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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Effect of fluoridated salt intake in infancy: a blind caries and fluorosis study in 8th grade Hungarian pupils.

UNLABELLED: Salt fluoridation is effective at inhibiting caries, but fluorosis prevalence data are deficient. OBJECTIVES: The purpose was to undertake a blind study of caries and tooth mottling in 8th grade school pupils from south-east Hungary who had resided (test) or not resided (control), until November 1985, in a 350 ppm F-/kg domestic salt-fluoridated area during their early years of life. METHODS: In Szeged, blind clinical caries and anterior tooth mottling scoring (+10% repeats) of 49 previously salt-fluoridated (mean age 14.14 years) and 59 non-salt-fluoridated subjects (mean age 14.08 years) were undertaken by one examiner, in June 1997. In addition, radiographic and photographic recordings were taken. In Glasgow, four dental and two lay staff scored the projected 35 mm colour transparencies (+10% repeats) of each pupil's six upper anterior teeth, for tooth mottling. All clinical, radiographic and photographic data were then analysed. RESULTS: Mean DMFS scores were 9.18 (SD=10.72) for test users and 4.51 (SD=6.24) for control users (P<0.01) and, based on repeat observations, clinical reliability=0.99; X-ray reliability=0.95. Clinically, three test children had fluorosis of 10 teeth, with eight teeth in two controls. Photographic scoring by the clinical examiner gave a 97.2% clinical match, while photographic agreements for all four dentist pairs were 92.5%-97.2%, with lay observers' agreements at 89.8%. For both groups, 10% repeats produced 98.5% agreements. In a sole test case "fluorosis" photographic unanimity was obtained, and non-unanimous "possible fluorosis" was recorded by two to four panel members for only three other test and two control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence was found that significant anterior tooth fluorosis resulted in subjects exposed previously to 350 ppm F-/kg domestic salt from birth to 2.3-4.8 years of age. However, no caries benefit was demonstrated after the 11.5-year salt fluoridation gap. Caries differences seemed social class-related, city-based controls having less disease than rural test subjects, in spite of an identical F- tablet regimen in all schools from 1987, until subjects were 10 years old. These data emphasise (a) the superiority of sustained community-delivered fluoridation and (b) the need to maintain constant fluoride delivery to tooth surfaces, certainly well beyond 10 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in relation to dietary factors and allergens in the school environment.

UNLABELLED: The aim was to study asthma and allergy in relation to diet and the school environment. Pupils (5-14 years) in eight schools received a questionnaire, 1014 participated (68%). Settled dust was collected on ALK-filters and analyzed for allergens from cat (Fel d 1), dog (Can f 1), horse (Equ cx), house dust mites (Der p 1, Der f 1), and cockroach (Bla g 1) by ELISA. In total, 6.8% reported cat allergy, 4.8% dog allergy, 7.7% doctor's diagnosed asthma and 5.9% current asthma, and 7.8% reported wheeze. Current asthma was less common among those consuming more fresh milk (P < 0.05) and fish (P < 0.01). Poly-unsaturated fatty acids was associated with more wheeze (P < 0.05), olive oil was associated with less doctors' diagnosed asthma (P < 0.05). Totally, 74% of the classrooms had mean CO(2) <1000 ppm. The median concentration per gram dust was 860 ng/g Fel d 1, 750 ng/g Can f 1 and 954 U/g Equ cx. Horse allergen was associated with more wheeze (P < 0.05), daytime breathlessness (P < 0.05), current asthma (P < 0.05) and atopic sensitization (P < 0.05). Dog allergen was associated with wheeze (P < 0.05) and daytime breathlessness (P < 0.05). The associations between allergens and respiratory symptoms were more pronounced among those consuming margarine, not consuming butter, and with a low intake of milk. In conclusion, cat, dog and horse allergens in schools could be a risk factor for asthma and atopic sensitization, and dietary factors may interact with the allergen exposure. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Previous school studies performed by us in mid-Sweden, showed that most classrooms did not fulfill the ventilation standards. In this study, most of the classrooms fulfilled the ventilation standard, but despite that had widespread allergen contamination. Most previous studies have focused on cat allergen, but our study has shown that also dog and horse allergens can be risk factors for asthma and allergy in schools. As allergens are transported from other environments, mainly the home environment, the main prevention should be to minimize transfer of allergens. This could be achieved by reducing contacts with furry pets and horses, or using different clothes at home and at school (e.g. school uniforms). Increased cleaning in the schools may reduce allergen levels, but the efficiency of this measure must be evaluated in further intervention studies. Finally, our study supports the view that dietary habits among pupils should not be neglected and interaction between dietary factors and indoor allergen exposure needs to be further investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A comparative study of asthma, pollen, cat and dog allergy among pupils and allergen levels in schools in Taiyuan city, China, and Uppsala, Sweden.

We compared the school environment, asthma and allergy in 10 schools in Taiyuan, China, with eight schools in Uppsala, Sweden. In total 2193 pupils (mean age 13 years) participated. Chinese pupils had more respiratory symptoms, particularly daytime breathlessness after exercise (29.8% vs. 7.1%; P < 0.001), while cat allergy (1.2% vs. 6.6%; P < 0.001) and dog allergy (1.3% vs. 4.0%; P < 0.01) was less common. Cumulative incidence of asthma (1.8% vs. 9.5%; P < 0.001) and doctor's diagnosed asthma (1.2% vs. 9.0%; P < 0.001) were less common in China, indicating an under-diagnosis of asthma. Chinese classrooms were colder (mean 14.7 vs. 21.4 degrees C), more humid (mean 42% vs. 31% RH) and had higher CO2-levels (mean 2211 vs. 761 ppm). Levels of cat (Fel d1), dog (Can f1) allergens were low in settled dust from China (< 200 ng/g dust), but high in airborne dust on Petri-dishes (GM 16.8 ng/m2/day for Fel d1 and 17.7 for Can f1). The Swedish settled dust contained cat, dog and horse allergens in high levels (median 1300 ng/g, 1650 ng/g, 1250 U/g dust, respectively). In conclusion, there were large differences in the school environment, and in respiratory symptom and allergy. Allergen measurements in settled dust only may largely underestimate the classroom exposure. Practical Implications There is a need to improve the school environment, both in China and Sweden. The Swedish schools contained high levels of cat, dog and horse allergens and more amounts of open shelves and textiles that can accumulate dust and allergens. The air measurements indicated that Chinese schools may contain significant amounts of cat and dog allergen, and analysis of settled dust only may not reflect the true allergen exposure. Since the Chinese schools had no mechanical ventilation, they could not fulfill the ventilation standard in winter, and hence there is a need for improving the ventilation. The great discrepancy between respiratory symptoms and reports on asthma, and the high prevalence of attacks of breathlessness without wheeze, may have implication for future questionnaire studies on asthma in China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in Shanghai, China: influence of building ventilation, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and formaldehyde in classrooms.

We investigated 10 naturally ventilated schools in Shanghai, in winter. Pupils (13-14 years) in 30 classes received a questionnaire, 1414 participated (99%). Classroom temperatures were 13-21 degrees C (mean 17 degrees C), relative air humidity was 36-82% (mean 56%). The air exchange rate was 2.9-29.4 ac/h (mean 9.1), because of window opening. Mean CO2 exceeded 1000 ppm in 45% of the classrooms. NO2 levels were 33-85 microg/m3 indoors, and 45-80 microg/m3 outdoors. Ozone were 1-9 microg/m3 indoors and 17-28 microg/m3 outdoors. In total, 8.9% had doctors' diagnosed asthma, 3.1% wheeze, 23.0% daytime breathlessness, 2.4% current asthma, and 2.3% asthma medication. Multiple logistic regression was applied. Observed indoor molds was associated with asthma attacks [odds ratio (OR) = 2.40: P < 0.05]. Indoor temperature was associated with daytime breathlessness (OR = 1.26 for 1 C; P < 0.001), and indoor CO2 with current asthma (OR = 1.18 for 100 ppm; P < 0.01) and asthma medication (OR = 1.15 for 100 ppm; P < 0.05). Indoor NO2 was associated with current asthma (OR = 1.51 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.01) and asthma medication (OR = 1.45 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.01). Outdoor NO2 was associated with current asthma (OR = 1.44 for 10 microg/m3; P < 0.05). Indoor and outdoor ozone was negatively associated with daytime breathlessness. In conclusion, asthma symptoms among pupils in Shanghai can be influenced by lack of ventilation and outdoor air pollution from traffic. Practical Implications Most urban schools in Asia are naturally ventilated buildings, often situated in areas with heavy ambient air pollution from industry or traffic. The classes are large, and window opening is the only way to remove indoor pollutants, but this results in increased exposure to outdoor air pollution. There is a clear need to improve the indoor environment in these schools. Building dampness and indoor mold growth should be avoided, and the concept of mechanical ventilation should be introduced. City planning aiming to situate new schools away from roads with heavy traffic should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

When pupils do not understand the determinants of their success and failure in school: relations between internal, teacher and unknown perceptions of control and school achievement.

Both dispositional and attributional perspectives on perceptions of control assume that people have some idea of outcome determinants. This, however, may not always be so. This study tested the hypothesis that pupils do not always understand the determinants of their learning outcomes, and that such a sense of unknown control will be associated with poor achievement in school. The study was unusual in that it tapped both dispositional control perceptions, using the new MMPCC, and causal attributions for success and failure in a school examination. Subjects were 186 10-year-old Israeli pupils of heterogeneous SES. Results confirmed that unknown control emerged as a distinct dimension of perceived control in both dispositional and attributional measures, and was consistently associated with poor achievement in school. Attributions of test outcomes to unknown causes were strongly related to dispositional unknown control, and were not affected by success or failure. In contrast, dispositional and attributional internality were unrelated, and did not predict achievement. It is argued that internal beliefs reflect internalised social-educational norms, and as a result have less impact on motivation than perceptions of unknown control. The implications of these findings for educational practice and motivational interventions are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Post-primary school pupil's interest in physical education: age and gender differences.

Interest in Physical Education (PE) was studied in 3,344 11 to 18 year-old school children. Five aspects of educational importance (PE connotation, PE status, PE teacher, PE curriculum, and adolescent disturbances in relation to the PE lesson) were identified, and examined in relation to pupils' interest. For the younger age groups girls' interest in PE was significantly higher than that of the boys, while after the age of 14 the reverse was the case. The status of PE as a school subject was found to be the most important variable for interest in PE. The contribution of the PE teacher to pupils' level of interest was the least important of the factors examined. The results are discussed in terms of the differing importance for boys and girls of sport in social status systems for peer popularity. Suggestions for changes to PE lessons are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The effects of human relations training on reported teacher stress, pupil control ideology and locus of control.

BACKGROUND: This study presents the reported outcomes of a two-year, part-time Masters' programme in human relations using an experiential learning methodology based mainly on humanistic psychological theory. AIMS: The following hypotheses were examined. That as a result of the two-year programme: the experience of reported stress would be reduced; reported attitudes to student classroom control would shift from custodial to humanistic; there would be an increase in reports from participants of a sense of control over their lives; changes of behaviour in work, social settings and at home related to these three variables would be reported. SAMPLE: Involved in the study were 42 experienced teachers. These included 32 women and 10 men, with an average age of 35, who worked in a wide range of educational institutions. Their learning style preferences were also considered as independent variables. A control group of 42 was established with similar demographic characteristics. METHODS: Prior to the course, the experimental group and the control group were given the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Pupil Control Ideology Form. In the early stages of the course, the experimental group completed the Kolb Learning Style Inventory and an informal measure of locus of control which was repeated at the end of the first year of the course. A sample of 32 from the experimental group were given semi-structured interviews relating to changes in their professional and personal lives. RESULTS: The results indicated that, following the training, there was a reduction in reported stress, indications of a more humanistic orientation towards pupil control and an increase in a sense of an internal locus of control. The quantitative data were confirmed by qualitative data generated from semi-structured interviews, which involved substantial reports of applications of the training in their professional and personal lives. CONCLUSION: These results provide support for including experiential human relations training as part of both the in-service and initial teacher training programmes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

National cross sectional study of views on sexual violence and risk of HIV infection and AIDS among South African school pupils.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the views of school pupils on sexual violence and on the risk of HIV infection and AIDS and their experiences of sexual violence. DESIGN: National cross sectional study. SETTING: 5162 classes in 1418 South African schools. PARTICIPANTS: 269,705 school pupils aged 10-19 years in grades 6-11. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Answers to questions about sexual violence and about the risk of HIV infection and AIDS. RESULTS: Misconceptions about sexual violence were common among both sexes, but more females held views that would put them at high risk of HIV infection. One third of the respondents thought they might be HIV positive. This was associated with misconceptions about sexual violence and about the risk of HIV infection and AIDS. Around 11% of males and 4% of females claimed to have forced someone else to have sex; 66% of these males and 71% of these females had themselves been forced to have sex. A history of forced sex was a powerful determinant of views on sexual violence and risk of HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: The views of South African youth on sexual violence and on the risk of HIV infection and AIDS were compatible with acceptance of sexual coercion and "adaptive" attitudes to survival in a violent society. Views differed little between the sexes.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Light-near dissociation of the pupil.

A careful examination of the near response of the pupil should be part of the routine eye examination, and the clinician should have a few tricks up his sleeve for the patient who does not like to look at a near object. When the near response of the pupil is greater than the light response, there is a limited, but interesting and important differential diagnosis to be considered.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1993

Cardiovascular reflex testing and pupil cycle time in open-angle glaucoma.

The aim of the study is to assess the value of function tests of the autonomic nervous system in open-angle glaucoma by testing the cardiovascular reflexes and pupil cycle time. The experimental group consisted of 19 glaucoma subjects with controlled intraocular pressure. The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. The Valsalva test has proven to be considerably accurate in the assertion of autonomic dysfunction (p < 0.05). Pupil cycle time was significantly prolonged (p < 0.001). These results confirm the role of autonomic dysfunction in open-angle glaucoma.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed1998

Mydriatic pupil as the presenting sign of common carotid artery dissection.

BACKGROUND: Ipsilateral mydriasis is known to accompany signs of cerebral ischemia in unilaterally compromised carotid blood flow. Mydriasis as the presenting sign of common carotid artery (CCA) dissection has not been reported thus far. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report the case of a patient who presented with a mydriatic pupil after intraoperative injury of the ipsilateral CCA. Mydriasis preceded complete third-nerve palsy and symptoms of cerebral ischemia for 12 hours. Cerebral angiography revealed occlusion of the CCA with slow collateral flow to the internal carotid artery and fetal origin of the posterior cerebral artery, suggesting a hemodynamic mechanism causing ischemia of the oculomotor nerve. Signs of cerebral ischemia and third-nerve palsy resolved completely after reconstructive surgery of the occluded vessel. CONCLUSIONS: A mydriatic pupil may be the unusual first sign of compromised carotid blood flow and impending cerebral ischemia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

State disparities in the diagnosis and placement of pupils with learning disabilities.

We investigated the hypothesis that interstate disparities in the diagnosis of pupils with learning disabilities (LD) are more strongly correlated with demographic and sociopolitical factors than with the biological prevalence of the disability. We also investigated the relationship of these factors to placement practices. Thirteen independent variables representing state characteristics were simultaneously regressed against each of seven static dependent variables, measuring diagnostic and placement practices in 1989, and two dynamic dependent variables, measuring changes in practices between 1976 and 1989. Results of the regression indicated that although demographic and sociopolitical factors explained none of the total prevalence of the four most common physical disabilities (adjusted R2[R2] = 0), they did explain to a moderate degree the state prevalence of LD (R2 ranged from .15 to .28), and were more predictive still depending on measure of LD prevalence. Moreover, these same factors strongly predicted the extent to which states mainstreamed their pupils (R2 = .59) and the size of the nonmainstreamed cognitively disabled (LD and educable mentally retarded) population (R2 = .56).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria among primary school pupils in Ndirande, Blantyre, Malawi.

A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted at Ndirande Primary School in the peri-urban area of Blantyre, Malawi in 2002. The aim was to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria among pupils. Forty pupils (20 boys and 20 girls) were recruited into four focus group discussions. There was very good knowledge about the role of the female Anopheles mosquito as an agent for transmission of malaria. Respondents were also aware of the clinical features of malaria and what measures could be taken to prevent the disease. However, the survey showed that many of the environmental modification measures were difficult to implement in the overcrowded peri-urban areas. Respondents did not believe that they could influence parents or other authorities in instituting environmental modification interventions. We conclude that children are unlikely to be effective change agents if the social environment does not offer them the opportunity to influence key community figures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of malocclusion of Japanese junior high school pupils aged 12-13 years in Iwate prefecture according to the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).

The purpose of this investigation is to grasp the actual condition of malocclusion in Japanese junior high school pupils using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). A total of 218 junior high school pupils aged 12-13 years were examined according to DAI. About 40% of the subjects had incisal crowding. The percentage of subjects with incisal spacing was 24%, and 71% of them had diastema of 1 mm or more. The percentage of subjects with anterior irregularity on the upper and lower arch was 39% and 33%, respectively. The percentage of subjects with anterior maxillary overjet and mandibular protrusion of 1 mm or more was 85% and 6% respectively. Dislocation by more than a half-cusp in the proximal or distal relationship in the molars was observed in 26% of all subjects. Mean +/- SD of DAI score was 25.3 +/- 7.3.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of knowledge of prevention of sexually transmitted diseases among primary school pupils in Tanzania.

In this paper we attempt to identify factors that determine knowledge on prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among primary school pupils in Tanzania using data extracted from the Family Life Education KAP Survey conducted in 1999. The data used consist of a sample of 18,564 pupils (about 50% males and 50% females) from all the 20 regions of Tanzania mainland. There were significant differences between boys and girls as regards knowledge of family life education in general. Boys tended to be more knowledgeable than girls about many aspects of family life education. The findings show that only 40.1% of the respondents were able to identify all the three STDs given in the questionnaire namely gonorrhoea, syphilis and AIDS. As regards modes of HIV transmission only 37.5% had full knowledge of these, while 48.8% knew condom use and abstinence as methods of STD prevention. The bivariate analysis showed significant relationships between knowledge of condom use and abstinence as methods of STD prevention with knowledge of STDs, HIV transmission, education level of the respondents, residence and parents' education for both boys and girls. However, knowledge of STDs, HIV transmission and residence came out clearly in the logistic regression as predictors of knowledge of condom use as a method of STD prevention for both sexes. For males, mother's education was also a significant predictor of knowledge of condom use as a method of STD prevention. Furthermore, a significant predictor of knowledge of condom use for female respondents was found to be the respondent's educational level. On the other hand, predictors of knowledge of abstinence as a method of STD prevention were knowledge of STDs and HIV transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Pupils' perceptions of self and of labels: moderate learning difficulties in mainstream and special schools.

BACKGROUND: The study is set in the context of international moves towards more inclusion of children with disabilities into mainstream schools and the greater importance attached to the child's voice in decision making in education. AIMS: To examine how children with moderate learning difficulties (MLD) in mainstream and special schools see themselves; to investigate their positive, negative and mixed self-perceptions; to explore their evaluations of the terms and labels used by others to describe them; and to examine whether their perceptions vary according to special educational placement, age or gender. SAMPLE: One hundred and one children; 50 in special and 51 in mainstream schools, of whom 51 were age 10-12 and 50 13-14 years; within each age group half were boys and half were girls. METHOD: Semi-structured in-depth interviews based on a common framework derived from the research questions. RESULTS: Most pupils were aware of their learning difficulties and felt mainly negative about their difficulties. Pupils in special schools had more positive self-perceptions of educational abilities than those in mainstream schools. Self-perceptions of general characteristics were mainly a mixture of positive and negative with no differences by placement. 'Stupid' and 'thick' were perceived as the most negative labels, while 'has help' was the most positive label. The SEN term was infrequently recognized. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are discussed within the context of a multi-dimensional, complex and contrary framework of self-perceptions, and reference groups as the bases for self-perceptions and as an active and interpretive process in the formation of self-perceptions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Optimal one-dimensional apodizations and shaped pupils for planet finding coronagraphy.

The realization that direct imaging of extrasolar planets could be technologically feasible within the next decade or so has inspired a great deal of recent research into high-contrast imaging. We have contributed several design ideas, all of which can be described as shaped pupil coronagraphs. We offer a complete and unified survey of one-dimensional shaped pupil designs, some of which have been published in our previous papers. We also introduce a promising new design, which we call bar-code masks. With these masks we can achieve the required contrast with a fairly large discovery zone and throughput, but most importantly they are perhaps the easiest to manufacture and might therefore stand up best to refined analyses.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Speckle photography with different pupils in a multiple-exposure scheme.

The use of different multiple-aperture pupils for recording each image in speckle photography is proposed. The introduction of suitable spatial frequency carriers, by internally modulating imaged speckles, allows one to selectively isolate or combine the spectral content of different images into spatially separated regions in the Fourier plane. Theoretical and experimental results extend the speckle photography technique to the depiction of several specklegrams of multiple uniform in-plane displacements. In this case, because different pupils are considered for recording, the cross-correlation functions for the amplitudes and intensities in the image plane are calculated on the basis of the statistical properties of the object. Also, the ensemble-average intensity in the Fourier plane is analytically derived, and fringe visibility is investigated.

Light↗