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PubMed2003

[Egretta garzetta as a bioindicator of environmental pollution in Tai Lake region].

There were four species of Ardeidae in Tai Lake. The dominant vegetations in the habitat were Pinus massoniana, Cinnamomum hupehanum, Quercus acutissema, Ulmus prmila and Myrica rubra, which were suitable for Egretta garzetta to make nests. The area of the habitat was about 7 hm2, where there were totally 4200 Egretta garzetta nests with the density of 0.38 nest per tree in average. Studies on Egretta garzetta breeding ecology showed that the incubating time was 19-21 days, the average egg weight was 23.9 +/- 4.0 g(n = 41), and the average egg size was 44.5 +/- 4.1 mm x 32.6 +/- 4.9 mm(n = 41). The mean clutch size and brood size were 5.02(2-8) and 3.86(2-7), respectively, and the hatching rate was 84.25%. The measurements of Egretta garzetta nestling tarsus did not show any asymmetry (P > 0.05). Egretta garzetta fed mainly on small fish and shrimps in Tai Lake. The analysis results of Tai Lake samples showed that the pollutants including HCH, HCB, cyclodience, DDTs (DDT, DDE and DDD), PCBs, Cr, Hg and Pb in Egretta garzetta eggs were detected except Cd, and these pollutants accumulated through prey chain from sediments and preys to nestlings. Comparing samples from Tai Lake and those from Poyang Lake as relatively unpolluted area, only the concentration of DDTs residues was higher than 2 micrograms.g-1 in both lakes, and the other residues from Tai Lake like organochlorine insecticides, PCBs and heavy metals were all lower than those from Poyang Lake, and did not affect the development and breeding success of Egretta garzetta at present.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Application of succession study in tending and restoration of evergreen broadleaved forest].

The characteristics of synecology, population ecology and physio-ecology of main tree species Quercus fabri, Pinus massoniana, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Lithocarpus glaber, Schima superba and C. fargesii of evergreen broadleaved forest in Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province were studied by comparative method. The successional process was clarified through the comparative studies of the synecological characteristics of these main tree species, the individual plant structure and renewability were discussed by comparative study of population ecological characteristics of main trees' populations, and the mechanism of replacement with each other of these main tree species was open out by comparative study of physio-ecological characteristics of these main trees. Based on the study of comparative ecology of the main dominant evergreen broadleaved forest series, the successional stage and direction and its management could be determined, and the theoretical basis for the planning and management of forest production, and the restoration, reconstruction, and exploiting under artificial disturbance could be offered.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of airborne pollen concentrations in Zagreb, Croatia, 2002.

Employing the volumetric method by use of a Hirst sampler, a total of 71,286 pollen grains, as many as 94.20% of them allergenic, were recorded in the air samples from the city of Zagreb during the 2002 pollen season. Among identified pollen of 35 plant species/genera/families, 23 were allergenic: Taxus/Juniperus, Alnus sp., Fraxinus sp., Betula sp., Corylus sp., Poaceae, Urticaceae, Artemisia sp., Ambrosia sp., Carpinus sp., Castanea sp., Chenopodiaceae, Salix sp., Populus sp., Ulmus sp., Juglans sp., Quercus sp., Platanus sp., Fagus sp., Plantago sp., Pinus sp., Picea sp. and Abies sp. The pollen of these plants also cause the majority of pollinosis in Europe. Study results and the pollen calendar designed for the 2002 pollen season for the City of Zagreb provide useful data for allergologists to reach an accurate diagnosis. The calendar also provides timely information on airborne pollen types and air concentrations for individuals with pollen hypersensitivity, thus allowing them to adjust their daily activities so as to minimize their contact with allergens and improve their quality of life both at home and at work.

Allergens↗
PubMed2003

Airborne pollen grains in Bursa, Turkey, 1999-2000,.

In this study, pollen grains were sampled by using a Lanzoni trap (Lanzoni VPPS 2000) in atmosphere of Bursa in 1999 and 2000. During two years. a total of 13,991 pollen grains/m3 which belonged to 59 taxa and unidentified pollen grains were recorded. A total of 7.768 pollen grains were identified in 1999 and a total of 6.223 in 2000. From these taxa, 36 belong to arboreal and 23 taxa to non-arboreal plants. Total pollen grains consist of 78.61% arboreal. 20.37% non-arboreal plants and 1.03% unidentified pollen grains. In the region investigated, Pinus sp., Olea sp., Platanus sp., Gramineae, Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Quercus sp., Acer sp.. Morus sp. Xanthium sp., Castanea sp., Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Corvlus sp., Artemisia sp., Urtica sp.and Fraxinus sp. were responsible for the greatest amounts of pollen. During the study period the pollen concentration reached its highest level in April.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2003

Changes in soil and leaf trace element concentrations: a study in Naples city centre.

The spatial and temporal changes of trace element concentrations in leaves and soils of an urban area were investigated simultaneously. For this purpose, in May and September 2001 and in January and May 2002, samples of Quercus ilex leaves and surrounding soils were taken at 5 sites in central Naples and on Mt. Vesuvius, a remote area, as control. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, V and Zn were analysed in both matrices by atomic absorption spectrometry. The urban sites in Naples showed different spatial trends of contamination depending on each element. The highest leaf concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, V and Zn were measured at the sites affected by a high traffic flow. The highest Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn soil concentrations were measured at different urban sites. The remote soil showed the highest values of Cr and V. The significant correlations between Pb and Zn in each matrix and between leaf and soil Pb and Zn concentrations suggest a common origin and an influence of wet and dry airborne deposition upon foliage and soils. Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations decreased and Cr increased from May 2001 to May 2002 in both matrices. The season and sampling period do not seem to affect trace element concentrations of Q. ilex mature leaves.

Cities↗
PubMed2003

Aeroallergens in clinical practice of allergy in India. An overview.

Allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are dramatically increasing all over the world including developing countries like India. Today, more than 30 % of the population is known to suffer from one or other allergic ailment. Major causative agents implicated are pollen grains, fungal spores, dust mites, insect debris, animal epithelia, etc. Several aerobiological studies have been conducted in different parts of the country to ascertain aerial concentration and seasonality of pollen grains and fungi. Recently, an "All India Coordinated Project on Aeroallergens and Human Health" was undertaken to discover the quantitative and qualitative prevalence of aerosols at 18 different centres in the country. Predominant airborne pollen are Holoptelea, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Putanjiva, Cassia, Quercus, Cocos, Pinus, Cedrus, Ailanthus, Cheno/Amaranth, Cyperus, Argemone, Xanthium, Parthenium and others. Clinical and immunological evaluations have revealed allergenically important texa - some of them for the first time. Allergenically important pollen are Prosopis juliflora, Ricinus communis, Morus, Mallotus, Alnus, Querecus, Cedrus, Argemone, Amaranthus, Chenopodium, Holoptelea, Brassica, Cocos, Cannabis, Parthenium, Cassia and grasses. Further cross-reactivity of the IgE antibodies is a common phenomenon among various pollen allergens. Ricinus communis pollen from commonly growing weeds in India, cross-reacts with latex (Hevea brasiliensis), Mercurialis annua and also with seeds of Ricinus communis - all belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. Areca catechu cross-reacts with other members of Arecaceae such as Phoenix sylvestris, Cocos nucifera and Borassus flabelifer. Several reports on pollen and fruit syndrome have been analyzed. Experiments conducted by us revealed that pollutants (NO(2) and SO(2)) not only affect pollen morphology but also changes their allergenic potency. Immunotherapy with recombinant proteins having similar epitopes from different allergens have been advocated, besides allergen avoidance.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Polyclonal antisera to birch pollen allergen for the air allergen screening].

The cross reactivity of the pollen allergens of birch (Betula pendula), hazel (Corylus avelana), alder (Alnus glutinosa), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), oak (Quercus robur) and ashtree (Fraxinus excelsior) was studied by the methods of the enzyme immunoassay and gel diffusion with the use of rabbit polyclonal antisera (PAS) prepared against birch pollen allergen. PAS was shown to be greatly related to all above-mentioned allergens with the exception of oak pollen allergen. PAS was found capable of forming precipitates in the layer of agar gel only with birch pollen allergen. A proposal was made to use PAS, in view of the established specific features of its immunochemical properties, in the development of test systems for the ecological monitoring of biotopes.

Air↗
PubMed2004

[The research on the law of greenhouse gases emission from warm temperate forest soils in Beijing region].

In situ measurements by closed chamber technique were done to investigate the law of greenhouse gases (Methane, carbon dioxide and Nitrous Oxide) fluxes emission from different warm temperate forest soils (Broad-leaved forest, Form. Quercus liaotungensis and Form. Pinus tabulae) of Dongling mountain in Beijing region. Results show that the all representative types forest soils were sink of CH4 and source of CO2 and N2O. Different type of vegetables and soils result of different fluxes range of the main greenhouse gases. The fluxes range of CH4, CO2 and N2O emission from the three types forest soils were: 42-103 micrograms/(m2.h), 15-344 mg/(m2.h) and -61-101 micrograms/(m2.h); 13-182 micrograms CH4/m2.h, 23-380 mg/(m2.h) and -15-183 micrograms/(m2.h); 12-128 ug CH4/m2.h, 15-292 mg/(m2.h) and -94-153 micrograms/(m2.h); respectively. The mean fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O emission from the three types forest soils during the observation period were: -66 micrograms/(m2.h), 145 mg/(m2.h) and 22 micrograms/(m2.h); -67 micrograms/(m2.h), 146 mg/(m2.h) and 45 micrograms/(m2.h); -79 micrograms/(m2.h), 150 mg/(m2.h) and 31 micrograms/(m2.h), respectively. The total amounts of CH4 CO2 and N2O emission from the three types forest soils were -5.34 kg/(hm2.a), 13.9 Mg/(hm2.a) and 2.58 kg/(hm2.a); -6.20 kg/(hm2.a), 14.07 Mg/(hm2.a) and 4.19 kg/(hm2.a); -6.85 kg/(hm2.a), 15.71 Mg/(hm2.a) and 4.30 kg/(hm2.a), respectively.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2004

[Forest landscape change and its driving force during past ten years in Bilahe forest region, Inner Mongolia].

Based on RS and GIS, this paper studied the forest landscape change during the past ten years in Bilahe forest region, Inner Mongolia, from the aspects of general landscape features, individual patch characteristics, and relationship among patches. The results showed that the forest landscape changed a lot due to the stronger human intervention on forest ecosystem. The general tendency was that the human patches (residential area and cultivated land) were! expanding quickly, whereas the natural patches (forest patches, etc.) were shrinking gradually. The results of area transformation matrix showed that in 1997, 30.87% of cultivated lands were transformed from Quercus mongolica. According to the analysis of landscape heterogeneity, the patches were increased by 68.80%, but their average area was reduced by 4.82%. In 1988, the landscape dominated by few patches changed to a landscape with comparatively even distribution of patches, due to the decrease of landscape dominance and contagion, and the increase of landscape diversity. Based on the analyses of physical geography and social economics in the study area and the regions related, this paper discovered that the most decisive driving forces of landscape changes were fire intervention, deforestation, and reclamation of virgin land.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cytogenetic characteristics of seed offspring of leafy tree plants from one-kilometer zone of Novovoronezh nuclear power station].

Cytogenetic characteristics (mitotic activity, level and spectrum of pathological mitoses, nucleoly characteristics) of seed offspring of Quercus robur L. and Betula pendula Roth from Novovoronezh nuclear power station's 1-kilometer zone have been studied. It has been shown the change of time of passing though mitotic stages by cells, the increasing of bridges frequency occur in spectrum of mitotic aberrations (that shows activation of reparation systems), the change in nucleoly characteristics (the part of polynucleolaris cells increase in case of oak and decrease in case of birch, the rase of surface square of single nucleolies). The phenomena, mean above, probably, induced by synergic effects of Novovoronezh nuclear power station and environment pollutants. The most contaminated territories of 1-kilometer zone of Novovoronezh nuclear power station have been discovered by means of methods of cluster analysis of total cytogenetic characteristics of tree plants seed offspring.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Allergenic pollen in the atmosphere of Kayseri, Turkey.

Airborne pollen are important allergens that cause sensitization in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma. Our aim was to detect the pollen in the atmosphere of Kayseri, to present a pollen calendar, and to detect the allergenic level of these pollen by performing skin tests on patients. Atmospheric pollen were collected by Durham gravimetric samplers in Kayseri between March and November in the years 1996 and 1997. In our study, we observed pollen belonging to 43 different taxa. The total number of pollen per cm2 was found to be 1,330.8 in 1996 and 1,182.5 in 1997. Most of the pollen were from the taxa Pinus, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Cupressaceae, Populus and Quercus in decreasing order. In the skin tests, pollen of the taxa Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae were found to give the most frequent allergic reactions. It was concluded that preparing an airborne pollen calendar could be useful for medical practice. Nevertheless the skin test data did not really correlate with the aerobiologic data, as skin test reactivity is related to the allergenicity of the pollen and not just to ambient exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of different vegetation restoration of degraded red soil on earthworm population dynamics].

This study was conducted at the long-term experimental plots in Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil in Yujiang County (28 degrees 15'30''N, 116 degrees 55'30''E ), Jiangxi Province, subtropical China. Earthworm population was investigated seasonally from May 1999 to February 2000, under different vegetations including four artificial woodlands [deciduous broadleaf woodland (Quercus chenii, Qc), evergreen broadleaf woodland (Schima superba, Ss), coniferous woodland (Pinus massonina, Pm) and mixed woodland (Schima superba-Pinus massonina, Sm)], two grasslands [gently-disturbed grassland (G1), undisturbed grassland (G2)] and control wasteland (CK). The results indicated that the population structure was very simple. Only Drawinda gisti characterized by pioneer was found. The seasonal averages of density and biomass were in the order of G2 > G1 > Qc > Ss > Pm > Sm > CK, and those of G2, G1 and Qc were significantly higher than those of the latters (P < 0.05). Seasonal fluctuations were obvious with dry-hot summer depressing the earthworm population sharply, leading to the aestivation of earthworm. Based on the variation coefficients of density and biomass, Qc had the highest ecosystem stability, followed by Sm and Ss, and G1, G2, and Pm had the lowest stability. The overall differentiation of earthworm population could be drawn through canonical discriminant analysis. There were significant correlations between earthworms and some soil properties (P < 0.01). Overall, the differentiation of earthworm population was driven by the quantity and quality of soil organic matter returned by the vegetations. Additionally, based on earthworm population, the importance of selecting appropriate vegetation types during the restoration of degraded red soil was emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

New, rare or remarkable microfungi in the Italian Alps (Carnic Alps)--part I--ascomycotina.

During our observations in the SE part of the Carnic Alps in the year 2003 we were able to collect and identify 35 ascomycetes on trees and dead wood. Among these one can find numerous ascomycetes of different orders e.g. Pyrenomycetes, Loculoascomycetes and Discomycetes. Some species like Botryosphaeria ribis GROSENLUCHER & DUGGAR on Ribes alpinum L., Dothiora pyrenophora (FR.) FR. on Sorbus aucuparia L., Gemmamyces piceae (BORTH.) CASAGO. on Picea excelsa (LAM.) LINK, Glomerella montana (SACC.) v. ARX & E. MULLER on Sesleria caerulea (L.) ARD, Hymenoscyphus immutabilis (Fuck.) Dennis on Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Hysterographium fraxini (PERS. Ex. FR.) de Not. on Fraxinus ornus L., Lachnellula willkommii (Hartig) DENNIS [= Trichascyphella willkommii (Hartig) NANNF.] on Larix decidua MILL.,Leptosphaeria lycopodina (Mont.) SACC. on Lycopodium annotinum L., Mollisia adenostylidis REHM. on Adenostyles glabra (MILL.) DC., Pezicula cinnamomea (DC.)SACC. [ana: Cryptosporiopsis quercina PETRAK] on Quercus robur L., Pyrenopeziza petiolaris (A. & S. Ex FR.) NANNF. on Acer pseudoplatanus L., Tapesia rosae (PERS.) FUCKEL on Rosa canina L., are new for this area. All specimen are deposited in the Herbarium ESS Mycotheca Parva, Collection G.B. Feige/N. Ale-Agha.

Altitude↗
PubMed2005

[Spatial-temporal changes of Taishan Mountains scenery area landscape patterns].

By adopting the Landsat images of 1986 and 2001, and through field investigation, this paper studied the characteristics and genesis of the spatial-temporal changes of Taishan Mountains scenery area landscape patterns in Shandong Province of East China since mid-80 s of last century, and approached the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on them. The results showed that the anthropogenic disturbances at that time were the main reasons of inducing the significant changes of landscape patterns, and the large-scale pure forest reconstruction and scenery area construction in late 80s of last century made the forest vegetation patches more fragmented and the superiority of landscape types decreased. The results also showed that the area of Pinus forest significantly decreased, mainly due to its conversion to Quercus and mixed forests. The increase of landscape patches intensified the fragmentation of certain landscape patterns, and in particular, the increase of bare substrate on steep slopes could potentially damage the health of mountain ecosystem.

China↗
PubMed2005

Aerobiological investigation in Bitlis, Turkey.

A continuous aeropalynological survey of the atmosphere of Bitlis was carried out from January 2001 to December 2002 by means of the gravimetric method using Durham apparatus. Weekly pollen grains in per cm(2) were calculated. During two years, a total of 3,323 pollen grains/cm(2) which belong to 46 taxa, 21 of total belong to arboreal (AP) and 25 of total non-arboreal (NAP) plants, and unidentified pollen grains were recorded. In 2001, 1,833 pollen grains and in 2002, 1,490 pollen grains were recorded. Total pollen grains consist of 39.39 % AP, 59.28 % NAP plants and 1.32 % unidentified pollen grains. Gramineae, Urticaceae, Juglans spp., Quercus spp., Umbellifereae, Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Fraxinus spp., Salix spp., Plantago spp., Pinus spp., Rumex spp., Moraceae and Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae were responsible for the greatest amounts of pollens in the investigated region. 58.38 % of total pollen grains were appeared during May and June.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tannin and gallic acid as marker of exposure to hardwood dust].

The total tannin concentration was determined, using two different SPF methods, in 35 dust powdered wood species, both hard and softwood. Using direct reading-method (280 nm) the concentration varied from 2485 mg/g for Swedish pine to 35,843 mg/g for European oak (quercus robur, hardwood). The data obtained with the second method (Folin-Chocalteau) were well correlated (y = 0.9885x + 4.3373; r = 0.84; n=35) with the data obtained with the first method. The measured concentrations are usually higher in hardwood than softwood tested. Finally, a simple HPLC-DAD method was tested for gallic acid (GA), recently proposed as a marker for oak dust.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Mistletoe treatment induces GM-CSF- and IL-5 production by PBMC and increases blood granulocyte- and eosinophil counts: a placebo controlled randomized study in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Various immunological effects have been reported during application of mistletoe preparations. Because these data are heterogeneous, we performed a placebo controlled study to investigate (1) effects on peripheral granulocyte and eosinophil counts, (2) related cytokine levels and (3) whether effects are related to mistletoe lectin (ML). METHODS: 43 volunteers were randomized to receive the mistletoe plant extract Iscador Quercus spezial (IQ), purified ML, IQ which was depleted from ML, or placebo subcutaneously twice per week for 8 weeks. Weekly, differential blood count and every four weeks spontaneous and IQ- and ML-induced cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed. RESULTS: Leukocyte-, granulocyte-, and eosinophil counts were significantly higher during treatment in the IQ- and ML-groups than in the placebo group. Furthermore, a significant increase of antigen-induced production of GM-CSF, IL-5 and IFNgamma by PBMC was observed in the IQ- and ML-group but not in the groups receiving ML-depleted IQ or placebo. Severe side effects did not occur in any of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with IQ or ML stimulates the production of GM-CSF, IL-5 and IFNgamma by PBMC, and this is accompanied by an increase of eosinophil- and granulocyte-counts. These observations may, therefore, open rational therapeutic indications for mistletoe extracts.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Population dynamics of endangered plant species Abies chensiensis].

In order to know the endangered status and causes of Abies chensiensis in Qinlin Mountains, a field investigation on 18 plots was conducted on its age structure, life table and fecundity, and its population dynamics were predicted by time sequence model. The analysis on the age structure of Abies chensiensis populations showed that there were fewer young individuals, but middle-aged and old individuals were relatively rich. The population D in Abies chensiensis-Indigofera amblyantha-Carex lanceolata association showed a relatively stable development tendency, while other four populations (A, B, C and E) in Abies chensiensis-Pinus tabulaeformis-Sinarundinaria nitida-Carex lanceolata association, Abies chensiensis-Quercus aliena var. acutserrata-Litsea pungens-Carex lanceolata association, Abies chensiensis-Betula albo-sinensis-Sinarundinaria nitida-Duchesnea indica association, and Abies chensiensis-Pinus tabulaeformis-Smilax stans-Carex lanceolata association all showed an obviously declining tendency. The analysis on the life tables and survival curves showed that the survival curve of Abies chensiensis populations belonged to Deevey III, and the death peak of different populations was in the period of 60--100 years old. The number difference among populations reflected the population habitat. Time sequence prediction indicated the numbers of old individuals would be increased at the beginning, and decreased finally in 20, 40, and 80 years. It was difficult to maintain the population stability. Analysis on 10 ecological factors showed that tree coverage, soil organisms and air humidity influenced population positively, and human disturbance and sunlight influenced population negatively. In situ conservation should be taken as the most important management countermeasure, and natural regeneration should be promoted. At the same time, artificial population should be expanded.

Abies↗