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PubMed2001

Gender differences in colorectal polyps and tumors.

OBJECTIVES: To use a national endoscopy database (CORI) to determine 1) whether gender differences are noted in the prevalence and location of polyps and tumors; 2) whether women have a higher rate of right-sided polyps or tumors; and 3) whether age influences these results. METHODS: CORI database from April 1, 1997 to February 19, 1999, captured in a computer-generated report, was analyzed. Polyps for this study were defined as sessile or pedunculated and as >9 mm. Tumors were defined as lesions characteristic of adenocarcinoma (mass, apple-core). Pure right-sided colon (PRS) was defined as cecum, ascending, hepatic flexure; right-sided as PRS plus the transverse colon; and left-sided as the splenic flexure, descending, sigmoid and rectum. RESULTS: Men have a greater risk of polyps [odds ratio (OR), 1.5] and tumors (OR, 1.4) than women. The risk of finding polyps and tumors at colonoscopy increases with age, with the highest risk noted in those >69 yr of age relative to patients <50 yr of age (polyps, OR = 2.7; tumors, OR = 4.0). Right-side polyps and pure right-sided polyps as defined by the study design were noted to be more frequent than left-sided polyps in patients >60 yr of age. Women have a greater risk of developing pure right-sided polyps (OR, 1.2), tumors (OR, 1.6) and right-sided tumors (OR, 1.5) than men. CONCLUSIONS: Men have a higher prevalence of colon polyps and tumors than women. A progressive risk of polyp or tumor formation is noted with aging. Women had a greater number of pure right-sided polyps and tumor development. Colonoscopy is needed to correctly diagnose an increasing prevalence of right-sided pathology in the elderly.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Expression of P, S, and F1C adhesins by cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1-producing Escherichia coli from septicemic and diarrheic pigs.

Nineteen papC-positive cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from pigs with septicemia or diarrhea were tested for the presence of pap-, sfa-, and afa-related sequences encoding P/Prs, S/F1C, and Dr/AFA adhesins respectively. Production of adhesins by isolates was tested by mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA), sialidase treatment of erythrocytes and particle agglutination tests. Production of P, S, and F1C fimbriae by isolates was also examined by immunofluorescence. All isolates were pap+ by PCR. Eighteen isolates (95%) were MRHA for ovine and human A erythrocytes and exhibited GalNac-GalNac receptor specificity associated with class III P(Prs) adhesins. Fifteen (79%) of the 19 isolates reacted with antisera specific for one or more different P fimbrial serotypes on immunofluorescence. Three of these isolates also demonstrated Gal-Gal receptor specificity associated with class I or II P fimbrial adhesins. Fifteen (79%) of the isolates were sfa+ by PCR. Seven of these isolates exhibited sialidase-sensitive MRHA of bovine and human O erythrocytes and reacted with serum specific for S fimbriae on immunofluorescence. Seven of the 8 sfa+ isolates which were MRHA-negative for bovine erythrocytes reacted with serum specific for F1C fimbriae on immunofluorescence. All isolates produced type 1 fimbriae as determined by mannose-sensitive agglutination of yeast cells. None of the isolates were afa+ by PCR or colony hybridization. Results suggest that most pap+ porcine CNF1-producing E. coli isolates express P fimbriae bearing class III (Prs) type adhesins. In addition, most of these isolates also produce S or F1C fimbriae.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Parry-Romberg syndrome associated with borreliosis: could photochemotherapy halt the progression of the disease?

Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) or progressive hemifacial atrophy is a rare entity characterized by unilateral atrophy of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and sometimes bone and cartilage. Although this syndrome has overlapping features of scleroderma 'en coup de sabre', it shows little or no sclerosis and may affect the entire distribution of the trigeminal nerve including the eye and tongue. As the pathogenesis is unknown, no effective therapy exists. We present here the third case of PRS associated with borreliosis and more interestingly two cases whose progressive course have been stabilized with gel PUVA therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The frequency of antisperm antibodies in the cervical mucus of women with poor postcoital tests and their effect on pregnancy rates.

PROBLEM: To determine the impact of the presence of antisperm antibodies (ASAs) in the cervical mucus of female partners in couples with unexplained poor postcoital tests (PCT). Furthermore, the efficacy of intrauterine insemination (IUI) in these same patients was determined by pregnancy rates (PRs). METHOD: Pregnancy rates following IUI in patients with infertility and poor postcoital tests, whether the cervical mucus was positive or negative for ASAs, were evaluated. RESULTS: The 6-month PRs were similar in the ASA negative (40.5%) versus the positive (42.4%) group. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the antifertility effect of ASA may be mainly the immobilization of sperm in the cervical mucus, and thus, performing IUI may effectively correct the problem.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1995

Chymotrypsin-galactose treatment of sperm with antisperm antibodies results in improved pregnancy rates following in vitro fertilization.

PROBLEM: To determine if chymotrypsin-galactose (CG) treatment of sperm bound with antisperm antibodies (ASA) improves pregnancy rates (PRs) following in vitro fertilization (IVF). METHOD: Patients with > 50% ASA who failed to conceive despite six intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles were included. Initially the sperm treatments were randomized with CG vs culture medium; subsequently only CG treatment was used. RESULTS: There was a significantly lower fertilization rate in those patients inseminated with sperm incubated in culture medium vs CG (27% vs 47%, P < .05 t-test). Similarly, a higher percentage of patients receiving culture medium treatment of sperm had failed fertilization (45%) compared to CG (11%). Though the clinical PRs were higher with CG (21%) tham medium (9.5%), there was no statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Though the percentage of sperm bound with antibodies are not reduced, we hypothesize that the CG treatment improves fertility by possibly mitigating the antagonistic action of these antibodies.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1997

Correlation of basal menses CA-125 levels and 6 month pregnancy rates in women undergoing treatments for infertility without assisted reproductive methods.

PROBLEM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation of menstrual CA-125 levels with pregnancy rates (PRs) after 6 months of treatment for infertility. METHOD: The sample consisted of a heterogenous group of 160 women who sought treatment for infertility. Treatments include progesterone supplementation, donor insemination, intrauterine insemination, and ovulation induction therapy. No laparoscopies were done during the study period. A baseline CA-125 level was drawn during menses before the initiation of therapy. Patients were followed for 6 months of treatment or until a pregnancy was achieved. RESULTS: There was no difference in the 6 month PR or viable PR by CA-125 level. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated CA-125 levels are not predictive of poor fertility potential at least during the first 6 months of infertility therapy. Even though these higher levels sometimes suggest that endometriosis is present, the data suggest that correction of male factor, cervical factor or ovulation factor provides effective PRs without the need for laparoscopic intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Diversity of nitrile hydratase and amidase enzyme genes in Rhodococcus erythropolis recovered from geographically distinct habitats.

A molecular screening approach was developed in order to amplify the genomic region that codes for the alpha- and beta-subunits of the nitrile hydratase (NHase) enzyme in rhodococci. Specific PCR primers were designed for the NHase genes from a collection of nitrile-degrading actinomycetes, but amplification was successful only with strains identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. A hydratase PCR product was also obtained from R. erythropolis DSM 43066(T), which did not grow on nitriles. Southern hybridization of other members of the nitrile-degrading bacterial collection resulted in no positive signals other than those for the R. erythropolis strains used as positive controls. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism-single-strand conformational polymorphism (PRS) analysis of the hydratases in the R. erythropolis strains revealed unique patterns that mostly correlated with distinct geographical sites of origin. Representative NHases were sequenced, and they exhibited more than 92.4% similarity to previously described NHases. The phylogenetic analysis and deduced amino acid sequences suggested that the novel R. erythropolis enzymes belonged to the iron-type NHase family. Some different residues in the translated sequences were located near the residues involved in the stabilization of the NHase active site, suggesting that the substitutions could be responsible for the different enzyme activities and substrate specificities observed previously in this group of actinomycetes. A similar molecular screening analysis of the amidase gene was performed, and a correlation between the PRS patterns and the geographical origins identical to the correlation found for the NHase gene was obtained, suggesting that there was coevolution of the two enzymes in R. erythropolis. Our findings indicate that the NHase and amidase genes present in geographically distinct R. erythropolis strains are not globally mixed.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed2006

Trypanosoma congolense procyclins: unmasking cryptic major surface glycoproteins in procyclic forms.

In the tsetse fly, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma congolense is covered by a dense layer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored molecules. These include a protease-resistant surface molecule (PRS), which is expressed by procyclic forms early in infection, and a glutamic acid- and alanine-rich protein (GARP), which appears at later stages. Since neither of these surface antigens is expressed at intermediate stages, we investigated whether a GPI-anchored protein of 50 to 58 kDa, previously detected in procyclic culture forms, might constitute the coat of these parasites. We therefore partially purified the protein from T. congolense Kilifi procyclic forms, obtained an N-terminal amino acid sequence, and identified its gene. Detailed analyses showed that the mature protein consists almost exclusively of 13 heptapeptide repeats (EPGENGT). The protein is densely N glycosylated, with up to 13 high-mannose oligosaccharides ranging from Man(5)GlcNAc(2) to Man(9)GlcNAc(2) linked to the peptide repeats. The lipid moiety of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol is composed of sn-1-stearoyl-2-lyso-glycerol-3-HPO(4)-1-(2-O-acyl)-d-myo-inositol. Heavily glycosylated proteins with similar repeats were subsequently identified in T. congolense Savannah procyclic forms. Collectively, this group of proteins was named T. congolense procyclins to reflect their relationship to the EP and GPEET procyclins of T. brucei. Using an antiserum raised against the EPGENGT repeat, we show that T. congolense procyclins are expressed continuously in the fly midgut and thus form the surface coat of cells that are negative for both PRS and GARP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

The virulence gene cluster of Listeria monocytogenes is also present in Listeria ivanovii, an animal pathogen, and Listeria seeligeri, a nonpathogenic species.

Most known Listeria monocytogenes virulence genes cluster within a 9.6-kb chromosomal region. This region is flanked on one end by two uncharacterized open reading frames (ORF A and ORF B) and ldh, an ORF presumably encoding the L. monocytogenes lactate dehydrogenase (J.-A. Vazquez-Boland, C. Kocks, S. Dramsi, H. Ohayon, C. Geoffroy, J. Mengaud, and P. Cossart, Infect. Immun. 60:219-230, 1992). We report here that the other end is flanked by prs, and ORF homologous to phosphoribosyl PPi synthetase genes. ORF B and prs were detected in all Listeria species and thus delimit the virulence region. This virulence gene cluster was detected exclusively in hemolytic Listeria species, Listeria ivanovii, an animal pathogen, and Listeria seeligeri, a nonpathogenic species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evolution and molecular phylogeny of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from human and animal listeriosis cases and foods.

To probe the evolution and phylogeny of Listeria monocytogenes from defined host species and environments, L. monocytogenes isolates from human (n = 60) and animal (n = 30) listeriosis cases and food samples (n = 30) were randomly selected from a larger collection of isolates (n = 354) obtained in New York State between 1999 and 2001. Partial sequencing of four housekeeping genes (gap, prs, purM, and ribC), one stress response gene (sigB), and two virulence genes (actA and inlA) revealed between 11 (gap) and 33 (inlA) allelic types as well as 52 sequence types (unique combination of allelic types). actA, ribC, and purM demonstrated the highest levels of nucleotide diversity (pi > 0.05). actA and inlA as well as prs and the hypervariable housekeeping genes ribC and purM showed evidence of horizontal gene transfer and recombination. actA and inlA also showed evidence of positive selection at specific amino acid sites. Maximum likelihood phylogenies for all seven genes confirmed that L. monocytogenes contains two deeply separated evolutionary lineages. Lineage I was found to be highly clonal, while lineage II showed greater diversity and evidence of horizontal gene transfer. Allelic types were exclusive to lineages, except for a single gap allele, and nucleotide distance within lineages was much lower than that between lineages, suggesting that genetic exchange between lineages is rare. Our data show that (i) L. monocytogenes is a highly diverse species with at least two distinct phylogenetic lineages differing in their evolutionary history and population structure and (ii) horizontal gene transfer as well as positive selection contributed to the evolution of L. monocytogenes.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Smoking and musculoskeletal disorders: findings from a British national survey.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the relation between smoking habits and regional pain in the general population. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 21 201 adults, aged 16-64 years, selected at random from the registers of 34 British general practices, and to 993 members of the armed services, randomly selected from pay records. Questions were asked about pain in the low back, neck, and upper and lower limbs during the past 12 months; smoking habits; physical activities at work; headaches; and tiredness or stress. Associations were examined by logistic regression and expressed as prevalence ratios (PRs). RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 12 907 (58%) subjects, including 6513 who had smoked at some time, among whom 3184 were current smokers. Smoking habits were related to age, social class, report of headaches, tiredness or stress, and manual activities at work. After adjustment for potential confounders, current and ex-smokers had higher risks than lifetime non-smokers for pain at all of the sites considered. This was especially so for pain reported as preventing normal activities (with PRs up to 1.6 in current v never smokers). Similar associations were found in both sexes, and when analysis was restricted to non-manual workers. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between smoking and report of regional pain, which is apparent even in ex-smokers. This could arise from a pharmacological effect of tobacco smoke (for example, on neurological processing of sensory information or nutrition of peripheral tissues); another possibility is that people with a low threshold for reporting pain and disability are more likely to take up and continue smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Occupational exposure to noise and the attributable burden of hearing difficulties in Great Britain.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of self reported hearing difficulties and tinnitus in working aged people from the general population, and to estimate the risks from occupational exposure to noise and the number of attributable cases nationally. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 22 194 adults of working age selected at random from the age-sex registers of 34 British general practices (21 201 subjects) and from the central pay records of the British armed services (993 subjects). Information was collected on years of employment in a noisy job; and whether the respondent wore a hearing aid, had difficulty in hearing conversation, or had experienced persistent tinnitus over the past year. Associations of hearing difficulty and tinnitus with noise exposure were examined by logistic regression, with adjustment for age, sex, smoking habits, and frequent complaints of headaches, tiredness, or stress. The findings were expressed as prevalence ratios (PRs) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Attributable numbers were calculated from the relevant PRs and an estimate of the prevalence of occupational exposure to noise nationally. RESULTS: Some 2% of subjects reported severe hearing difficulties (wearing a hearing aid or having great difficulty in both ears in hearing conversation in a quiet room). In men, the prevalence of this outcome rose steeply with age, from below 1% in those aged 16-24 years to 8% in those aged 55-64. The pattern was similar in women, but severe hearing loss was only about half as prevalent in the oldest age band. Tinnitus was far more common in subjects with hearing difficulties. In both sexes, after adjustment for age, the risk of severe hearing difficulty and persistent tinnitus rose with years spent in a noisy job. In men older than 35 years with 10 or more years of exposure, the PR for severe hearing difficulty was 3.8 (95% CI 2.4 to 6.2) and that for persistent tinnitus 2.6 (95% CI 2.0 to 3.4) in comparison with those who had never had a noisy job. Nationally, some 153 000 men and 26 000 women aged 35-64 years were estimated to have severe hearing difficulties attributable to noise at work. For persistent tinnitus the corresponding numbers were 266 000 and 84 000. CONCLUSIONS: Significant hearing difficulties and tinnitus are quite common in men from the older working age range. Both are strongly associated with years spent in a noisy occupation--a predominantly male exposure. The national burden of hearing difficulties attributable to noise at work is substantial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants.

Inducible defense-related proteins have been described in many plant species upon infection with oomycetes, fungi, bacteria, or viruses, or insect attack. Several types of proteins are common and have been classified into 17 families of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). Others have so far been found to occur more specifically in some plant species. Most PRs and related proteins are induced through the action of the signaling compounds salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene, and possess antimicrobial activities in vitro through hydrolytic activities on cell walls, contact toxicity, and perhaps an involvement in defense signaling. However, when expressed in transgenic plants, they reduce only a limited number of diseases, depending on the nature of the protein, plant species, and pathogen involved. As exemplified by the PR-1 proteins in Arabidopsis and rice, many homologous proteins belonging to the same family are regulated developmentally and may serve different functions in specific organs or tissues. Several defense-related proteins are induced during senescence, wounding or cold stress, and some possess antifreeze activity. Many defense-related proteins are present constitutively in floral tissues and a substantial number of PR-like proteins in pollen, fruits, and vegetables can provoke allergy in humans. The evolutionary conservation of similar defense-related proteins in monocots and dicots, but also their divergent occurrence in other conditions, suggest that these proteins serve essential functions in plant life, whether in defense or not.

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant↗
PubMed2006

Increases in serum estrogen levels during major illness are caused by increased peripheral aromatization.

Although serum testosterone levels decrease acutely in critically ill patients, estrogen levels rise. We hypothesized that increased rates of aromatization of androgens to estrogens underlie the increase in serum estrogen levels. Eleven men and three women (age 42-69 yr) were prospectively studied before and again after elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Each patient received priming doses of [(14)C]androgen and [(3)H]estrogen that were immediately followed by peripheral infusions for 210 min. Eight men and three women received androstenedione (A(4))/estrone (E(1)) and three men received testosterone (T)/estradiol (E(2)). Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained in another six men before and after CABG to evaluate levels of P450 aromatase mRNA. Serum T levels decreased postoperatively in all 17 men (P < 0.001), whereas E(1) levels rose (P = 0.004), with a trend toward a rise in E(2) (P = 0.23). Peripheral aromatization rates of androgens to estrogens rose markedly in all 14 patients (P < 0.0001). Estrogen clearance rates rose (P < 0.002). Mean serum A(4) levels increased slightly postoperatively (P = 0.04), although no increase in A(4) production rates (PRs) was observed. T PRs decreased in two of three men, whereas clearance rates increased in all three. Adipose tissue P450 aromatase mRNA content increased postoperatively (P < 0.001). We conclude that the primary cause of increased estrogen levels in acute illness is increased aromatase P450 gene expression, resulting in enhanced aromatization of androgens to estrogens, a previously undescribed endocrine response to acute illness. Both increased T clearance and decreased T production contribute to decreased serum T levels. Animal studies suggest that these opposing changes in circulating estrogen and androgen levels may be important to reduce morbidity and mortality in critical illness.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Renin-angiotensin mechanisms in oral contraceptive hypertension in conscious rats.

Rats were placed on powdered chow containing either no additives (controls), mestranol (a synthetic estrogen), norethynodrel (a synthetic progestin), or both mestranol and norethynodrel. After 6 mo on these diets, catheters were placed in the carotid artery and jugular vein of each rat. An arterial blood sample was obtained for plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC), and plasma renin substrate concentration (PRS). Mean arterial pressure was measured in each rat. The angiotensin II (ANG II) antagonist, [Sar1-Ile8]ANG II, was infused intravenously for 30 min while blood pressure was recorded. Rats treated with mestranol and/or norethynodrel had PRA and PRC values that were not different from the control rats; however, mestranol-treated rats and rats treated with mestranol plus norethynodrel had PRS values that were substantially (P less than 0.01) higher than the controls. Arterial pressures in rats treated with mestranol and with mestranol plus norethynodrel were significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated when compared with the controls and with the rats treated with norethynodrel alone. Infusion of the ANG II antagonist failed to alter arterial pressure in any of the groups of rats. These results indicated that, in the steroid combination found in the oral contraceptive Enovid, it is the estrogenic component that results in hypertension in this rat model. Also this study found no evidence that ANG II plays a role in maintaining the elevated arterial pressure following long-term treatment with mestranol in rats.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1975

Effect of methylprednisolone upon arterial pressure and the renin angiotensin system in the rat.

The effect of methylprednisolone or deoxycorticosterone upon systemic arterial blood pressure and components of the renin-angiotensin system was studied in the rat. Rats maintained on regular diets given methylprednisolone suspension 20 mg/kg body wt demonstrated a significant increase in arterial pressure of + 37 plus or minus 5 mmHg, mean plus or minus SE, over a 2-wk period, whereas those treated with DOC and untreated controls showed no significant change. On normal diets, plasma renin concentration (PRC) of methylprednisolone-treated rats was significantly higher than that of DOC-treated rats. Methylprednisolone treatment also resulted in a significant elevation of plasma renin substrate concentration (PRS). Calculated plasma renin activity (PRA) was highest in methylprednisolone-treated rats, significantly above that of the DOC and no-steroid groups. NaCl supplementation resulted in a significant fall in PRC and PRA in all three groups; however, PRS remained significantly above normal in the methylprednisolone-treated rats. The pressor effect of angiotensin II was slightly increased in methylprednisolone-treated rats. Infusion of [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II (P-113) in methylprednisolone-treated rats resulted in a significant fall in diastolic arterial pressure. The results imply that methylprednisolone hypertension in the rat may be in part angiotensin dependent.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1978

Response of the renin-aldosterone system in the camel to acute dehydration.

Plasma renin activity (PRA), renin substrate concentration (PRS), aldosterone concentration (PA), and cortisol levels were determined in five camels during dehydration (8-10 days complete denial of water) and at timed intervals after rapid rehydration in cool spring and hot summer weather. Plasma sodium concentration increased from 138 +/- 3.7 to 147 +/- 2.5 (mean +/- SE) meq/l during spring dehydration, and from 146 +/- 1.3 to 157 +/- 1.14 meq/l during dehydration in the summer. Plasma sodium concentration returned to control levels over the course of several hours following rapid rehydration. Only minor changes in plasma potassium concentration occurred. The hormonal changes were accentuated in the summer dehydration. PRA increased slightly on dehydration, and returned to control levels over the course of several hours following rehydration. PA increased slightly on dehydration but was markedly elevated 24 h after rehydration. PRS showed a slight increase following rehydration in the spring experiment, but no significant change in the summer experiment. Changes in cortisol were insignificant. The results are consistent with a role for angiotensin and aldosterone in enhancing sodium and water reabsorption from kidney and large intestine on dehydration in this species.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1986

Respiratory transfer impedances with pressure input at the mouth and chest.

Two methods of measuring respiratory transfer impedance (Ztr) were compared in 14 normal subjects, from 4 to 30 Hz, 1) studying the relationship between transrespiratory pressure (Prs) and flow at the chest when varying pressure at the mouth (Ztrm) and 2) studying the relationship between Prs and flow at the mouth when varying pressure around the chest wall (Ztrw). The similarity of the two relationships was expected on the basis of a T-network model. Almost identical phase responses were obtained from the two methods. Pressure-flow ratios were slightly larger for Ztrw than for Ztrm, but differences did not exceed 2% on average in 11 of 14 subjects. When the data were analyzed with the six-coefficient model proposed by DuBois et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 8: 587-594, 1956), similar values were found for tissue compliance and tissue inertance but slightly different values for gaseous inertance in the airways (1.97 +/- 0.35 X 10(-2) cmH2O X l-1 X s2 for Ztrw vs. 1.73 +/- 0.26 for Ztrm; P less than 0.01). Similar results were also found for total respiratory resistance but with a slightly larger contribution of airway resistance for Ztrw (64 +/- 14 vs. 57 +/- 10%; P less than 0.05). As a practical conclusion it is recommended to measure Ztrw, which is technically much easier.

Adult↗