Radiation-induced alterations in succinate dehydrogenase activity in the muscle of pigeon.
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Animals↗
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Molecular characteristics and site specific distribution of the pigment of the silky fowl.
Silky fowl, a breed of chicken, is hyperpigmented in its various internal tissues. The pigment was extracted from various tissues of two strains of Silky fowl to determine its molecular structure and internal distribution. Analysis by infrared spectroscopy showed two spectrum patterns of the pigment in Silky fowl; one is from ovary and testis, the other is from periosteum and feather. The difference between the two spectra is possibly due to the sulfur contents of melanin. Especially, the spectra of the pigments from feather and periosteum shared the characteristics of synthesized melanin spectrum in common, which indicates that the melanocytes dispersed in these tissues were functionally the same. According to our quantitative analysis, the tissues examined were classified significantly in the order of the pigment content (p<0.05): periosteum > gonads (ovary or testis) = trachea > or = heart, liver, gizzard, cecum, muscles (Pectoralis and Supracoracoideus) and skin. In addition, the specific regions of embryonic neural crest derived cells, such as cardiac artery and various parts of cephalic tissues, were found to be locally hyperpigmented. These data suggest that hyperpigmentation (fibromelanosis) in Silky fowl chicken occurs in a tissue- and organ-specific manner, which is strongly related to neural crest cell development. It is hypothesized that neural crest cells of the bird, containing melanocyte progenitors, acquire unusual ability to differentiate into melanocytes excessively, and to extend the distribution of their descendant along the destinations of neural crest derivatives.
Animals↗
Intramuscular desmoid tumor (musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis) in two horses.
Intramuscular desmoid tumors (musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis) were discovered in two young adult horses. The tumor in one horse was in the lateral cervical musculature, and that in the second horse occurred in the pectoral musculature. Histopathologic features were similar in both horses and included proliferation of fibroblasts and cells expressing muscle actin (myofibroblasts), with extensive dissecting fibrosis within muscle. These features are similar to those of desmoid tumors in humans, particularly those also known as musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis. Dissection of these lesions revealed a single central (horse No. 1) or multiple central (horse No. 2) fluid-filled cavities with associated sterile inflammation. The presence of these cavities supports the hypothesis that equine desmoid tumors are traumatic in origin, possibly occurring at sites of injections or bursal rupture. Surgical excision of the tumor in horse No. 1 was apparently curative, but the extent of the tumor in horse No. 2 precluded surgical excision.
Animals↗
Therapeutic considerations in respiratory muscle function.
Inspiratory muscle function is impaired in many patients with severe COPD. This functional impairment often leads to hypercapnic respiratory failure via inspiratory muscle fatigue. Factors responsible for this functional impairment are: (1) an excessive mechanical load (high resistance and low compliance) for the inspiratory muscles to overcome; (2) the low, flat configuration of the diaphragm owing to lung hyperinflation; (3) reduced inspiratory muscle blood flow relative to the increased respiratory work requirement; and (4) tachypnea which increases the duty cycle (TI/Ttot) for inspiratory muscles, increases hyperinflation, wastes ventilation, and otherwise causes deterioration of gas exchange. Therapy is directed toward improving inspiratory muscle function and has three strategic goals: (1) to reduce the load imposed on the inspiratory muscles and reduce their mechanical disadvantage; (2) to improve the contractile characteristics of the inspiratory muscles; and (3) if goals 1 and 2 cannot be attained otherwise, to rest the inspiratory muscles using mechanical ventilation. Inspiratory muscle training offers promise as a means of preventing hypercapnic respiratory failure. Available data suggest that some COPD patients benefit from it. To be determined are which patients will benefit from it and which will not, as well as which training regimens are most effective.
Airway Resistance↗
Neck and pectoral girdle muscle contribution to intrathoracic pressure.
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Humans↗
Amino-acid sequence of the hinge region in chicken myosin subfragment-2.
The CNBr fragments of the hinge region in the carboxyterminal portion of long subfragment-2 derived from adult chicken pectoralis muscle myosin were isolated and sequenced by conventional methods. The alignment of these fragments was deduced from the homology of their sequences with those of other myosins, so that the sequence of the hinge region consisting of 127 amino-acid residues was determined. A comparison of this sequence with that of chicken embryonic skeletal muscle, chicken gizzard muscle and rabbit cardiac muscle (alpha-myosin) shows degrees of 95%, 36% and 82% sequence identities, respectively. Furthermore, the frequency with which hydrophobic residues are present at position "a" in seven-residues repeats of this region was significantly lower than the other portions of the rod.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Chicken egg yolk antibodies specific for the gamma chain of human hemoglobin for diagnosis of thalassemia.
Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) technology was used to generate anti-hemoglobin Bart's (Hb Bart's) IgY antibodies (Abs) for development into an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for thalassemia diagnosis. Hb Bart's purified from the hemolysate of a patient with Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis (homozygous alpha-thalassemia) was used to immunize a chicken via the pectoralis muscle. After water dilution and sodium sulfate precipitation, 40 to 70 mg of IgY could be extracted from an egg. IgY, first detected in sera 2 weeks after immunization, reached the highest titer at week 4, and the titer remained stable for at least 2 weeks before declining. The pattern of Ab response in the yolk was the same as in the serum but was somewhat delayed. The IgY Abs produced reacted with gamma globin, Hb Bart's, Hb F, normal cord hemolysate (Hbs F plus A), and Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis (Hbs Bart's plus Portland) and to a lesser degree with beta globin, Hb A, Hb A2 and adult hemolysate (Hbs A plus A2), but the Abs did not react with alpha globin. Immunoaffinity purification with Hb A coupled to Sepharose was used to isolate an unbound IgY that reacted with Hb F, Hb Bart's, and gamma globin, and this IgY was used to develop an ELISA test for thalassemia diagnosis. The results of direct ELISA analyses of 336 hemolysate samples from individuals with various known thalassemia genotypes and phenotypes and from healthy individuals confirmed the specificity of the polyclonal Abs for Hbs containing Hb F and Hb Bart's. This specificity, which was due to the Abs' strong reactivity in cases of pathologic thalassemic diseases and weak reactivity in cases of nonpathologic thalassemic diseases, depended on the levels of Hb Bart's and Hb F.
Animals↗
Statistical studies on the anomalous muscles of the Kyushu Japanese. 3. The muscles of the back, breast and abdomen.
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Abdominal Muscles↗
Deltopectral flap for one-stage reconstruction of pharyngocutaneous fistulae following total laryngectomy.
Postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistulae are troublesome complications after total laryngectomy. To manage this complication, we devised an operative method consisting of a one-stage repair using a deltopectal flap. With this technique we can immediately cover both skin and pharyngeal defects. We have applied this method to 5 patients all of whom have successfully recovered their swallowing function.
Aged↗
Alpha-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (insoluble) and lactic dehydrogenase activities in the skeletal muscles of two insects.
The flight muscle preparations of the dragonfly Pantala flavescens and the aquatic beetle Cybister confusus showed extremely low levels of lactic dehydrogenase activity and high levels of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (insoluble) activity. The activities of these two enzymes in the leg muscle of the beetle were approximately the same (1:1), but lactic dehydrogenase activity was several times higher than that in the flight muscles of both Insects. These results have been interpreted as indicating the high energy-yielding demands of the flight muscles during continuous sustained activity, while the leg muscles of the beetle which are involved in swimming activity derive their energy predominantly through anaerobic glycolysis.
Animals↗
Effects of electrical stimulation in vivo of M. pectoralis on carbohydrate metabolism with reference to certain liver and blood values in the pigeon.
The pectoralis muscles of two groups of anaesthetized pigeons were exercised in vivo by electrical stimulation for periods of 1 h and 5 h respectively. There was no significant change from controls in the level of blood glucose in both groups. Blood lactate level was significantly higher in the exercised groups but was relatively lower in the 5-h control group in comparison with its 1-h counter part. Blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was significantly higher in the 1-h stimulated pigeons as was also the case with liver LDH in the same group but markedly lower in the 5-h ones. No significant change was seen in liver glycogen content in the stimulated pigeons. Liver phosphorylase activity was markedly low in the 5-h stimulated pigeons as was also the case with liver LDH activity. Circulating level of corticosterone was significantly higher in both the stimulated groups. Blood thyroxine (T4) as well as triiodothyronine (T3) levels were considerably reduced in both stimulated groups. The T3/T4 ratio was higher in the 5-h stimulated pigeons. It was concluded that, while initially carbohydrate was used as fuel for exercise, in prolonged exercise, lipid became the chief fuel as was shown in earlier studies. While fat continued to be used as the main fuel, carbohydrate was spared and also gluconeogenesis was enhanced. It was also concluded that the rôle of the thyroid hormones in promoting oxidative metabolism was enhanced by markedly increasing peripheral deiodination of T4 to T3 in prolonged exercise.
Animals↗
Use of pectoralis skin pedicle flap for closure of large bronchial fistula connected with postpneumonectomy empyema.
In 4 patients, the postpneumonectomy empyema was connected with a large bronchopleural fistula. The empyema was in all cases treated by a permanent open window thoracostoma. The fistulae were closed later with pedicle flaps made of the pectoralis muscle and the adjoining skin. In 2 patients the closing of the bronchial fistula was successful, and the treatment of one patient is not completed. In one patient the open pneural cavity was covered completely by skin using an additional pedicle flap and free skin transplantation. The surgical technique of the pedicle flap operation is described and the cases are reported.
Adult↗
ORGAN AND INTRACELLULAR LOCATION OF THE METHIONINE METHYL GROUP SYNTHESIZING SYSTEM OF THE RAT.
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Adenosine Triphosphate↗
The relationship between age and genotype and the growth of commercial meat strain chickens.
Sex-linked dwarf male (dw/dw) and female (dw/-) chickens from a commercial meat strain, grew significantly slower than genetically normal broilers (Dw/Dw). The differences were evident at 2 weeks of age and they remained constant with age, at least through 8 weeks. The dwarfs in turn grew significantly faster than genetically normal (Dw/Dw) but slow-growing roaster strain chicks. Heterozygous (Dw/dw) normal, fast-growing male broilers grew significantly faster than the normal and roaster chicks but weighed 8% less than the normal broilers at 8 weeks. Abdominal fat accretion was greatest in the dwarf chicks and least in the slow-growing roaster strain when comparisons were made at the same age and the same body weight. Pectoralis muscle growth was greater in the broiler strain when equal age and weight comparisons were made. Gastrocnemius muscle growth, however, was greatest in the slow-growing roaster chicks.
Adipose Tissue↗
Foreign body granulomas of the breast presenting as bilateral spiculated masses.
In Asia, mammography following the injection of foreign materials into the breasts for cosmetic augmentation is frequently seen and diagnosis based on the typical radiologic findings is straightforward. We report the unusual radiologic findings in two patients with foreign body granulomas caused by injected foreign materials and discovered incidentally during screening work up. The mammographic findings were bilateral, hyperdense, spiculated masses, with occasional microcalcification, and at sonography, markedly hypoechoic, spiculated solid masses, located near the pectoralis muscle and partly extending into it, were observed. These radiologic findings mimicked malignancy.
Breast Neoplasms↗
Metabolic responses of White Pekin ducks to ambient temperature.
Metabolic responses of unrestrained White Pekin ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, were determined at ambient temperatures of -5 degrees, 1 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees, and 30 degrees C. Temperatures from the pectoralis and the subcutaneous back were monitored. Unrestrained ducks exhibited two metabolic states, a high response (540 cc. O2/kg/hr. at 20 degrees C.) and a low response (427 cc. O2/kg./hr. at 20 degrees C). Pectoralis muscle temperature did not vary greatly over the range of ambient temperatures tested and was considered to be a good representative of body temperature.
Animals↗
Determination of crude protein and fat in carcass and breast muscle samples of poultry by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) equipment used consisted of an InfraAlyzer 400+ fitted with 19 discrete filters and an HP-85 microcomputer. Calibrations were developed with chicken broiler carcass samples. Samples were divided into two sets: a calibration (CAL) from which equations were developed and a prediction (PRE) set used to validate the equations. The CAL and PRE sets in the carcass calibration consisted of 45 and 54 samples, respectively. Two equations were developed for the prediction of fat in carcass samples (FAT1 and FAT2). Calibration for breast muscle samples included 30 and 27 samples for CAL and PRE sets, respectively. The accuracy of the calibrations was measured by the coefficient of determination (r2), standard error of the estimate (SEE), coefficient of variation (CV), and the mean difference between NIR and chemical values (d). Repeatabilities of chemical and NIR procedures were determined by the F-ratio of the variance of the differences between replicates. The result of the regression analysis between chemical and NIR values indicated good predictions for crude protein (CP) and fat in carcass samples. The r2 and SEE for CP, FAT1, and FAT2 were .98, .94; .91, 2.48; and .91, 2.51 in CAL set; and .91, 1.03; .68, 2.32; and .69, 2.30 in PRE set samples, respectively. No differences were found between FAT1 and FAT2 equations. The carcass calibration equations were tested with samples from laying hens. Higher SEE were found for CP (1.78), but SEE for fat were similar to broiler carcasses. The calibration for breast samples showed higher SEE for CP and fat when compared with carcass samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Influence of orally administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone on plasma growth hormone, thyroid hormones, growth, feed efficiency, and organ weights of broiler chickens.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered continuously or intermittently in the drinking water of male broiler chickens from 2 to 21 days of age. Intermittent administration of TRH was accomplished by giving birds access to the solution for 2 hr, then removing it for 2 hr, with six repetitions of this procedure each 24 hr. The TRH concentration was such that the birds each would ingest 10 to 20 micrograms of the material during each 2-hr period that it was available. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were elevated within 30 min after an episode of TRH administration at 2, 7, and 14 days of age but not at 21 days. Continuous administration of TRH had no effect on GH in plasma at any age. Thyroxine concentrations in plasma were increased within 30 min of first exposure to TRH at 2 days of age, but they were unaffected by intermittent episodes of TRH at 7, 14, and 21 days of age. Triiodothyronine concentrations in plasma were unaffected by TRH at any age. Even though intermittent TRH administration elicited significant elevation in plasma GH for at least 14 days of the experiment, it had no effect on body weight, feed consumption, or weight of the gastrocnemius muscle, the pectoralis major muscle, liver, tibia, or abdominal fat pad.
Administration, Oral↗