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PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure levels of airborne bacteria and fungi in Korean swine and poultry sheds.

There is a limited amount of information available on stock farmers' exposure to airborne bacteria and fungi. In this study, the authors measured the airborne bacteria and fungi concentrations 46 times inside two swine sheds and four poultry sheds. Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium were the most prevalent fungal genera, as most of the fungi belonged to these groups. Many microbial concentrations exceeded the Korean indoor bioaerosol guideline 800 CFU m(-3) (i.e., colony-forming units per cubic meter of air). This finding suggests the need for a strategy to reduce stock farmers' occupational exposure to the microorganisms in swine and poultry sheds, and the necessity of performing a longitudinal survey to better examine farmer exposure levels and their variability. Another finding was that the use of a sanitary mask may reduce stock farmers' exposure to bioaerosols.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗

PubMed1975

Quantitative aspects of the Staphylococcus aureus flora of poultry.

Important populations of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be present on the body surfaces of live poultry originating from flocks without history of staphylococcal disease. Their sized increased considerably until approximately the seventh week of life after which time they were maintained at equally high levels. Significant correlations were found between the populations recovered from superficial wash samples and skin-tissue samples. Similarly the numbers isolated from the nasal cavities were correlated with other surface counts. Low numbers were present in the intestinal tract. Birds with staphylococcal synovitis had higher numbers in all sampling regions. The counts were very high in subjects suffering from staphylococcal dermatitis. Higher rates of positive birds and higher numbers of staphylococci were detected with a whole body sampling method than with a nasal swab technique. The isolates obtained in this study belonged to the S. aureus biotype B which is associated with poultry and pigs.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

A study of the feasibility of the use of gentian violet as a fungistat for poultry feed.

A 96% formulation of gentian violet was fungistatic to Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria sp., Candida albicans, Fusarium moniliforme, and Penicillum citrinum when incorporated into corn meal agar at 6.5, 39.0, and 156.0 p.p.m. A. flavus, Alternaria sp., F. roseeum, and P. citrinum were inhibited on corn meal agar which had been amended with 12.8, 26.6, and 38.4 p.p.m. of gentian violet in a 2.54% commercial liquid concentrate of gentian violet employed as the active ingredient in a commercial poultry feed additive. Sporulation of these fungi was not inhibited by either of the formulations of gentian violet at any concentration. An anhydrous gentian violet poultry feed additive (containing 2.05% gentian violet) significantly reduced the numbers of A. flavus and F. moniliforme propagules recovered from artificially contaminated feed samples treated with 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 g./1000 kg. of the additive (20, 40, and 80 p.p.m. of gentian violet, respectively) and stored for 12 weeks at 8.5% moisture and compared with the numbers of propagules recovered from contaminated-unamended samples. The numbers of propagules of F. moniliforme and C. albicans recovered from the pre-mix amended samples held for 12 weeks at 19% moisture also were fewer (significantly fewer for F. moniliforme) than those recovered from the contaminated, unamended feed. Amending the A. flavus or F. moniliforme contaminated feed samples did not reduce the numbers of propagules recovered below the numbers present in the original feed samples. GV was fungistatic to the test fungi under the conditions in these studies, since it inhibited, but did not prevent development of the test fungi. A. flavus and F. moniliforme were the fungi isolated in greatest numbers from the original sample.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1980

Growth and lipemic activity of 19-oxo-androstenedione: a potential growth stimulant for poultry.

A metabolite of androstenedione, 19-oxo-androstene-3,17-dione (19-oxo-A), was evaluated for its effects upon growth, oviductal weight, and plasma lipids of young chicks; estradiol benzoate (EB) was used as reference standard. Ten-day-old Leghorn pullets were treated subcutaneously with either olive oil vehicle, EB at .05 to 1.35 mg/kg/day, or 19-oxo-A at 1 to 30 mg/kg/day at 1/2-log dose concentrations for six days. At the highest dose levels of each compound, the relative potency for these biological responses was compared with EB equated to 100. The 19-oxo-A was 100% of EB for body weight gain, 1.4% for oviductal growth, and 10.1%, 2.6%, and 6.2% in elevation of plasma lipids for cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids, respectively. In an antiogonadotropin assay using the hemicastrate rat, only 19-oxo-A suppressed ovarian weight without significant increase in uterine weight. Additionally, this compound did not bind with androgen, estrogen and progesterone cytosol receptor preparation. 19-oxo-A resembles estrogen in inducing growth of poultry, but differs markedly from estradiol benzoate in being essentially devoid of systemic estrogenicity. Thus, 19-oxo-A represents a new and unique steroid for stimulating growth and fat deposition in commercial meat poultry.

Androstenedione↗

PubMed1985

Evaluation of four disinfectants under poultry grow-out conditions using contact agar sampling technique.

Four commercial disinfectants used in poultry house sanitation procedures were evaluated for efficacy using a specialized petri dish (Rodac plate) for contact sampling. The samples were taken from a variety of surface materials commonly found in poultry rearing facilities. Two media were used, one for bacteria and one for mold. Predisinfection samples were taken following removal of chickens and litter. Postdisinfection samples were taken 4 hr after room treatment with a high pressure spray apparatus. The most effective disinfectant for reducing bacteria colony counts was a product that contained glutaraldehyde. The other products, ranking in order of efficacy for bacteria, contained cresylic acid, iodophors, and a combination of quaternary ammonium compound and formaldehyde. The most effective disinfectant for reducing mold colony counts was the product containing cresylic acid. The other products, ranking in order of efficacy for mold, contained iodophors, the combination of quaternary ammonium compound and formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. The most effective overall disinfectant was the cresylic acid product.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Avitaminosis K and the lack of heart lesions in poultry.

Poultry susceptibility to avitaminosis K-induced granulomatous endocardial lesions was studied in broiler and layer chicks. They were fed either a practical corn-soybean meal diet with and without added vitamin K (vit K), or a 61% raw sugar-isolated soybean protein diet (RS-IS) with no added vit K for 10 weeks. Heart lesions were not found in birds fed any of the experimental diets. Mortality, body weight gain, and prothrombin time did not differ significantly between birds fed the practical diet regardless of vit K supplementation. In contrast, the RS-IS diet significantly increased mortality, prothrombin time, and markedly decreased growth. Furthermore, more than a third of the birds fed the high sugar diet had subcutaneous edema, which resembled exudative diathesis. Compared with swine, poultry are apparently less susceptible to granulomatous endocardial lesions induced by a vit K deficiency.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Detection of blood (hemoglobin) contamination in poultry muscle tissue.

Incidence of blood spots in fresh marketed poultry and batter or breaded frozen fried chicken may be related to certain processing parameters (i.e., stunning, bleed-out time). Spectrophotometric and cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures were evaluated as potential methods to test for hemoglobin (Hb) contamination in poultry tissue. Muscle tissue was blended with TRIS-ethylenediaminetetraacetate buffer, pH 7.4, centrifuged and the extract scanned for absorbance at 540 and 580 nm. Tests with model systems gave a linear regression coefficient of r + .98 for detection of 0 to 1% blood in experimentally contaminated tissue. Analyses of extracts by cation exchange HPLC (545 nm) showed three separation peaks characteristic of hemoglobin. Isoelectrofocusing of the extracts on thin-layer polyacrylamide gels (pI 3 to 10) was also evaluated. These procedures could prove useful in subsequent studies to determine the cause of blood spotting in muscle tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Methods for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry.

Methods, media, and biochemical tests for detecting, enumerating, isolating, and identifying Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in foods are summarized with special consideration of poultry and poultry products. Information is drawn largely from the American Public Health Association Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods and the US Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual for Foods. Reference is also made to recently advanced techniques and procedures.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Nutritive value of poultry by-product meal. 1. Metabolizable energy values as influenced by method of determination and level of substitution.

Experiments were conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (MEn) of eight poultry by-product meal (PBPM) samples. Samples averaged 5.44% moisture, 4.84 kcal gross energy (GE)/g dry matter (DM), 61.2% crude protein, 13.38% ether extract, 16.1% ash, 5.14% calcium, and 2.36% phosphorus. Samples of PBPM were substituted in the diet at levels of 20 and 40%. Values of ME were calculated with substitution for the diet (Matterson's method) and for glucose (Hill's method) and by the fasted cockerel method. Values of PBPM MEn were 7.9% greater when substitution was for diet as compared with substitution for glucose; values were 2.95 and 2.74 kcal/g DM, respectively. Using Matterson's method with three samples, MEn values were determined to be 12.1% greater when PBPM was substituted at the rate of 20% than at 40%; values were 3.33 and 2.97 kcal/g DM, respectively. Differences in MEn between the best and poorest samples (3.79 and 2.77 kcal/g DM) could be attributed to differences in gross energy (5.00 and 4.49 kcal/g DM) and percentage of gross energy metabolized (75.7 and 61.7%). Metabolizable energy was more closely related to body weight gains than the amount of feed consumed. When a modification of Sibbald's fasted cockerel technique was used, true MEn of the eight samples averaged 3.35 kcal/g DM and 69% of GE metabolized. For the three samples assayed by both methods, Matterson's method gave values averaging .97% higher than Sibbald's (+4.3, +.8, and -2.2%). Differences in MEn were mostly highly correlated with ash (-.89), calcium (-.85), and GE (.78) contents of the diets. Projections from relationships found between ME and nutrient compositions of these samples to the average sample used by the poultry industry in the Southeast indicate an average of 3.57 kcal ME/g DM of PBPM (3.39 kcal/g as is).

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

Nutritive value of poultry by-product meal. 2. Comparisons of methods of determining protein quality.

Studies were conducted to compare several methods of determining the protein quality of poultry by-product meal (PBPM). A sample of PBPM was compared to a soybean meal (SBM) sample fortified with .5% of L-methionine. Each was incorporated into corn starch and poultry oil-based diets at 2.5% increments between 0 and 30% protein. Diets were fed for 7 days starting when the chicks were 8 days old. Slope-ratio and saturation kinetics models were fitted for the two protein sources. Protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio, and net protein utilization were calculated for each diet. The PER was the most discriminating method of estimating protein quality, especially at lower levels (2.5% protein: PBPM = .65, SBM + methionine (Met) = 4.23). At higher levels, no differences could be detected (30% protein: PBPM = 2.45, SBM + Met = 2.31). The 6% protein level was chosen for further studies because there were large differences in PER, and the chicks were in positive nitrogen balance. For eight samples of PBPM (from three different processing facilities), Kjeldahl N ranged from 8.64 to 10.22% gross energy (GE) from 4.49 to 5.36 kcal/g; Ca from 3.6 to 8.84%, and P from 2.04 to 2.55%. A Monday morning sample (fresh broiler waste) was compared to a Friday afternoon sample from the same processing facility (broiler and hatchery waste, and DAF sludge) in semipurified diets at 6% protein. Significant differences in gain were detected in two experiments, but PER in only one. For the five samples tested by all methods, similar rankings were found by PER, pepsin digestibility, total lysine and Carpenter's available lysine.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1987

Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in eggs and poultry meat in New York State.

The presence of Campylobacter jejuni was tested for but not isolated from any of 276 eggs sampled from 23 egg farms in New York State. The presence of C. jejuni was evaluated in broilers, kosher broilers, spent layers, Peking ducks, and turkeys. Four of five poultry dressing plants tested showed positive growth of C. jejuni on the 25-carcass samples at various stages of processing. Twenty to 100% of live birds sampled contained C. jejuni on the skin but 90 to 100% were contaminated after scalding and defeathering operations from contaminated birds and equipment. A three to four-fold increase in carcass contamination was observed after evisceration. The number of C. jejuni on the carcasses decreased after washing and chilling. The organisms did not survive the salting, rinsing, and chilling operations in a kosher processing plant. Several pieces of equipment, i.e., shackles, eviscerating troughs, and cooling tanks were contaminated with C. jejuni. This study illustrates how C. jejuni may be transmitted from the live bird to the final poultry product.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Factors influencing antifungal activity of gentian violet in poultry feed and ingredients.

The inhibition of fungal activity in poultry feed and ingredients by gentian violet was investigated by measuring respiratory CO2 liberated into the headspace gas above samples of feed and ingredients. Inhibition by gentian violet depended on 1) the lot of corn meal, 2) the concentration of gentian violet, 3) the moisture of the substrate, 4) time of incubation, 5) particle sizes of corn meal and gentian violet, and 6) temperature of a short heating episode mimicking the feed-pelleting process. These same factors were reported earlier to control and limit the activity of organic acid mold inhibitors. These results imply that differences between gentian violet and other mold inhibitors used in poultry feed are quantitative rather than qualitative.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1988

Integrated colonization control of Salmonella in poultry.

Control of the human enteropathogen Salmonella in poultry is a top priority of the USDA and the Agricultural Research Service. Numerous approaches are being taken to try and eliminate or at least reduce the levels of Salmonella on processed broilers. In this paper, factors that affect the degree of Salmonella colonization of poultry are examined, and different approaches to reduce Salmonella colonization are discussed. When used together, these approaches form a concept called integrated colonization control.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Biocidal activity of ozone versus formaldehyde against poultry pathogens inoculated in a prototype setter.

Ozone was evaluated as an alternative hatchery disinfectant to replace formaldehyde in the event that the Environmental Protection Agency regulates the use of formaldehyde under the Toxic Substances Control Act. Cultures of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Bacillus species previously isolated from poultry hatcheries and selected culture collections of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescences, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus species, and Aspergillus fumigatus were spread-plated on open petri plates and independently fumigated with ozone or formaldehyde in a prototype laboratory poultry setter. Ozone (1.52% to 1.65% by weight) resulted in bacterial reductions of greater than 4 to 7 log10 and fungal reductions of greater than 4 log10, whereas formaldehyde achieved reductions of greater than 7 log10 and greater than 5 log10, respectively, after 8 min of exposure to either disinfectant. Potential mutagenic effects were observed in ozonated E. coli colonies resulting in decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased catalase activity when compared with nonozonated control colonies. In this study ozone reduced microorganism counts but not as much as formaldehyde. Ozone may be used as a disinfectant against selected microorganisms, although further testing under actual hatchery conditions is needed before making recommendations to the industry.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

The isolation of salmonellae from poultry environmental samples by several enrichment procedures using plating media with and without novobiocin.

A two-part study was conducted to examine the efficacy of several enrichment-broth techniques and of plating media for detecting salmonellae from poultry environmental samples. The data are reported on pooled samples collected from five poultry houses. The samples were cultured for salmonellae, using up to four different enrichment procedures and employing plating media with and without novobiocin. The primary enrichment-broth procedures were: 1) buffered peptone water preenrichment to Hajna's tetrathionate (TT) broth; and 2) direct inoculation in TT broth. The delayed secondary-enrichment procedure involved prolonged incubation at room temperature and transfer of the primary broths. The plating media consisted of: 1) xylose lysine desoxycholate agar (XLD); 2) xylose lysine desoxycholate agar containing 15 or 20 micrograms per mL of novobiocin (XLDN); 3) brilliant green sulfapyridine agar (BGSP); and 4) brillant green agar containing 20 micrograms per mL of novobiocin (BGN). Of the 94 Salmonella-positive recoveries from the enrichment broths in which complete comparisons could be made, an average of 75% were recovered from the primary enrichment broths and an average of 86% were recovered from the delayed secondary-enrichment broths. Of the 254 Salmonella-positive isolations in which complete comparisons could be made, an average of 65% were isolated on the plating media without novobiocin and an average of 97% were isolated on the plating media containing novobiocin. Overall, the delayed secondary enrichment and enteric plates supplemented with novobiocin significantly improved Salmonella detection from the farm environmental samples.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Combined halogen disinfectants in poultry processing.

Three organic N-halamine compounds (combined halogen disinfectants) were compared with free chlorine (as calcium hypochlorite) as bactericides against Salmonella typhimurium and unidentified normal poultry bacterial flora under controlled conditions of pH, temperature, and halogen demand similar to those encountered in poultry processing. Two of the compounds (3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone and 1,3-dichloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazolidinone) at a concentration of 50 mg/L were found to cause a 99.9999% decline in viable organisms in less than 1 min at 48 C, whereas a third compound (1-bromo-3-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazolidinone) was found to be less suitable (5.6 min to 99.9999% decline under the same conditions).

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Introduction: applied ethology and poultry science.

As a scientific discipline, the study of the biological basis of behavior in animals, ethology, is comparatively new. Ethologists have traditionally conducted primarily observational studies designed to ascertain the evolutionary significance of behaviors in wild animals. There is, however, a growing branch of ethology that is concerned with the application of ethological principles to areas such as the management and welfare of economically important species like poultry. Because of the complexity of the causation and expression of behaviors in animals, it is particularly important that such studies be rigorously designed and analyzed. The purpose of this symposium was to stimulate interest in the study of poultry behavior and welfare, and to provide information about current methodology in ethology.

Animal Welfare↗

PubMed1993

Control of Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry production. A summary of work at Russell Research Center.

The primary mission of the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit is to develop technology preventing commensal intestinal colonization of chickens by human bacterial enteropathogens, including Salmonella and Campylobacter. The different mechanisms of colonization and the wide variety of sources of these pathogens combined with the different factors that affect host susceptibility to colonization indicate that a multifaceted research approach will be required to control Salmonella and Campylobacter during poultry production. The working hypothesis is that only by delivering chickens free of Salmonella or Campylobacter to the processing plant can significant reductions in the number and levels of contamination of chickens leaving the plant with these pathogens be achieved. As the means are developed to substantially reduce or eliminate the intestinal colonization of chickens by these pathogens, the pathogen-free chickens can be delivered to the processing plant, thereby eliminating or at least reducing the prevalence and levels of Salmonella on processed broilers.

Animals↗