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Results for “Persons with Intellectual Disabilities”

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PubMedDate not supplied

A psychometric evaluation of a Swedish version of the psychopathology inventory for mentally retarded adults (PIMRA).

Given the difficulties with symptom identification and the assessment of mental health problems in persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) there has been a focus on the development of relevant assessment schedules for persons with ID. A Swedish version of the psychopathology inventory for mentally retarded adults (PIMRA, informant version), an instrument designed for identification of specific mental health problems in persons with ID, was evaluated in terms of inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, item grouping, criterion and concurrent validity based on a sample of 101 adults with different levels of ID. The Swedish version of the PIMRA had low inter-rater agreement on specific items but good agreement on low or high total score. In order to investigate internal validity, principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted in steps. Consequently, the majority of the 26 items, which remained after three PCA analyses, were grouped in a pattern approximating five of the original PIMRA subscales. The present analysis identified no item grouping matching the original Affective disorder subscale. Based on these results a revised Swedish version was developed. The concurrent validity analysis yielded a strong association between the total scores of the PIMRA and Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviour (RSMB), between subscales on both instruments describing psychotic symptoms and between the RSMB subscale Aggressive behaviour and the PIMRA subscale Adjustment problems. The outcome of the criterion validity analysis indicated that individuals with a clinical diagnosis obtained higher total PIMRA scores than individuals without a clinical diagnosis and a comparison between the PIMRA subscale Psychosis and the clinical diagnosis indicating psychoses according to DSM-III-R or DSM-IV yielded a higher specificity than sensitivity measure. The results indicate that the PIMRA had a potential to identify individuals with mental health problems in persons with different levels (mild, moderate and severe) of ID and identify individuals with a specific mental disorder. Thus, professionals might use the PIMRA as a complement in the diagnostic process.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The concept of quality of life: what we know and do not know.

BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades the concept of quality of life (QOL) has increasingly become a focus for research and application in the fields of education/special education, health care (physical and behavioural), social services (disabilities and ageing), and families. METHODS: This article summarizes our current understanding of the construct of individual QOL as it pertains to persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). The article's three major sections discuss what we know, what we are beginning to understand, and what we still do not know about the QOL construct. RESULTS: We currently know the importance of the QOL construct as a service delivery principle, along with its current use and multidimensional nature. We are beginning to understand the importance of methodological pluralism in the assessment of QOL, the multiple uses of quality indicators, the predictors of assessed QOL, the effects of different data collection strategies, and the etic (universal) and emic (culture-bound) properties of the construct. We have yet to understand fully the use of QOL-related outcomes in programme change, how to best evaluate the outcomes of QOL-related services, and how to use the concept of QOL to impact public and disability reform. CONCLUSION: The article concludes with a brief discussion of future challenges related to demonstrating the concept's social validity and positive impact on the lives of persons with ID.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed2004

Capacity of adults with intellectual disabilities to consent to sexual relationships.

BACKGROUND: For people with intellectual disabilities there is a difficult balance to be struck between empowering people to claim their sexual rights and protecting them from abuse. Hypothetically, services should be guided by whether a particular person with intellectual disabilities has the capacity to consent to sexual relationships. However, there has been little agreement on how to define such capacity. This study examines the issue of capacity to consent to sexual relationships using a functional approach. METHOD: Adults with intellectual disabilities (n = 60) and young people presumed in law able to consent (n = 60) were assessed for their sexual knowledge and vulnerability to abuse. RESULTS: Adults with intellectual disabilities were significantly less knowledgeable about almost all aspects of sex and appeared significantly more vulnerable to abuse, having difficulty at times distinguishing abusive from consenting relationships. Nevertheless, some adults with intellectual disabilities scored highly on all measures, especially if they had relatively high IQs and had had sex education. CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for the poorer knowledge and increased vulnerability of people with intellectual disabilities are discussed and it is recommended that they should have on-going access to sex education. Implications of the findings for definitions of capacity to consent to sexual relationships are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The palliative care needs of people with intellectual disabilities: a case study.

This article describes a case study that aimed to consider the unique needs of a client who has intellectual disabilities and a terminal illness. Data collection included semi-structured interviews with the client and professionals involved in his care. Five broad sets of themes emerged from these interviews. Although these are not unique to the rapidly evolving field of palliative care, they are less familiar within the specialism of intellectual disabilities, i.e. difficulties and delays around diagnosing the illness, consent issues, conflicts between the carers and the family, truth-telling, and the need for professional support. Professionals who work with a person with intellectual disabilities and a terminal illness need to be aware that special issues may arise. The effects of potential problems with comprehension and communication need to be assessed individually. A close collaboration between all professionals, carers, family and the client, and the mutual sharing of expertise, is essential to ensure the best possible care.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Personality development and the dually diagnosed person.

Researchers in mental retardation have traditionally focused on cognitive aspects of the disorder and ignored social and personality factors. One consequence is that little attention has been paid to the mental health of mentally retarded persons. The argument is made that the personalities of mentally retarded persons are affected by the same factors that impact upon the personalities of nonretarded persons. The life experiences of mentally retarded persons, however have been shown to lead to personalities that are often characterized by overdependency on others, low aspiration levels, and outerdirected problem-solving styles. These personality characteristics are implicated in the high rate of mental unhealth in mentally retarded persons. Finally, the value of extending the developmental approach to the study of psychiatric problems in mentally retarded persons is discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Visual imagery scanning in young adults with intellectual disability.

Fifteen young adults with intellectual disability and 17 college students learned the locations of 5 landmarks on an island map and then scanned from one landmark to another. In the perception condition, the landmarks were visible; in the imagery condition, they were not. The rate of scanning over distance was similar for perception and imagery conditions, but overall scan times were slower in the imagery condition. Participants with intellectual disability required slightly more trials to learn the landmark locations and had generally slower scan times. Both groups were identical in rate of scanning for both perception and imagery conditions. Results suggest that persons with intellectual disability have no particular deficit in image inspection and, perhaps, relatively good imagery capacities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

An analysis of physical guidance as reinforcement for noncompliance.

Physical guidance is a strategy commonly used for noncompliance. In two experiments, we evaluated reinforcing effects of physical guidance. Experiment 1 include three individuals with developmental disabilities who were noncompliant with tasks. Anecdotal observations indicated physical contact was highly reinforcing, and a functional analysis identified attention as a reinforcer for problem behavior. Two conditions compared physical guidance following noncompliance and no physical guidance following noncompliance. Results showed noncompliance increased for all three participants when physical guidance followed noncompliance. The second experiment empirically evaluated the function of noncompliance prior to examining the effect of physical guidance on noncompliance. A functional analysis, conducted with two participants, indicated noncompliance served an escape function for one and an attention function for the other. Comparisons of physical guidance and no physical guidance indicated physical guidance resulted in decreased noncompliance for the participant with an escape function but increased noncompliance for the participant with an attention function.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

The Arab community in Israel coping with intellectual and developmental disability.

The Arab family in Israel is still embedded in the traditional society with extended family support systems, but we see a population in transition influenced by the surrounding society. This paper looks at the different religious attitudes toward the exceptional people in our society (i.e., the family reaction to a child born with intellectual or developmental disability), reviews recent studies on the Arab and Bedouin families in Israel, and presents data on the Arab population in residential care centers. Today, out of 57 residential care centers in Israel for persons with intellectual disability, 13 (22.8%) are providing service to the non-Jewish population. The Arab population constitutes 12-13% of the total residential care population, lower than the 19-20% in the total population. In residential care, the Arab population is characterized by younger children with severe and profound intellectual disability. The informal family support system is still a very important factor in the Arab family in Israel, a fact that we believe should be strengthened by implementing the British and Danish model of nurse home visitation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗