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PubMedDate not supplied

[Knowledge and attitudes toward STD among secondary-level students in Montreal].

In 1985, 981 students attending five Montreal high schools replied to a questionnaire designed to measure their knowledge and attitudes towards STD. Results obtained by this research identify the themes that have already been mastered by the students and those that should be targeted by any future preventive or educational program. Analysis of variations in attitudes and knowledge among subgroups of students are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Survey of out-patient satisfaction in a general hospital.

This paper describes a brief questionnaire designed to assess patient satisfaction with outpatient services at a general hospital. Its application in the evaluation of services in a hospital in the Highland Area of Scotland is outlined, demonstrating how it can be used to highlight aspects of services that are satisfactory, and those that require improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Measuring visual function and quality of life in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Development of a questionnaire. Studies of Ocular Complication of AIDS Research Group.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a brief questionnaire designed to assess visual symptoms, visual function in daily activities, and impact of treatment administration in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. Patients were recruited in June and July 1992. SETTING: Seven university-based sites participating in the Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS. PATIENTS: Twenty-six subjects enrolled in a randomized trial that compared foscarnet and ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND ANALYSIS: Distributions of scores, reliability, and validity of newly developed scales to assess visual function, visual symptoms, and global vision. Spearman rank correlations with 95% confidence intervals were used to test hypothesized relationships between scale scores, visual acuity, visual field, and findings from visual examination. RESULTS: The final 18-item self-administered questionnaire required 5 minutes to complete. The new scales had high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = .81 to .94). As hypothesized, patient-reported vision scores decreased with greater abnormalities found on ophthalmologic examination. Visual symptoms were most strongly related to findings in the worse eye. Visual function and global vision scores were moderately correlated with findings from visual testing and examination, and less strongly related to general health perceptions. Patients reported considerable impairment: 42% reported blurred vision; 40%, difficulty reading; 44%, difficulty driving; and 40%, that treatment interfered with social activities; 50% reported substantial trouble with their vision. CONCLUSIONS: The brief questionnaire developed to assess patient-reported visual function in cytomegalovirus retinitis appears reliable and valid as a measure of performance of vision-related activities, visual symptoms, and the impact of treatment administration. Further research is needed to test its utility as an outcome measure in longitudinal studies of cytomegalovirus retinitis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1991

Blocking observed in human eyelid conditioning.

Four eyelid conditioning experiments designed to be comparable to rabbit nictitating membrane (NMR) studies examined the blocking phenomenon in humans. All experiments utilized a within-subjects design, with Stage 1 of discrimination, Stage 2 of compound training, and a final test stage comparing responding to the blocked and non-blocked CSs. In two of the experiments (1 and 4) the comparison was made within subjects over all extinction trials. In Experiment 3 the test phase consisted of further reinforced training of the blocked and non-blocked CSs. These three experiments produced evidence of blocking when all extinction trials were entered into the analysis. Experiment 2, which involved a between-subjects comparison, failed to demonstrate the blocking effect. Wide variability both between and within subjects obscured the experimental effects. Post-experimental questionnaires designed to assess awareness of stimulus relations failed to identify a subjective blocking effect and showed no relationship to conditioned eyelid responding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

What do they know?: a content analysis of women's perceptions of trial information.

OBJECTIVE: To examine interpretations of study information by women participating in ORACLE, a trial of antibiotics in preterm labour. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey sent to women recruited to the ORACLE trial. SETTING: United Kingdom. POPULATION: A questionnaire was sent to 3074 ORACLE participants in a purposively selected sample of 55 collaborating maternity units, chosen to reflect a range of regions and of district general and teaching hospitals. METHODS: Content analysis was applied to verbatim text provided in response to an open question. Responses were also compared with a framework based on key points about the purpose of ORACLE. Closed questions were analysed using descriptive statistics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants' interpretations of the purpose of the study. RESULTS: A response rate of 61% was achieved, and 1462 participants provided written answers to a specific question on why the study was being carried out. Content analysis suggested that the information leaflet was highly valued as a source of information about the trial. There was evidence that women's interpretations of the purpose of the trial were not identical to those that the investigators intended. Of the five key points about the trial described in the information leaflet, 400 (27%) participants reported one key point, 550 (38%) two key points, 229 (16%) three key points and 23 (1.5%) four key points. None reported five key points and it was not possible to classify 46 responses (3%). Vague, confused understanding or poor recall were evident in 204 (14%) of responses. CONCLUSION: Although the ORACLE trial was run as a model of good practice at the time, this study suggests that it may not be possible to demonstrate full understanding of trial purpose and design by all participants. Emphasis should be on the provision of full information that involves consumers in its design and evaluation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Delivery of rape-related services in CMHCs: an initial study.

A questionnaire designed to assess how rape-related services are delivered was mailed to directors of 34 federally funded comprehensive Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) in Missouri and Illinois. Responses were received from 18 CMHCs. Results indicated that rape-related services were offered by approximately three-quarters of the respondents, who reported delivering primarily clinical services.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed1998

Sexual harassment: identifying risk factors.

A new model of the etiology of sexual harassment, the four-factor model, is presented and compared with several models of sexual harassment including the biological model, the organizational model, the sociocultural model, and the sex role spillover model. A number of risk factors associated with sexually harassing behavior are examined within the framework of the four-factor model of sexual harassment. These include characteristics of the work environment (e.g., sexist attitudes among co-workers, unprofessional work environment, skewed sex ratios in the workplace, knowledge of grievance procedures for sexual harassment incidents) as well as personal characteristics of the subject (e.g., physical attractiveness, job status, sex-role). Subjects were 266 university female faculty, staff, and students who completed the Sexual Experience Questionnaire to assess the experience of sexual harassment and a questionnaire designed to assess the risk factors stated above. Results indicated that the four-factor model is a better predictor of sexual harassment than the alternative models. The risk factors most strongly associated with sexual harassment were an unprofessional environment in the workplace, sexist atmosphere, and lack of knowledge about the organization's formal grievance procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Patients in a persistent vegetative state: caregiver attitudes and reactions.

OBJECTIVES: This exploratory study investigated the problems encountered by caregivers of long-stay hospital patients in a persistent vegetative state. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen primary caregivers completed questionnaires designed to assess their personality, psychophysical distress, coping strategies and caregiving-related problems. RESULTS: Males showed a higher level of emotional distress and neuroticism than females. All of the caregivers used situation-oriented coping strategies less over time. had apparently unsatisfactory family relationships, and their emotional distress increased with disease duration. The thoughts of the possible death of the patient were associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms. The caregivers' everyday lives were characterized by limited social relationships, and indoor and outdoor interests. CONCLUSION: Our study underlines the importance of psychosocially assessing PVS patient caregivers, who are often alone in coping with a irreversible situation. It also introduces a questionnaire (FSQ2) that seems to be sufficient to assess the caregiving-related problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

[Method for screening of dietary intake in pregnant women].

OBJECTIVE: Description and practical demonstration of the new method of dietary evaluation of pregnant women. DESIGN: Pilot study--testing of new method. SETTING: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine MU, Brno. METHODS: The authors describe a screening method of quick and easy dietary evaluation of pregnant women. This method used for the assessment of the healthy population employs standards formulated in terms of serving equivalents and food groups. The data are obtained by the 24-hr recall and the food is converted into 6 basic food groups. The consumption is compared with the recommended number of the servings of each food group. The result of the evaluation is practical and an early comprehensible recommendation for pregnant women. This method also allows the calculation of total energy and nutrients, using so-called nutrition profiles of each food group. The method involves the possibility of sell-assessment and self-evaluation using the questionnaire designed by WHO and modified by the authors according to the needs of Czech population. The article contains the results of a pilot study describing the dietary evaluation of 50 pregnant women from Brno. RESULTS: The pilot study proved the advantages of the described method for practical use. CONCLUSION: The authors consider the described new method of quick screening evaluation of dietary intake an applicable and desirable part of the health status assessment during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Are we taught how to use a radiology department as medical students?

Thirty-six final year medical students and 28 senior house officers answered a questionnaire designed to evaluate their efficacy in requesting common radiological procedures and their knowledge of what the patient experiences during the investigation. Both groups revealed a significant degree of ignorance, though the house officers were better informed than the students. The need for undergraduate teaching in radiology, particularly in the role of diagnostic radiology in clinical management is discussed.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1996

Do the Framingham Safety Surveys improve injury prevention counseling during pediatric health supervision visits?

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that injury prevention counseling by pediatricians is effective but accomplished infrequently. The Framingham Safety Surveys (FSS) are brief questionnaires designed to facilitate physician education of parents regarding injury prevention. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the FSS improve pediatricians' injury prevention counseling. DESIGN: Nonrandomized comparison of a 4-week baseline period and subsequent intervention periods. SETTINGS: Private practice; university hospital clinic. PATIENTS: Patients coming for health supervision visits. INTERVENTION: Provision to the physician of one of the FSS, completed by the parent just before the health supervision visit. OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) After each visit parents completed a checklist of safety issues discussed by the pediatrician. Injury prevention was compared for the two periods by means of three criteria: number of issues discussed (quantity), identification and discussion of specific high-risk behaviors (efficiency), and recognition of high-risk families (targeting). (2) Each physician's assessment of the value of the FSS was obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 144 parents (50 from the private practice, 94 from the clinic) completed checklists during the baseline period, and 168 (38 from the private practice, 130 from the clinic) during the intervention period. Use of the FSS produced no detectable improvement in any of the three measures. Seventy-seven percent of the physicians indicated that the FSS were helpful in educating families about safety, 38% thought that the FSS helped identify high-risk families, and 54% said they would use it again. CONCLUSIONS: Although most physicians believed the FSS were useful, introduction of the surveys as employed in this study did not improve injury prevention counseling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Nurses as evaluators of the humanistic behavior of internal medicine residents.

The reliability of a 13-item questionnaire designed to assess the humanistic behaviors of internal medicine residents and the reliability of nurses as raters of those behaviors were examined. Twenty-five residents were evaluated by 10 or 11 nurses on two general medicine services and on cardiology and hematology-oncology services in a large, highly specialized department of internal medicine. Using an application of generalizability theory, which extends beyond classical test theory to establish estimates of multiple-error sources, the investigators calculated reliability-like coefficients for each of the services. The coefficients were .95 and .85 for the two general medicine services, .67 for cardiology, and .88 for hematology-oncology. These findings indicate that the questionnaire is a reliable instrument for assessing humanistic behavior and identifying reliable raters in groups of nurses.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

Allowing for variations in multivitamin supplement composition improves nutrient intake estimates for epidemiologic studies.

Collecting detailed data on dietary supplement use is time-consuming for study participants and investigators, and this is particularly difficult for multivitamin use because of the many different formulations available. Therefore, many studies simply ask about the frequency of multivitamin use and assign default nutrient composition values to obtain nutrient intakes. Multivitamin supplements are important contributors to total nutrient intakes, but it is not known how default values affect the accuracy of intake estimation. In this study, nutrient intakes were calculated from multivitamins consumed by 26,735 multivitamin users who provided detailed information like product name(s) and frequency of use on a mailed questionnaire. We then recalculated the intakes, using 2 different assumptions about the composition of the multivitamin supplements: 1) a single default composition for all products; and 2) four default compositions, 1 for each subtype of multivitamin, i.e., one-a-day with minerals, one-a-day without minerals, B-complex or stress multivitamins, and antioxidant combinations. A total of 1246 different brands of multivitamins were reported and nutrient composition varied widely. Spearman correlation coefficient analyses, using the 4 default nutrient profiles compared with actual nutrient intakes, were >0.5 (P < 0.001) for 12 of 15 nutrients examined. However, correlations using the single default were lower, with only 5 correlations >0.5. Our findings suggest that a questionnaire designed to assess the composition profiles for 4 types of multivitamin products substantially improves the accuracy of nutrient-intake estimates over one that uses a single default nutrient profile for all multivitamin products.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Inpatient care of children with cerebral palsy as perceived by their parents.

OBJECTIVES: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have special health care needs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the inpatient care of children with CP, as perceived by their parents. METHODS: Forty parents of children with CP and 90 parents of able-bodied children completed a questionnaire designed to evaluate their perception of their child's hospital admission, including the care provided. The parents also completed the Perceived Stress Scale. RESULTS: Overall, parents of able-bodied children were more satisfied with the hospitalization than parents of children with CP (P < 0.0001). Significant differences were found in four of the five areas assessed: the admissions process (P = 0.0002); the care that their child received (P < 0.0001); their communication and confidence in doctors and nurses (P < 0.0001); and their personal experience of the hospital (P = 0.0076). Parents of disabled children displayed a much higher mean score on the Perceived Stress Scale, but no correlation was found between this scale and the satisfaction questionnaire for either group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that parents of children with CP were, as a group, less satisfied than parents of able-bodied children with their inpatient experience. Although these children have complex needs and often require more care than able-bodied children, it is imperative that their needs are met and that parents are satisfied with all aspects of the care they receive in hospital.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1986

The SOMA--a questionnaire measure of sexual anxiety.

SOMA, a questionnaire designed by J. T. Quinn to measure sexual anxiety in patients presenting at a psychosexual clinic, has been used extensively as a clinical and research tool. Its construction and scoring are described, and data are presented for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, principal components analysis, and validity. Practical applications for diagnosis, prognosis, and research are discussed.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1979

Use of a self-administered questionnaire for detection of transient cerebral ischemic attacks: I. Survey of elderly persons living in retirement facilities.

A self-administered questionnaire designed to identify people with transient cerebral ischemia (TIA) in large population groups was distributed to approximately 10,000 elderly persons living in public and private retirement facilities in the United States. The population resided in eight cities, and 74% completed the survey. Transient focal neurological symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of TIA within the previous year were reported by 6.4% of the respondents. Uncertain manifestations of TIA, i.e., dizziness, light-headedness, or loss of balance, were noted by an additional 15.4%; the remaining 78.2% had no manifestations of this disorder. A clinical history for TIA was taken by a neurologist in a sample of 1,712 respondents to determine the validity of the questionnaire responses. Thirty (7.1%) of 423 persons presumed by the questionnaire to have TIA met the standard clinical criteria for the diagnosis. An additional 8 cases of TIA were found by the neurologist among the 1,289 interviewed persons presumed by the questionnaire to have uncertain TIA or no evidence of the disorder. The twelve-month period prevalence of TIA was estimated to be 8.2 per 1,000 in the total respondent population and 5.8 per 1,000 among those without a history of prior completed stroke. Despite the high proportion of false-positive neurological symptoms of TIA elicited by the questionnaire, this survey instrument nevertheless screened out for further study the 6% of the population in whom 55% of the TIAs occurred.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Screening for latex allergy with a questionnaire: comparison with latex skin testing in a group of dental professionals.

BACKGROUND: Latex allergy has emerged as an important cause of allergic reactions particularly in health workers. Due to the lack of a standardized extract for objective skin testing a screening questionnaire was developed. METHODS: At the 1995 Australian Dental Association Conference, all attendees were invited to complete a questionnaire and undergo skin testing to assess the level of latex allergy in this population and to assess the performance of the questionnaire as a screening test for latex allergy. RESULTS: The questionnaire had high specificity but poor sensitivity compared to skin testing with latex extract. CONCLUSION: This study compares at risk individuals identified by a screening questionnaire with those identified by objective skin testing. A questionnaire designed to screen for latex allergy was reliable for identifying those with low risk while overestimating those at risk of true latex allergy, demonstrating the need for objective testing with reliable allergens.

Adult↗