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PubMed1990

Retirement: what happens to the marriage.

The focus of this descriptive study was to examine what happens to the marriage at retirement. The data were to serve as a basis for further investigation toward the creation of a marital enhancement program at retirement. Purposeful sampling was used to identify the 10 couples who were involved in the study. Findings from this study indicated that an effective marital enhancement program at retirement would consider the following factors: changes in roles and identity were significant stressors during this time; the communication of thoughts was more frequent than the communication of feelings; spouses became increasingly aware of their partners' faults during retirement; men appeared to be more satisfied in retirement than their wives; hobbies and time spent together did not change following retirement; children served as important topics of conversation and sources of pride and thought; time spent with children following retirement did not increase; and children were often unaware of the challenges and changes faced by their parents at retirement.

Female↗

PubMed2005

Parents and partners: enhancing participation in contraception use.

When adolescent girls choose to have sexual intercourse, it is important for them to have the knowledge, resources, and communication skills necessary to avoid unintended pregnancies. There are many barriers to contraceptive use that are specific to adolescents, and it is possible that parents and partners could help to support consistent and correct use of contraception. This paper reviews the existing literature on the role of parents and partners, and discusses the implications of this knowledge base for clinical practice. The specific recommendations in this manuscript are designed to aid health care providers in supporting the involvement of parents and partners in the lives of adolescent girls in order to promote the positive emotional and physical growth of adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Determining the needs of spouses caring for aphasic partners.

PURPOSE: The study aims to identify the needs of spouses caring for someone who has communication difficulties due to a stroke and to determine what solutions they felt would have helped to alleviate the difficulties they described. METHOD: A qualitative approach was chosen in order to determine the carers needs from their point of view. Nine indepth interviews were undertaken with a self selected group of spouses caring for an aphasic partner in their own home. RESULTS: Analysis of the interviews indicated that the carers expressed needs in the five main areas of support, information, role change, training and day/respite care. The carers interviewed were also able to identify a variety of practical solutions which, in retrospect, may have helped them to care more effectively for their aphasic partner. CONCLUSIONS: The solutions put forward by the carers highlight the areas in which the Health Trusts providing care for these people should focus future service provision in order to ensure that people caring for aphasic spouses in the home receive the services they feel they need.

Aphasia↗

PubMed2002

National plan of action for promoting breastfeeding: an outline.

The International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes came into existence in 1981. The Innocenti Declaration was signed in 1990 for protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding. A significant development took place with the enactment of "Infant Milk Substitutes, Infant Foods and Feeding Bottles Act 1992". The establishment of the Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India (BPNI) in 1991 led to several significant initiatives in partnership with Association for Consumers Action on Safety and Health (ACASH) and several other NGOs and professional associations. After 10 years of movement, a meeting of the key partners was thought of to review the ongoing initiative to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. In the meeting the partners discussed objectives, key issues, advocacy and policy development, training and capacity development, communication and social mobilisation, community action and intervention, monitoring, evaluation and research. It was hoped that this would provide the necessary impetus for concerted action to be taken by different partners at all levels to organise "baby friendly communities" a reality in India where young children's rights to breastfeeding for survival, growth and development would be fulfilled in partnership with families and communities.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed1982

Nonverbal communication accuracy in married couples: relationship with marital complaints.

Nonverbal communication abilities were examined as mediators of martial complaints for a sample of 48 recently married couples. Based on social penetration theory, we predicted that couples cohabiting longer would be better at decoding their partners' nonverbal expressions than couples cohabiting a shorter time, that individuals married to accurate nonverbal communicators would evidence fewer martial complaints, and that individuals with fewer marital complaints would be better nonverbal communicators. The data suggest that nonverbal decoding abilities do not covary with relationship length, although spouses were better at decoding their partners' expressions than were a panel of judges. In addition, nonverbal sensitivity to one's spouse did not covary with martial complaints, although an internal analysis suggests that wives' ability to decode husbands poorly encoded messages covaries negatively with both his and her complaints. Finally, husbands married to wives who are good encoders had fewer complaints, whereas the reverse was found to hold true for the relationship between husbands' encoding abilities on wives' complaints.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Partnership is a three-step process.

BACKGROUND: Many dentists would like to bring in a future partner but are reluctant to do so for various reasons. The author outlines a three-step process toward achieving a successful partnership: the employment phase, in which an associate is introduced to and integrated into the practice; the at-risk associateship phase, in which the new doctor begins to assume financial responsibility for his or her portion of the practice; and the partnership phase, in which the partners achieve their full function as a team. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: There will be challenges in any partnership. Regular meetings, division of responsibility and open, nonjudgmental communication will diffuse the problems encountered in day-to-day practice and will ensure that the partners enjoy a rewarding relationship for many years to come.

Communication↗

PubMed1994

Behaviour, knowledge and reactions concerning sexually transmitted diseases: implications for partner notification in Lusaka.

Available data show that STDs and their consequences are a major health problem in Zambia. This study focuses on factors which could have implications for partner notification, as a tool for prevention. Fifty women and fifty men with STD were interviewed at two outpatient clinics in Lusaka, where partner notification is not functioning optimally. A majority of the sexual partners during the last three months were known by the patients who also stated a willingness to bring more partners than they were asked to do. Women had symptoms for a longer period than men before they came for treatment. They were less aware of symptoms connected with STD and a majority of them did not know that they were receiving treatment for STD. The communication between the health care provider and the patients about disease, treatment and partner notification needs to be improved especially for women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Physician-patient communication about over-the-counter medications.

The purpose of this study was to describe physician-patient communication about over-the-counter medications using a data set comprised of audio-tapes and transcripts of 414 primary care medical visits. The data set was collected during 1995 at the family practice and general medicine clinics at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center. Twenty-seven resident physicians and 414 of their adult patients participated. Fifty-seven percent of patients reported using one or more OTC medications during the past month. Analgesics, cold or allergy products, and antacids were the most commonly used OTC medications. White patients were significantly more likely to have reported using an analgesic in the past month than non-white patients. Female, white, and younger patients were more likely to have reported using a cold or allergy product in the past month than male, non-white, and older patients. Approximately 58% of patients discussed OTC medications with their physicians. Older patients and female patients as well as patients who reported using an antacid in the past month were significantly more likely to have discussed OTC medications with their physicians. Physicians asked questions about OTC medications during only 37% of encounters. Patients asked questions about OTC medications during 11% of encounters. Patient ethnicity did not influence physician or patient question-asking and information-giving about OTC medications. Male physicians were more likely to state information and ask questions about OTC medications than female physicians. Patients were more likely to ask male physicians questions about OTC medications. Physicians were more likely to state OTC information to and ask OTC questions of female and older patients. Physicians were more likely to ask less educated patients questions about OTC medications. Less educated patients were more likely to ask physicians questions about OTC medications. Despite the fact that more than half of all patients reported using OTC medications, physicians asked questions about OTC use during only approximately one-third of encounters. Of patients who reported using an OTC medication in the past month, 58% did not tell their physicians, yet only 14% of patients believed that it was not important for the physician to know about their OTC use. Physician-patient communication about OTC medications should be encouraged so that the patient becomes a collaborative partner in medication management.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Core assumptions and research opportunities in clinical communication.

OBJECTIVE: Contemporary clinical communication teaching and research reflect the axiomatic importance of building a clinical relationship and of empowering patients as partners. The apparent moral unassailability of these principles has inhibited their scientific scrutiny. By questioning this current hegemony in communication teaching and research, our objective is to identify research opportunities that remain to be fully exploited. METHOD: We identify assumptions in current communication literature and evaluate them from the perspective of relevant empirical and theoretical literature. FINDINGS: The view that the clinical relationship is an objective thing which needs to be 'built' can lead researchers to neglect factors within patients that influence their subjective sense of the relationship. The model of partnership is hard to reconcile with patients' vulnerability and associated dependency needs. The widespread use of the term 'communication skills' emphasises processes at a skill level at the expense of those at levels of cognition, emotion, and value. CONCLUSION: Research is needed into: the extent to which patients' sense of relationship arises from factors outside the relationship; the implications of their vulnerability and dependency for clinical relationships; and the processes at the level of cognition, emotion and value, as well as skill, that are entailed in clinical communication and in communication teaching. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Pursuing the research opportunities that we have identified will enhance the theoretical validity and practical relevance of clinical communication research and teaching.

Communication↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescents' experiences of dating and intimate partner violence: "once is not enough".

Pregnant and parenting adolescents represent a significant proportion of the individuals directly affected by intimate partner violence. Although screening tools are useful, it is important to ask very specific questions to open lines of communication with adolescents. This article presents a clinical case that highlights the challenges of screening adolescents for intimate partner violence and offers suggestions for health care providers. Specific examples of screening questions are offered.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Behaviour style and interaction between seven children with multiple disabilities and their caregivers.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies show that the existing interaction patterns of children with multiple disabilities should be taken into consideration when planning communication interventions. For children with disabilities, it is especially important that the partner in interaction is sensitive and well aware of the importance of a qualitatively successful interaction. Wilder (unpublished report) found that the behaviour style of 30 children with multiple disabilities was more related to the caregiver-perceived interaction than the communicative skills and functional abilities of the children. This study inductively explored the caregivers' perceptions of interaction within seven caregiver-child dyads. The research questions were: How do the caregivers perceive the interaction? How do the caregivers perceive the children's behaviour style to be related to the interaction with the caregivers? METHOD: The children were selected individually from the participants in Wilder (unpublished report) depending upon the responses the caregivers had given about the children's self-regulation and reactivity in the Carolina Record of Individual Behaviour questionnaire. The study was undertaken by means of home visits where the caregivers participated in an interview asking about their strategies for interaction, how they perceived the roles of the children and their own roles in interaction, the caregivers' opinion of what an interaction constituted of and the caregivers' aims and aspiration for interaction. The data analysis was performed by meaning concentration and categorization through a pendulum between the parts and the entirety of the interviews. In this way, hermeneutics and thematic analysis were both being practised. RESULTS: The results of the interviews are presented as a model with categorizations as a network. The categorizations reflect the system of themes that permeate how the caregivers perceived interaction in the dyad. The themes are: sharing of experience, successful interaction, role of the child, role of the caregiver, interaction methods, obstacles and facilitators and aims and aspirations. DISCUSSION: The caregivers perceived their own role in interaction to be of a sensitive leading kind. The caregivers lead the interaction by using their knowledge about the children's usual way of interacting, the children's behaviour styles, functional abilities, the children's current mood and situation as well as the whole context. They monitored the interaction such that, throughout an interaction sequence, the caregivers always tried to optimize the interaction between the parties in the dyad. The behaviour style was a background factor that the caregivers had knowledge of and scanned in their everyday turn taking. Although there were differences in the children's behaviour styles, the caregivers discussed the same themes in the interviews. The behaviour style became a facilitator for the whole interaction, forced the interaction in certain directions and made the interaction more complete with turn taking of different kinds from both parties. The findings show that it is imperative to see caregivers as experts on their children and to make them assertive in this in relation to professionals. Furthermore, as a successful interaction can boost the development of children, it is essential to direct interventions to the everyday interaction in caregiver-child dyads.

Caregivers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Personal communication networks and the effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera in Tanzania.

The personal networks of listeners and nonlisteners to an entertainment-education radio soap opera in Tanzania are examined to determine the effects of interpersonal discussion of the soap opera's educational themes of family planning and HIV prevention. Listeners are more likely to discuss these two educational issues in their personal communication networks and are also more likely to have other listeners to the radio program in their personal communication networks. Respondents demonstrate a relatively high degree of homophily with their network partners and are more likely to discuss matters arising from the radio program with their network partners who are of similar tribal membership, religious affiliation, and gender, and those who are equally or more highly educated than themselves.

Communication↗

PubMed1999

Patients benefit--partners suffer? The impact of heart transplantation on the partner relationship.

Terminal heart disease affects not only the patient, but also members of the patient's family, and especially the spouse. The aim of this prospective study of 26 couples was to collect information about the impact of heart transplantation on the partner relationship. Data were collected from patients and spouses when the patients were placed on the waiting list for transplantation, 1 year postoperatively, and 5 years postoperatively. The Family Assessment Measure (FAM III), a self-report instrument that provides quantitative indices of family functioning on seven interacting dimensions, was used. In the course of the transplant process, both patients and spouses reported a significant deterioration in the partner relationship in general. While patients perceived only one clear-cut point of conflict communication about emotions - as crucial, the spouses reported a significant worsening in role performance, communication, emotional involvement, and values and norms. These changes were discernible 1 year after transplantation and persisted for at least 5 years. We conclude that heart transplantation has a significant negative impact on the partner relationship 1-5 years after transplantation. Consequently, more attention should be paid to all aspects of the partner relationship in a holistic approach to the treatment of heart transplant recipients and their partners.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Unprotected sex in regular partnerships among homosexual men living with HIV: a comparison between sero-nonconcordant and seroconcordant couples (ANRS-EN12-VESPA Study).

OBJECTIVE: We investigated factors associated with unprotected sex in regular partnerships among homosexual men living with HIV. METHOD: We used data from a French national representative sample of people living with HIV (ANRS-EN12-VESPA survey). This analysis included men in a regular partnership with another man for at least twelve months. Unprotected sex was defined as reporting at least one episode of sexual intercourse without a condom with this regular partner in the previous 12 months. Separate analyses were conducted in sero-nonconcordant couples and in HIV-positive seroconcordant couples. RESULTS: 285 and 193 homosexual men respectively reported a regular sero-nonconcordant and seroconcordant partner. Unprotected sex was reported by a higher number of respondents within seroconcordant (46.7%) than within sero-nonconcordant couples (15.6%). In both seroconcordant and sero-nonconcordant partnerships, unprotected sex was significantly more frequent when episodes of unprotected sex with casual partners were reported. In seroconcordant couples, those who had more than four casual partners were also more likely to practise unprotected sex with their regular partner. Among sero-nonconcordant couples, binge drinking and absence of disclosure of one's HIV-positive status to the partner were also independently associated with unprotected sex. CONCLUSIONS: A limited number of sero-nonconcordant homosexual couples persist in reporting risky sexual behaviour. Prevention messages should encourage communication and HIV disclosure. The relationship between unprotected sex with both casual and regular partners also calls attention about the underlying psycho-social and interactional factors that may influence sexual behaviours of people living with HIV in regular relationships, independently of the status of the partner.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Female adolescent contraception.

Numerous clinical challenges confront care providers in caring for adolescents regarding contraception and sexual health issues. Strong communication skills are an integral factor in dealing with the sexually active teen. The most common contraceptive options for adolescents include Norplant, Depo-Provera, oral contraception, and condoms. Providing contraceptive care for adolescents requires knowledge of these methods, including the new FDA guidelines that standardize instructions for oral contraceptive use. Nursing responsibilities include counseling the adolescent regarding the risks of sexual activity with multiple partners, exposure to HIV, STDS, and the correct use of condoms. Educational efforts should focus on improving adolescent communication skills and encouraging discussion by sexual partners about the issue of condom use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Improving dietetics education with interactive communication technology.

Changes occurring in health care, education, and technology are altering dietetics education. A model of learnercentered, cooperative, distance education based on interactive online technology is described for use in a dietetic internship. Evaluation of this model includes review of key-feature exams, results of computer attitudes surveys, use of the technology by interns, exit interviews, and performance on the examination for registered dietitians. In a pilot study of the model with 8 subjects, comfort using the Internet improved significantly. Use of interactive communication technology in dietetics education has the potential to improve competency, technological aptitude, professional partnering skills, and lifelong learning skills.

CD-I↗

PubMed1985

[Communication in functional and dysfunctional families with adolescent children. III. Evaluation of the relation of verbal and nonverbal communications].

This study analyzes communication in families with one or more adolescent children, thus undergoing a critical period of transition. Two groups are compared: a group of 11 "functional" families (no child referral for psychological problems) and a group of 11 "dysfunctional" families (one adolescent child referral for psychological problems). The analysis of relationships between verbal and non-verbal communication indicates that more inter-channel congruence is achieved in "functional" families; this holds for individual as well as for inter-partners interactions. The results of the previously published separate analysis of verbal and non-verbal communication are briefly resumed. The findings of the study as a whole are interpreted in terms of the General Systems Theory with regard to the function of "parental framing" of the child's development.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[Free love, wild marriage--on the gradual dissolution of marriage by love"].

Within the different cultural epochs there exist different concepts of what is to be meant by 'love', 'marriage', 'human communication'. Maybe we are presently in the process of a paradigmatic change. However certain basic laws within human relations will always persist, such as: erotics, attraction, strive to social security, necessity to combine positive and negative within longer lasting human relations etc. Above all there is a great individual variability. There exist no one-way solutions. The more it is important that not only psychotherapists should be aware of the problems and include them in their daily work. But it counts for every doctor, who intends to operate humanistic medicine (not only a mechanistic one). This means a holistic approach towards a "partner"-patient.

Adult↗