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PubMedDate not supplied

Improved method for determination of volatile nitrosamines in baby bottle rubber nipples and pacifiers.

A method is described for determining volatile nitrosamines in baby bottle rubber nipples and pacifiers. The method consists of overnight soaking of the sample with dichloromethane in the presence of propyl gallate, an inhibitor for artifactual formation of nitrosamines; extraction with dichloromethane using an ambient temperature column procedure; distillation from aqueous alkali; extraction of the aqueous distillate with dichloromethane and concentration of the extract using a Kuderna-Danish concentrator; and final analysis by gas chromatography with detection by thermal energy analyzer. Major improvements over other published methods include a simpler extraction, a more efficient distillation and concentration to minimize losses, and incorporation of propyl gallate inhibitor as well as of a test to detect unsuitable dichloromethane solvent that otherwise might lead to artifactual formation. The method is highly accurate (approximately 90% recovery) and precise (av. CV = 4.7% at greater than 9 ppb levels) and is applicable to determination of nitrosamines in both rubber- and plastic-based products.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1986

[Changes in the peripheral blood of workers engaged in ethylbenzene-styrene and synthetic rubber and latex manufacture].

A total of 67 workers were examined from the production of "Ethyl benzene-styrene" and 184 workers from the production of "Synthetic rubber and latex", as well as a control group of 59 employees. The workers from the first production are exposed to the effect of styrene, ethyl benzene and toluene. The concentrations of the substances surpass MAC, with several times, at the majority of the working places. The workers with a length of service over 10 years predominate. The workers from the second production are exposed to the combined effect of styrene and divinyl, their concentrations fluctuating from 2 to 8 times over MAC. The workers with a length of service over 10 years are 71.7%. The deviations, established in the hematological indices studied are compared with the results from a study on the workers from those productions of 6 years ago. Dynamics in the changes was established among the workers from the production of "Synthetic rubber and latex", associated with the duration of occupational exposure to styrene and divinyl. In case of a shorter length of service, the deviations are functional (reduction of peroxidase activity in granulocytes), increase of hemoglobin and hematocrit, associated with the adaptive reaction of organism. Pronounced anemic syndrome was established in a considerable number (24 workers) after an exposure of 10 years as well as lymphocytosis (35 subjects) and leukopenia (9 subjects).

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1985

Treatment of bleeding hemorrhoids by injection sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation.

Between March 1981 and September 1982, 178 patients with first- to third-degree bleeding hemorrhoids were treated by injection sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation, as outpatients. Of the treated patients 85 to 90% were asymptomatic during 1 year of follow-up. Complications, ranging from mild to moderate, occurred in only 5.6% of the patients. We conclude that injection sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation, when properly used, are efficient, inexpensive and safe methods for the treatment of bleeding hemorrhoids.

Hemorrhage↗
PubMed1983

Rubber work and cancer--past, present and perspectives.

In the early years, the study of health in the rubber industry was hampered by lack of information in three fields. Epidemiology was just beginning, industrial hygiene had hardly begun, and little or no work had been done on the ways in which rubber chemicals affect the human body. The difficulties this created can clearly be seen in the problems of bladder cancer discovered in the industry in 1949. Since that time epidemiologic studies have become very detailed, more results are available on concentrations of material in factory atmospheres, and the effects of different chemicals on the body are being better understood. This review considers the historical problems of beta-naphthylamine exposure, summarizes the epidemiologic results on the industry to date, and considers the potential problems posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1984

Volatile N-nitrosamines in baby bottle rubber nipples and pacifiers. Analysis, occurrence and migration.

A simple direct extraction method has been developed for rapid determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in rubber nipples and pacifiers. It consists of overnight extraction of the sample with dichloromethane in the presence of ascorbyl palmitate for N-nitrosation inhibition, filtration of the extract and rinsing of the samples with dichloromethane, concentration of the extract using a Kuderna-Danish concentrator, and final analysis by gas-liquid chromatography-Thermal Energy Analyser. The method gave excellent (80-100%) recoveries of various volatile N-nitrosamines that had been added to cut nipples or pacifiers at 20-80 micrograms/kg levels, and gave comparable or lower values than those obtained with another published method. The method is recommended for rapid screening purposes. A survey of 30 samples of various nipples and pacifiers indicated the presence of the following N-nitrosamines: N-nitrosodimethylamine (up to 70 micrograms/kg), N-nitrosodiethylamine (up to 88 micrograms/kg), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (up to 2796 micrograms/kg), N-nitrosopiperidine (up to 180 micrograms/kg), and N-nitrosomorpholine (up to 86 micrograms/kg). A more recent study, however, indicated a general decline in the levels of various volatile N-nitrosamines in these products. These N-nitrosamines were shown to migrate easily from the rubber products to liquid infant formula, orange juice and simulated human saliva.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

A chromosome study among worker groups in the rubber industry.

Two cytogenetic endpoints, structural chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges, were analyzed in the blood lymphocytes of several worker groups and referents for an evaluation of possible work-related exposures to chromosome-damaging agents. A total of 35 referents and 55 rubber workers, the latter representing six job categories in two rubber factories, were included in the study. The two job categories frequently revealing increased sister chromatid exchanges or chromosome aberrations were mixers and weighers of chemicals. Statistically significantly increased sister chromatid exchange values were found among the weighers and the mixers. When chromosome aberrations were analyzed, only the group of nonsmoking weighers showed significantly higher values than the reference group. Smoking was found to correlate with increased frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations among both the workers and the referents.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Pregnancy outcome among women in a Swedish rubber plant.

Suspicions of reproductive disturbances among women in a tirebuilding department was the reason for this study, encompassing 42 women, 30 of whom provided a total of 84 pregnancies out of which 21 were exposed to the tirebuilding process. Nine of the 21 exposed pregnancies had an unfavorable outcome (threatening abortion, spontaneous abortion or malformation) versus only seven of the remaining 63 nonexposed pregnancies, a difference which remained significant also when various risk indicators like age, smoking, pregnancy order, and calendar year were taken into account. In contrast to earlier observations, there was no difference in thioether excretion in the urine (as potentially indicative of the skin absorption of rubber chemicals) between women working in the tirebuilding department and a reference group. It remains unclear however whether the observed cluster was causally related to occupational exposures or not, but, together with other observations, this report may contribute to the elucidation of possible reproductive disturbances in the rubber industry.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1984

Investigation of cancer epidemiology and study of carcinogenic agents in the Shanghai Rubber Industry.

Preliminary studies on crude cancer incidences among workers from 89 factories in Shanghai revealed excessive risk of cancer for workers in certain workshops of rubber tire factories. Chronic in situ animal exposures showed that compounding and Banbury mills for mastication and mixing were origins of carcinogenic contaminants. Various chronic experiments indicated the carcinogenicity of PBNA in rats and mice, especially with regard to the lungs. The high concentration of PBNA in the atmosphere of the work area seemed to be related to the excessive incidence of lung cancer among the workers. Epidemiological investigation showed that there was an excessive number of cases of lung cancer in the workshop of rubber tire factories where compounding, mixing, and milling took place.

2-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1982

[Adhesion of polysulfide rubber impression material to dental metals (author's transl)].

In order to investigate the adhesiveness of polysulfide rubber impression material to dental metals, we performed the tension test on the sample specimens which had been prepared by injecting the impression material into the gap between opposite metal surfaces finished brightly, thereafter observed the fractured surfaces. Pure metals decreased their adhesive strength to the impression material in order of Au, Pd greater than Ag greater than Cu. Some noble metal alloys containing gold and palladium in a large amount showed the good adhesiveness. In clinical using of 14 carat gold and gold-palladium-silver alloys for core metal, it should be noticed that polysulfide rubber adheres tightly to these alloys. Adhesive strength of copper was not so great comparing with noble metals, therefore the surface of copper tray should be roughned by emery paper above #500, aiming the mechanical bonding forth to increase. The surface of many metals which had left in regulated atmosphere for many hours showed the tendency to decrease their adhesiveness to the impression material. This tendency was not recognized on the metals which had appeared the failure of adhesion bond on the bright finished surfaces.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1982

Mortality among rubber workers: VI. Men with potential exposure to acrylonitrile.

In an analysis of mortality among 327 employees of a rubber chemicals plant who had potential exposure to acrylonitrile, nine deaths from lung cancer were found in comparison to 5.9 expected based on mortality rates for U.S. white males and 4.7 expected based on mortality rates for other rubber workers from the same city. The excess was greatest among men who worked five through 14 years and who died 15 or more years after starting work in the plant (four deaths observed, 0.8 expected).

Acrylonitrile↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Express method of laboratory study of the outgassing of thermostable plastics and rubbers].

Time-temperature dependence of concentrations of outgasing products of polymers and rubbers was studied. Applying the principle of time-temperature equilibrium, the exposure time for a laboratory rapid study of polymers at 100 degrees C was estimated to be 1 hr for enamels, lacquers and dyes, 1.5 hr for block and sheet polymers, 2.5 hr for sealants and rubbers, and 4 hr for textile materials, measured from the time when the preassigned temperature was achieved. The rapid method can be recommended for preliminary chemical study of polymers at the stage of their laboratory testing.

Construction Materials↗
PubMed1980

Aplastic anemia associated with rubber cement used by a marathon runner.

Marathon runners are subject to many unique physical problems, especially blistering of the feet. Once the feet have become blistered, some runners use rubber cement, which contains benzene as an impurity, to keep adhesive tape in place over the denuded areas while running. We report the case of a marathon runner who used rubber cement in this fashion for more than one year in whom aplastic anemia developed.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1995

[Mortality among workers of the rubber industry. III. Results of further observation of the male cohort].

Mortality among workers of the rubber industry was assessed following the observation of the cohort comprised of 6,978 male workers who had started their employment in the plant producing rubber footwear during the years 1945-1973, and worked for, at least, three months. The condition of the cohort was assessed for December 31, 1990. Standardised mortality rate (SMR) was used as a measurement tool and it was calculated by means of the man-year method. The general population of Poland was taken as the reference population. General mortality in the cohort was significantly higher than in the reference population (2020 death, SMR = 110). Significant excess mortality due to atherosclerosis (205 deaths, SMR = 135) and cirrhosis of the liver (48 deaths, SMR = 170) was also noted. Total number of deaths due to malignant neoplasms-421-was slightly higher than expected. Significant excess of the bladder cancer (13 deaths, SMR = 357), the larynx cancer (23 deaths, SMR = 180) and the lung cancer (148 deaths, SMR = 122) was revealed. Significantly increased risk of the large intestine cancer (15 deaths, SMR = 242) was observed in the subcohort of workers employed in direct production departments.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[Allergy to natural rubber. A current problem].

Three cases of immediate type hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex are described. Unexpected, severe reactions were seen in two patients. One patient had used rubber gloves regularly and experienced moderate local symptoms. She had to change job because of generalised urticaria and asthma due to airborne latex-allergens in the workplace. The diagnosis of latex allergy may not always be obvious, and negative or weak IgE-RAST can be seen in patients who have experienced severe allergic reactions after latex exposure. Cross reactions to banana, avocado, kiwi and possibly other fruits and plants may be seen. Medical staff using latex gloves should be aware of the risk of severe adverse reactions in their patients due to latex allergy. Gloves made from vinyl or other synthetic materials (i.e. Elastyren or Tactylon) can be used in these cases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Follow-up study of changes in respiratory function in the same workers after an additional 6 years of exposure to pollutants in the rubber industry].

Follow-up study of respiratory function was carried out in a group of 311 male workers employed in one rubber industry. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and ventilatory capacity were recorded over te period of six years. Lung function was measured by recording maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves on which forced vital capacity (FVC), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEVI) and flow rates at 50% and the last 25% of the vital capacity (FEF50, FEF25) were read. The prevalence of all chronic respiratory symptoms was higher during the follow-up study although not statistically significant (p > 0.05). During both studies smokers had significantly higher prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm and chronic bronchitis than nonsmokers (p < 0.05 or < 0.025). Measured values of ventilatory capacity were significantly lower than predicted normal values during both studies (p < 0.01). Percentage of predicted values were lower during the follow-up study in comparison to that during the initial study. The mean lowest percentages were obtained for FEF25 (initial study: 77.4%; follow-up study: 70.5%). Smokers had larger mean annual decrease of FVC: 0.073 L; FEVI: 0.063 L; FEF50: 0.100 L/s; FEF25: 0.085 L/s than nonsmokers (FVC: 0.063 L; FEVI: 0.058 L; FEF50: 0.083 L/s; FEF25: 0.058 L/s). Workers exposed for more than 10 years had larger mean annual decrease of ventilatory capacity tests than hose with shorter exposure. Our data indicate that exposure to noxious agents in rubber industry may be responsible for the development of chronic respiratory symptoms and chronic lung function changes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of rubber stopper composition, preservative pretreatment and rinse water temperature on the moist heat resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980.

Bacillus stearothermophilus spores (liquid suspension) were inoculated onto rubber stoppers and exposed to sublethal steam sterilization cycles at 120 degrees C. The D-values were determined using the fraction-negative method. An increase in heat resistance (D-value) of 200%-400% was observed when the spore suspension was inoculated onto rubber stoppers. The D-values ranged from 4.90-6.96 minutes 120 degrees C. No significant effect was seen when different preservatives were added to the stoppers nor when hot or cold rinse water temperatures were used after processing.

Drug Packaging↗
PubMed1994

Guided tissue regeneration with a rubber dam: a five-case report.

Five cases are presented to document the use of an unusual barrier in the treatment of infrabony defects according to the principles of guided tissue regeneration. A rubber dam was positioned after flap elevation, defect debridement, and root planing to cover the defect and the surrounding bone. The dam was covered with the surgical flap and removed after 5 weeks. The 1-year clinical measurements and reentry procedure demonstrated the efficacy of the rubber dam as a barrier in guided tissue regeneration procedures.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rubber contact urticaria.

Contact urticaria has been recognized since the 19th century, but rubber contact urticaria was not described until 1979. This sensitivity to rubber gloves, which often affects health care and cleaning workers, is now considered an occupationally related disease that must be considered in the diagnosis of contact urticaria.

Allied Health Personnel↗