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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A pilot study to optimize laser-assisted hair removal using real-time high-speed infrared imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate thermal effects on the skin surface during laser-assisted hair removal using real-time high-speed infrared imaging. BACKGROUND DATA: Although hair laser removal (HLR) can be considered an inherently safe treatment, there may be approaches to optimise the benefit/risk ratio of this common therapeutic and cosmetic procedure. METHODS: In this pilot study on three subjects, a ruby laser equipped with a cryogen spray cooling (CSC) system was used to investigate the effect of different CSC durations and delay times between CSC and the laser impulse. Skin surface temperature (SST) was assessed in real-time using a high-speed infrared camera (ThermaCam Phoenix) and a special image analysis software (analySIS Doku). RESULTS: There was no substantial difference of SST between the use of CSC spurts of 10 and 20 msec (6.1 degrees C versus 5.7 degrees C). The use of single laser and cooling parameters revealed baseline SST of 31.7 degrees C, immediately after CSC (10 ms) SST of 6.5 degrees C, and after laser pulse SST of 47 degrees C. Using fluences of 10-20 J/cm(2), a marked difference in temperature was observed between the skin surface and hair (e.g., 26.7 degrees C versus 57.5 degrees C). SST of 62-64 degrees C was observed using fluences of 18-20 J/cm(2), resulting in adverse effects. A maximum SST of 59 degrees C was observed using a CSC spurt of 40 msec, whereas a maximum SST of 60 degrees C was recorded for 30, 20, and 10 msec. The use of CSC delay time of 600 msec revealed baseline SST of 34.6 degrees C, immediately after CSC (10 msec) SST of 5.2 degrees C, after 600 msec delay SST of 21.5 degrees C, and SST of 60 degrees C following the laser pulse. By contrast, 100 msec delay time revealed baseline SST of 34.8 degrees C, immediately after CSC (10 ms) SST of 7 degrees C, after 100 msec delay SST of 7.5 degrees C, and SST of 55.2 degrees C following the laser pulse. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary data indicate that side effects of HLR can be avoided using CSC duration of 10 msec with a delay of about 200 msec. Short delay times between the CSC and laser pulse seem to result in lower post-irradiation SST and may therefore lead to less adverse effects. With regard to the fluence used in HLR, it is of importance that the maximum SST remains below 60 degrees C. Based on these preliminary results, real-time high-speed infrared imaging seems to be an interesting method to study the thermodynamics on skin surface during laser treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Visual safety of quartz linear lamps.

A quartz linear lamp (QLL) is a compact infra-red (i.r.) heating lamp. It consists of a tungsten filament in a quartz envelope, which for space heating purposes is surrounded by a ruby coloured filter. The filament runs at about 2400 K and produces i.r. radiation with a peak output at 1200 nm. The lamps are widely used for space heating and are normally fitted with a parabolic reflector. There are no statutory criteria for potential visual hazards resulting from the use of such lamps in the U.K. The ACGIH has produced a provisional set of rules on light and near i.r. This paper reviews potential hazards to the eye in the context of the ACGIH rules and the output of QLL heaters. The heaters produce no u.v. or blue light hazards. The brightness and heat of the lamp is sufficient to produce an aversion response which will prevent retinal thermal damage from inadvertent viewing. The probability of retinal thermal injury from an i.r.-A image focused on the retina is examined and it is shown that there is no risk at normal viewing distances. To prevent any risk of cataractogenesis, the rules provide for an upper limit of irradiance (TLV) at the eye of 100 W m-2 in the i.r.-A band; the paper examines the potential hazard from longer wavelengths and concludes that they do not present a hazard with this type of heating. The conclusion is that QLL heaters used for space heating in accordance with manufacturer's instructions present no hazard to the eye.

Eye↗
PubMed1975

Genetic modification of recombination rate in Tribolium castaneum.

Asymmetrical responses were obtained in a replicated study of 15 generations of two-way selection for recombination rate between the ruby (rb) and jet (j) loci in Tribolium castaneum. Recombination rates in the two replicate high lines increased from an average of 0.22 in the base populations to an average of 0.42 at generation 15. Recombination rate pooled over the 15 generations of selection in each low line was significantly less than the control but there was no clear downward trend in response to selection for decreased recombination rate. The realized heritabilities were 0.16 +/- 0.03 and 0.17 +/- 0.02 in the two high lines, and were not significantly different from zero in the two low lines. Selection was based on crossing over in cis females only; however, rates measured in cis males after 12 generations showed the same response patterns as female rates. Similar response patterns were also determined for recombination measured in trans males and females at generation 18 following three generations of relaxed selection. The distribution of recombination rates measured in backcross beetles [(H X L) X H and (H X L) X L] at generation 12 indicated polygenic control with those genes decreasing recombination rate being dominant. Detailed analysis of recombination rates in F1's produced by interline crosses at generation 15 confirmed the directional dominance findings. Under a polygenic model of recombination modifiers in which low recombination is dominant to high, average recombination rates will increase as inbreeding progresses, thus providing a mechanism for the production of new gene combinations in small populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Genetics of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in the mouse: evidence for multiple loci and localization of Ahd-2 on chromosome 19.

Electrophoretic and activity variation of the cytoplasmic isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenase (designated AHD-B4) was observed among inbred strains and Harwell linkage-testing stocks of Mus musculus. The phenotypes are inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion, with two alleles showing co-dominant expression at a single locus (Ahd-2). The locus was shown to segregate independently of Ahd-1 (encoding the mitochondrial AHD-A2 isozymes on chromosome 4; HOLMES 1978). Linkage data of Ahd-2 with ep (pale ears), ru (ruby eyes) and bm (brachymorphic) suggest that it is localized near the centromeric end of chromosome 19. Electrophoretic evidence for a third AHD isozyme (designated AHD-Cy), which is predominantly localized in the liver microsomal fraction, is also presented.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1995

Linkage disequilibrium mapping of the gene for Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome to chromosome 10q23.1-q23.3.

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the triad of tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding diathesis due to storage-pool deficiency of platelets, and a lysosomal ceroid storage disease. The disorder is particularly frequent in Puerto Rico and in an isolated village in the Swiss Alps. We have used a linkage disequilibrium mapping approach to localize the HPS gene in both of these groups to a 0.6 centiMorgan interval in chromosome segment 10q23.1-q23.3. These results indicate that the Puerto Rican and Swiss forms of HPS are either allelic or that they result from mutations in very closely linked genes in this region. This region of distal chromosome 10q is syntenic to the region of mouse chromosome 19 that includes 'pale ear' (ep) and 'ruby-eye' (ru), which must be considered as potential murine homologues to human HPS.

Albinism, Oculocutaneous↗
PubMed1997

Mouse pale ear (ep) is homologous to human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and contains a rare 'AT-AC' intron.

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare, often fatal, autosomal recessive disorder in which albinism, bleeding and lysosomal storage are associated with defects of diverse cytoplasmic organelles, including melanosomes, platelet dense granules and lysosomes. Similar multi-organellar defects occur in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), as well as in a large number of different mouse mutants. The HPS gene is located in 10q23, and two genetically distinct mouse loci, pale ear (ep) and ruby-eye (ru), both with mutant phenotypes similar to human HPS, map close together in the homologous region of murine chromosome 19, suggesting that one of these loci might be homologous to human HPS. We recently identified the human HPS gene, which encodes a novel ubiquitously-expressed transmembrane protein of unknown function. Here, we describe characterization of the mouse Hps cDNA and genomic locus, and identification of pathologic Hps gene mutations in ep but not in ru mice, establishing mouse pale ear as an animal model for human HPS. The phenotype of homozygous ep mutant mice encompasses those of both HPS and CHS, suggesting that these disorders may be closely related. In addition, the mouse and human HPS genes both contain a rare 'AT-AC' intron, and comparison of the sequences of this intron in the mouse and human genes identified conserved sequences that suggest a possible role for pre-mRNA secondary structure in excision of this rare class of introns.

Albinism, Oculocutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laser hair reduction in the hirsute patient: a critical assessment.

Hirsutism affects 5-10% of unselected women, depending on ethnicity and definition. The past two decades have seen the development of lasers for the removal of unwanted hair, using selective destruction of the hair follicle without damage to adjacent tissues. Selective photothermolysis relies on the absorption of a brief radiation pulse by specific pigmented targets, which generates and confines the heat to that selected target. In general, laser hair removal is most successful in patients with lighter skin colours and dark coloured hairs. Some studies have documented the results of laser hair removal in a controlled setting, although few have extended their observations beyond 1 year. In general, treatment with the ruby, alexandrite or diode lasers, or the use of intense pulsed light results in similar success rates, although these are somewhat lower for the neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (nd:YAG) laser. Overall, laser hair removal should not be considered 'permanent', at least when considering the current data available. Repeated therapies are necessary, although complete alopoecia is rarely achieved and it is unclear at what point the maximum benefit is achieved from multiple therapies. While larger prospective, controlled, blinded and uniform studies are still needed, laser hair removal appears to be a useful adjuvant in the treatment of the hirsute patient.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2006

Postharvest heat and conditioning treatments activate different molecular responses and reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit.

A combination of hot water (a rinse at 62 degrees C for 20 s) and conditioning (pre-storage at 16 degrees C for 7 d) treatments synergistically reduced chilling injury development in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi, cv. "Star Ruby") during cold storage at 2 degrees C, suggesting that the treatments may activate different chilling tolerance responses. To study the molecular mechanisms involved, chilling- and conditioning-responsive genes were isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cDNA subtraction, cDNA libraries were constructed from hot water- and conditioning-treated fruit, and cDNA sequencing was used to identify putative stress-responsive and chilling tolerance genes. PCR cDNA subtraction revealed the identification of 17 chilling-responsive and heat- and conditioning-induced genes, and the expression patterns of 11 additional stress-related genes, antioxidant defensive genes, and genes encoding enzymes involved in membrane lipid modifications were characterized. It was found that hot water and conditioning treatments had little effect on gene expression by themselves, but rather had a priming effect, and enabled the fruit to activate their defence responses after subsequent exposure to chilling. RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the expression patterns of eight genes, including HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein (USP), EIN2, 1,3;4-beta-D-glucanase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were specifically regulated by the heat treatment, and four genes, including fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP), were specifically regulated by the conditioning treatment. Furthermore, four more genes were identified, including a translation initiation factor (SUI1), a chaperonin, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), that were commonly regulated by both heat and conditioning treatments. According to these data, it is suggested that pre-storage heat and conditioning treatments may enhance fruit chilling tolerance by activating different molecular mechanisms. The hot water treatment activates mainly the expression of various stress-related genes, whereas the conditioning treatment activates mainly the expression of lipid membrane modification enzymes.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2005

MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment.

The accuracy of multiple sequence alignment program MAFFT has been improved. The new version (5.3) of MAFFT offers new iterative refinement options, H-INS-i, F-INS-i and G-INS-i, in which pairwise alignment information are incorporated into objective function. These new options of MAFFT showed higher accuracy than currently available methods including TCoffee version 2 and CLUSTAL W in benchmark tests consisting of alignments of >50 sequences. Like the previously available options, the new options of MAFFT can handle hundreds of sequences on a standard desktop computer. We also examined the effect of the number of homologues included in an alignment. For a multiple alignment consisting of approximately 8 sequences with low similarity, the accuracy was improved (2-10 percentage points) when the sequences were aligned together with dozens of their close homologues (E-value < 10(-5)-10(-20)) collected from a database. Such improvement was generally observed for most methods, but remarkably large for the new options of MAFFT proposed here. Thus, we made a Ruby script, mafftE.rb, which aligns the input sequences together with their close homologues collected from SwissProt using NCBI-BLAST.

Reproducibility of Results↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isozymes of Culex p. fatigans. I. An esterase locus in linkage group III and its variability in natural populations.

Acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 19 frequent and 4 rare sites of esterase activity in various Brazilian populations of Culex p. fatigans. One pair of allozymes designated as Est-1 F and Est-1 S was selected for detailed investigation. Est-1 locus shows independent assortment from linkage group I marker, sex, and linkage group II markers, yellow and ruby, and therefore is assigned to linkage group III. Gene frequencies of Est-1 F varied from 0.49 to 0.92 in various Brazilian populations. Inhibition studies suggest that Est-1 F and Est-1 S are ali-esterases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of recombination in the centromere region of mouse chromosome 7 using ovarian teratoma and backcross methods.

Recombination near the centromere of mouse chromosome 7 was studied using data obtained from ovarian teratomas and backcrosses. The recombination percentage for the centromere-Gpi-1 (glucose phosphate isomerase-1) interval was 13.4 +/- 2.6 using the ovarian teratoma mapping method. In a backcross using the Robertsonian translocation Rb(7.18)9Lub (Rb9) as the centromeric marker, the centromere-Gpi-1 recombination percentage was 4.5 +/- 1.3, demonstrating that Rb9 suppresses recombination near the centromere of chromosome 7. The recombination percentage for the Gpi-1-Ldh-1 (lactate dehydrogenase-1) interval was estimated on the LT/Sv mouse genetic background to be 19.0 +/- 2.9 using the ovarian teratoma mapping method, a value comparable to the 15.5 +/- 4.8 reported earlier. On the same genetic background in a backcross segregating for Rb9, the Gpi-1-Ldh-1 recombination percentage was 7.1 +/- 1.6. Another backcross, without the Rb9 translocation but utilizing a different genetic background, produced a recombination percentage for the Gpi-1-Ldh-1 interval of 10.7 +/- 1.5, a value similar to that obtained in the Rb-containing cross. These results suggest that either the recombination suppression in the centromere area caused by Rb9 does not extend to the Gpi-1-Ldh-1 genetic region or, if it does, that the differing genetic backgrounds of these two crosses influence recombination. No recombinants were detected among 410 offspring produced from a backcross mating segregating for Ldh-1 and ru-2 (ruby-eye-2). Thus, the gene order of Ldh-1 and ru-2 on chromosome 7 remains uncertain.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Time dependence of the radiation-induced EPR signal in sucrose.

Sucrose and common household sugars (e.g. cane) have been studied as dosemeters for a wide variety of applications. However, previous studies of the post-irradiation time dependence of irradiated sugar did not include an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) reference material. This work employs synthetic ruby as an EPR reference material to remove significant spectrometer/environmental influences on the measured time-dependent changes in the EPR spectral amplitude of irradiated sucrose. As such, these more accurate measurements should replace the previously published data.

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed1986

Seed germination and seedling development in the mango (Mangifera indica L.).

Mango (Mangifera indica L., cv Ruby) seeds taken from ripe fruit showed no dormancy. They germinated at temperatures between 5 and 40 degrees C, but germination was most rapid near the upper end of this range (25-40 degrees C). The fresh seeds had a high moisture content (85%, dry weight basis) and quickly died on dehydration. The optimal temperature for growth of the seedlings was close to 30 degrees C. High temperatures (40 degrees C) and temperatures below 15 degrees C were lethal. Growth of the stem occurred in successive flushes separated by rest periods. When the leaves of the preceding flush finished growing, the axis lengthened beneath the apical bud.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of the long-pulse and short-pulse Alexandrite laser hair removal systems.

Laser-assisted hair removal has been reported previously with the Nd:YAG laser, the long-pulse ruby laser, the long-pulse Alexandrite laser, and the short-pulse Alexandrite laser. Results with all these lasers have been successful; however, it has been postulated that the long-pulse Alexandrite laser would have a lower complication rate and greater efficacy at identical fluences than the short-pulse Alexandrite laser. The authors chose to compare directly the pulsed Alexandrite lasers for speed of application, complications, and results. Eighteen patients who desired hair removal were entered into the study. There were 10 female and 8 male patients, with a mean age of 36 years. All skin types from Fitzpatrick classes I through VI were treated. The body areas treated consisted of the face, ears, neck, back, arms, upper thighs, bikini lines, legs, and breasts. One side of the body was treated with the short-pulse (2-msec) Alexandrite laser (Sharplan Epitouch 5100). The other half was treated with a long-pulse (20-msec) Alexandrite laser. Both lasers were set at the same fluence for each patient. Patients reported a 60% to 80% reduction in hair growth at 6 months. Both sides were identical with regard to return of hair growth and complications such as hypopigmentation. Both the long- and short-pulse Alexandrite laser systems yielded an effective method of hair reduction with minimal complications. Equal results and complications were obtained with the two systems. The only exception was that the length of the procedure was shorter with the short-pulse Alexandrite laser.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Combined laser therapy for difficult dermal pigmentation: resurfacing and selective photothermolysis.

Treating pigmented lesions of the skin, especially deep dermal pigmentations, are difficult to achieve satisfactory results without complications. To treat dermal pigmentations, such as nevus of Ota and congenital nevus, the combined therapy of a resurfacing laser (CO2) and a selective photothermolytic laser (the Q-Switched Ruby Laser [QSRL]) was tried, and the results were compared with those treated with the QSRL alone. Combined laser therapy has been performed in 47 patients with nevus of Ota since 1995. The mean treatment period was 6 months and the mean number of treatment was five. Of 47 patients, 46 (98%) showed excellent results. To treat congenital nevus, combined laser therapy was used in 15 patients, and 12 (80%) showed good to excellent results. By combining resurfacing and selective lasers, the treatment period has been reduced by 2 to 3 months, and the number of treatments has been reduced two- to threefold. Furthermore, treatment of congenital nevus has become possible, which was not the case with the QSRL alone. The Er:YAG laser can be used for resurfacing instead of the CO2 laser because it causes less thermal damage and faster wound healing.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Corticocortical connections between area 21a and primary visual cortex in the cat.

We investigated the corticocortical connections between area 21a and ipsilateral areas 17 and 18 in the cat. The anterograde/retrograde fluorescent tracer tetramethyl-rhodamine conjugated to dextran (Fluoro-Ruby) was injected into area 21a of the anaesthetized cat. Cell bodies labelled retrogradely from area 21a were consistently observed in both areas 17 and 18, primarily located in the supragranular layers of cortex where they formed discrete patches of cells. Similar numbers of cell bodies were labelled retrogradely in areas 17 and 18 of each animal. Our data are also consistent with previous reports of a reciprocal projection from area 21a back to areas 17 and 18 terminating principally in infragranular cortical layers.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in Alzheimer patients.

By comparing the CSF proteome between Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and controls it may be possible to identify proteins that play a role in the disease process and thus to study the pathogenesis of AD. We used mini-gel technology in a two-dimensional electrophoresis procedure, sensitive SYPRO Ruby staining and mass spectrometry for clinical screening of disease-influenced CSF proteins in 15 AD patients and 12 controls. The levels of six proteins and their isoforms, including proapolipoprotein, apolipoprotein E, beta-2 microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, transthyretin, and ubiquitin, were significantly altered in CSF of AD patients. The most prominently altered proteins were the apolipoproteins, especially proapolipoprotein.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Evidence for a cortical-basal ganglia projection pathway in female zebra finches.

The anterior forebrain pathway in songbirds is a specialization of the avian basal ganglia pathway and is prominent in males that sing, but seem to be absent or incomplete in females that do not sing. We studied the connectivity in females in the in vitro slice preparation by applying the tracer Fluoro Ruby, biotinylated dextran amine, and cholera toxin B. We identified (1) retrograde labeled neurons in the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN) projecting to the medial striatum (MSt), and (2) we identified fibers in the MSt labeled by anterograde transport after tracer injection into LMAN. Our data clearly demonstrate the existence of a cortico-basal ganglia pathway in female birds.

Animals↗