, rapid and accurate method for diagnosing PKDL.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

[Rationalization of urine analysis while maintaining diagnostic accuracy (author's transl)].

Screening 720 morning urinary samples for WBC, RBC and protein by test-strip, the number of subsequent microscopic examinations of urinary sediment was reduced to about half, without missing any significant number of clinically significant findings (4.4%). On the other hand, a large number (21.3%) of cases with obviously false-negative sediment findings were revealed. These were largely due to lysis of WBC and RBC, as well as poorly standardized methods of examining urinary sediment. But they could also have been due to differences in subjective criteria employed by the technicians. Our results indicate that using test-strips for screening, clinical routine examination can be rationalized, taking about half the time needed for sediment examination, with more potentially significant findings being discovered than missed.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗

PubMed1983

pH testing paper for measurement of intragastric acidity: an assessment.

Regular evaluation of the pH of aspirated gastric juice is an important part of the routine prevention of the stress ulceration syndrome. This study has examined the use of commercially available pH paper for this purpose. Both clear buffer solutions and samples of gastric aspirate were used to assess the reliability of four products, Merck Universal pH Indicator strips (Art. 9535), Lyphan Universal pH Indicator paper, Whatman Wide Range pH paper and Macherey-Nagel Universal pH paper. The results show that the Merck strips and Lyphan paper are very reliable for measuring gastric aspirate pH and that intensive care nursing staff can make accurate observations when using these papers.

Gastric Acidity Determination↗

PubMed1985

Detection of beta-lactamase produced by Staphylococcus intermedius.

One iodometric, 2 chromogenic, and 3 acidometric methods were compared for the detection of beta-lactamase produced by Staphylococcus intermedius (n = 105) isolated from dogs. Of 575 tests performed, using the 6 methods evaluated, 316 (55.0%) were positive for beta-lactamase production. The iodometric method was the reference method. With the exception of a high correlation (r = 0.962) between 1 acidometric method and 1 chromogenic method, the 5 commercial methods had correlation coefficients less than 0.900 when comparisons were made among them. The 6 methods were in agreement for 69 (65.7%) of the isolates. Based on the findings of this study, an inexpensive, laboratory-prepared, paper strip iodometric method was as reliable as 5 commercial methods for beta-lactamase detection and is recommended for routine use in clinical laboratories.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[A new aid in the diagnosis of fungi: Microstix - Candida test strips (author's transl)].

Microstix test strips are a new aid in the diagnosis of yeasts which are easy to handle and can be used universally. Observations on clinical material (a total of over 1200 test strips inoculated) involving 777 inoculated Microstix with material from 6 different nursing areas show that altogether 36% postive findings, only 5.6% unspecifically postive (problem organisms and molds) and only 1.5% negative results were demonstrable with positive cultures of fungi on the control media. Positive results can already be expected after 12-24 hours culture. The test strips are not absolutely yeastspecific, since problem organisms and molds may cause a brown discoloration. False negative findings are occasionally simulated by C. tropicalis and C. mycoderma.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of neonatal whole blood versus plasma glucose concentration by ion-selective electrode technology and comparison with two whole blood chromogen test strip methods.

OBJECTIVE: Determination of glucose concentration from whole blood samples in neonates is confounded by variable hematocrit values, sample source, user technique, and test method, which results in poor correlation with glucose values measured from plasma or serum. Recently developed ion-selective electrodes (ISE) allow measurement of glucose in the water phase of both red blood cells and plasma with a small sample size (200 microliters). STUDY DESIGN: The purpose of this study was to compare (1) whole blood and plasma glucose measurements by the ISE method and (2) ISE glucose values with those determined by two chromogen reagent test strip colorimetric methods. Values were determined in 180 different samples obtained from 145 infants. RESULTS: Correlation of whole blood and plasma glucose concentrations determined by the ISE method was excellent (y = 0.99x, R2 = 0.99) and no effect was seen from hematocrit values. The two chromogen test strip methods also revealed good linearity with ISE whole blood and plasma glucose values but had large confidence intervals for individual values. Sensitivity for detecting blood glucose levels < 40 mg/dl by the two test strip methods was 9 of 11 and 9 of 10 with four and one false-positive results, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the ISE method provides an excellent correlation of whole blood and plasma glucose measurement results, overcoming technical problems of differing hematocrit values and serum or plasma sample acquisition in neonates. Chromogen test strip methods have limited value in estimating specific glucose values, but can be useful in screening infants for hypoglycemia.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMed2004

Rapid cyanide detection using the Cyantesmo kit.

BACKGROUND: Sources of cyanide exposure are many, including combustion of plastic and vinyl, such as in a house fire, laboratory or industrial exposures including exposure in the electroplating industry both of printed circuit boards and in jewelry work. Rapid and definitive diagnosis of cyanide poisoning is unavailable in the emergency department setting. It is desirable to make a definitive diagnosis in order to prevent potential complications of empiric treatment of presumptive cyanide poisoning from the cyanide antidote kit currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We investigated a technique to detect cyanide currently utilized by water treatment facilities to determine if it can be applied to rapidly detect concentrations of cyanide in the clinically important range. METHODS: Varying standardized dilutions of KCN ranging from 0.25 microg/mL to 30 microg/mL were acidified with a drop of sulphuric acid in a closed system under a ventilation hood. Cyantesmo test strips were placed into the test tubes above the fluid level where liberated HCN gas interacted with the test strip to effect a color change. Color changes were compared to negative controls and to each other. RESULTS: The test strips demonstrated an incrementally increasing deep blue color change over a progressively longer portion of the test strip in less than 5 minutes for each concentration of KCN including 1, 3, 10, and 30 microg/mL. The concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 required more than 2 hours to begin demonstration of any color change. CONCLUSION: The Cyantesmo test strips accurately and rapidly detected, in a semi-quantifiable manner, concentrations of CN greater than 1 microg/mL contained in each test sample. Future work to validate this test in blood and in clinical specimens is planned.

Cyanides↗

PubMed1974

Evaluation of miniature test for bacteriuria using dehydrated media and nitrite pads.

A new dip-inoculum method for detecting bacteriuria which utilizes dehydrated media pads and a nitrite pad attached to a small plastic strip was evaluated in hospitalized patients. Discrepant interpretations were made by independent observers in 9.3% of the specimens with > 10(5) colonies per ml. The media pads failed to support growth of yeast and gave variable results with Staphylococcus epidermidis and non-group D streptococci. False-negative culture results commonly occurred if the patients were receiving antibiotics. The nitrite test occasionally remained positive for brief periods after the elimination of bacteriuria by antibiotics. Conditions and drugs (especially phenazopyridine) which discolor urine interfered with reading both the culture and nitrite tests. Although not suitable for hospital use, or for monitoring therapy, the test strip is probably as reliable as the calibrated loop-streak plate culture for office screening.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

Immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis.

Stored sera from 429 Indian subjects were assayed to extend the analysis of the accuracy of immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in the non-invasive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). All 225 samples from patients with proven Leishmania infection tested positive [estimated sensitivity = 100%; 95% confidence interval (CI)=98%-100%]. Sera from 99 of the 100 symptomatic patients with other diseases were non-reactive (estimated specificity = 99%; CI = 94%-100%). However, samples from 13 of the 104 apparently healthy controls showed positive strip-test results (estimated specificity = 88%; CI = 79%-93%), yielding an overall specificity of 93% (190/204; CI = 88%-96%). If applied in a practical clinical setting (on symptomatic patients in whom active VL is suspected and other common infections have been excluded), strip testing of serum for anti-K39 antibody should be both sensitive and specific for diagnosing VL in India.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Mail-in paper strip vs. microcolumn technique for measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin.

We compared glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) determined from capillary blood samples on paper strips with a standard microcolumn technique in a cross-sectional observational study with laboratories blinded to duplicate samples. Both the standard and the filter strip laboratories were provided with 80 uniquely identified blood samples from 40 individuals. Each laboratory ran duplicate analyses on each sample, yielding 160 GHb values. The within-laboratory correlations between blinded duplicates were 0.98 for the standard (microcolumn technique) and 0.94 for the filter paper (affinity technique) laboratories. The between-laboratory correlations ranged from 0.69 to 0.77. When classifying patients by quartile of glycemic control, the laboratories agreed on 60% of the patients. In an effort to identify sources of between-laboratory variability, varying quantities of blood were applied to strips and reanalyzed. Five microliter drops always yielded inflated estimates of GHb. These data suggest that the estimates of GHb obtained from mail-in paper strips, although internally consistent, differ in important ways from standard laboratory values, reemphasizing the need for caution in the interpretation of interlaboratory and intermethod comparisons.

Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A protamine-mediated heparin sensing device.

A convenient, protamine mediated strip assay for heparin was developed. The assay is established on the specific interaction between heparin and protamine, and the metachromatic color change of methylene blue dye from blue to purple in the presence of heparin. The device consists of a fibrin cup fabricated with a cellulose paper strip containing immobilized protamine. To analyze plasma heparin levels, a fixed volume of the test sample is placed in the fibrin cup and allowed to migrate through the strip in a descending manner until exhaustion. The region to which heparin binds is then visualized as purple in color by spraying methylene blue dye onto the strip. The heparin level in the sample is estimated from the length of the purple region using a preconstructed standard curve. This device proved to be capable of detecting and differentiating heparin in clinically relevant concentrations.

Heparin↗

PubMed1988

Dipstick screening for urinary tract infection.

In screening for urinary tract infection the leucocyte esterase test will detect almost all samples with significant pyuria and bacteriuria, but is relatively nonspecific. The nitrite test is more specific but less sensitive and about one-third of the urinary tract infections in a large group of children were missed. The combination of screening tests results in greater overall accuracy both in the diagnosis and exclusion of urinary tract infection. Almost all cases of urinary tract infection were detected when either the leucocyte esterase or the nitrite screening test or both were positive. If both tests are negative, urinary tract infection is virtually excluded and unless the child is symptomatic, further urinalysis is unnecessary. Laboratory urinalysis is, however, necessary if any one screening test for leucocyte esterase or nitrite (or protein or haemoglobin) is positive. Combined biochemical screening for urinary tract infection with dipstick test strips is reliable and allows early diagnosis and management. By avoiding unnecessary urinalysis it is cost-effective for the patient and will significantly reduce the laboratory workload.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

One-step quantitative cortisol dipstick with proportional reading.

Rapid quantitative immuno-detection of haptens by the lateral flow assay without "typical" competitive inhibition results is studied. In the present study, we describe an immuno-threshold-based assay for the quantification of cortisol. It gives a signal which is directly proportional to the cortisol concentration in plasma samples with a performance time of only 5 min. This technique provides a practical calibration curve with detection limit of 3.5 ng/ml. The precision of the assay is 6% (intra-assay coefficient of variation, CV) and 10% (inter-assay CV). Cross-reactivity with related steroids is acceptably low: corticosterone (3.38%), cortisone (2.08%), deoxycorticosterone (2.00%), 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (0.39%), and progesterone (0.05%). Furthermore, the test strips show the advantages of long storage time and high stability that allow mass production and preparation of large batches. A one-step cortisol whole blood test derived from this plasma lateral flow assay has then been performed. It is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay designed for quantitative determination of cortisol in whole blood samples. It requires no sample pretreatment and gives result within 15 min. In principle, with this rapid and sensitive immunoassay, the immuno-test strips can be employed for detecting all low-molecular-weight haptens. It may also be a useful and convenient dipstick format for drug detection.

Calibration↗

PubMed2004

Lack of insurance coverage for testing supplies is associated with poorer glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Public insurance for testing supplies for self-monitoring of blood glucose is highly variable across Canada. We sought to determine if insured patients were more likely than uninsured patients to use self-monitoring and whether they had better glycemic control. METHODS: We used baseline survey and laboratory data from patients enrolled in a randomized controlled trial examining the effect of paying for testing supplies on glycemic control. We recruited patients through community pharmacies in Alberta and Saskatchewan from Nov. 2001 to June 2003. To avoid concerns regarding differences in provincial coverage of self-monitoring and medications, we report the analysis of Alberta patients only. RESULTS: Among our sample of 405 patients, 41% had private or public insurance coverage for self-monitoring testing supplies. Patients with insurance had significantly lower hemoglobin A(1c) concentrations than those without insurance coverage (7.1% v. 7.4%, p = 0.03). Patients with insurance were younger, had a higher income, were less likely to have a high school education and were less likely to be married or living with a partner. In multivariate analyses that controlled for these and other potential confounders, lack of insurance coverage for self-monitoring testing supplies was still significantly associated with higher hemoglobin A(1c) concentrations (adjusted difference 0.5%, p = 0.006). INTERPRETATION: Patients without insurance for self-monitoring test strips had poorer glycemic control.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

A dipstick immunoassay using a recombinant antigen for the rapid diagnosis of bovine dictyocaulosis.

An immunoblot based dipstick test for the serodiagnosis of infections with Dictyocaulus viviparus using a recombinant antigen was evaluated. Lungworm infections in cattle could be detected with more than 99 per cent specificity and more than 99 per cent sensitivity between days 30 and 85 after experimental infection. Using ready-to-use recombinant antigen labelled filter strips, results could be obtained within 90 minutes of blood sampling. The dipstick test could be a rapid alternative method to the time-consuming faecal examination routinely used for the diagnosis of bovine dictyocaulosis.

Animals↗