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PubMed1982

Measurements of transepithelial electric potential differences in the trachea and bronchi of human subjects in vivo.

We measured in vivo in human subjects the airway transepithelial electric potential difference (PD), a parameter that reflects passive ion permeabilities and active ion transport across respiratory epithelia. A high impedance voltmeter was used to measure PDs between a fluid-filled and perfused recording bridge located on the airway surface and a reference bridge in the subcutaneous space. Tracheal PD was a relatively high 32 +/- 5 mV (lumen negative) in subjects younger than 35 yr of age (n = 23). Tracheal PD declined after 35 yr of age at a rate of 6 mV per decade. The PDs in bronchi were lower than in the trachea in subjects of all age groups. Neither the magnitude nor the regional variation of the PD appeared influenced by the chemical agents used in general anesthesia. However, superfusion of the airway surface with a pharmacologic inhibitor of Na+ absorption, amiloride, significantly reduced PD in the trachea (-38.5 +/- 7.2%, n = 7) and bronchi (-37.6 +/- 6.3%, n = 6). Both cigarette smoking and tracheostomy appear to reduce tracheal PD when the patients were compared with age-matched control subjects. We conclude that (1) the tracheal PD in young human subjects is relatively high, (2) substantial regional variations in the magnitude of human airway PDs can be demonstrated, (3) active Na+ absorption contributes to the generation of airway PD, and (4) measurements of PD in vivo may help detect early epithelial dysfunction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Platelet-derived growth factor promotes proliferation of erythropoietic progenitor cells in vitro.

To investigate serum requirements for optimal erythropoiesis in vitro, we studied the response of erythroid progenitor cell proliferation in culture to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Human bone marrow cells cultured with platelet-poor plasma-derived serum (PDS) form fewer erythroid colonies than do cells cultured with human whole blood serum or fetal calf serum (P less than 0.05). Treatment of washed platelets with thrombin releases a low molecular weight (less than 100,000) factor that enhances colony growth. This secreted factor appears to be PDGF, based upon the ability of partially purified and electrophoretically pure PDGF to restore colony-forming capacity of PDS-containing cultures to 70-96% of the level found in control cultures with whole blood serum or fetal calf serum. Enhancement of colony growth by PDGF was noted only in marrow cultures supplemented with erythropoietin and PDS. Presence of bioactive erythropoietin in PDGF preparations was excluded by assay in hypertransfused, polycythemic mice, and in fasted rats. Although PDGF stimulates erythroid burst formation in marrow cultures containing optimal concentrations of burst-promoting activity (BPA), it does not influence proliferation of circulating erythroid bursts, regardless of BPA concentration added to culture. We conclude that PDGF is a serum determinant of optimal erythroid progenitor cell proliferation in marrow culture. The activity of PDGF is distinct from that of the apparent erythroid specific growth factors erythropoietin and BPA.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The burden of personality disorder: a district-based survey.

Patients with a clinical diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) often suffer prolonged distress. They are a considerable burden on psychiatric services and they are experienced as difficult to manage by their keyworkers. This paper describes the creation of a community-based case register of patients suffering from PD. It explores the relationship between psychological distress, personality dysfunction, service utilisation and keyworker stress. Mental Health workers were asked to identify those patients on their caseload whose primary problem was PD. This list provided the basis for the case register. Patients completed the revised Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire IV (PDQ 4); the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ); and the Beck Depression Inventory - 21 item (BDI). A brief, semi-structured interview was conducted by Community Psychiatric Nurses to estimate service utilisation and keyworker stress. The mean GHQ was 14.58; the mean BDI score was 28.22. The mean number of PDs per patient was 4.5. One quarter of patients (21/80) had been admitted at least once to a psychiatric ward in the previous year and 17% (13/80) had presented to casualty at least once in the previous two months. 57% of the patients had weekly or more contacts with a helping agency. The number of PD diagnoses per patient as measured by the PDQ 4 was not found to be predictive of stress experienced by CPNs, whereas high BDI and GHQ scores were strongly correlated. Similarly, the number of admissions to a psychiatric ward was associated with high BDI and GHQ scores but not with number of PDs per patient. It is feasible to establish a case register of all patients in the district with PD. There are high levels of depression and distress amongst patients with PD being treated as outpatients. Service utilisation and keyworker stress are not predicted by number of PDs per patient but are strongly associated with distress as measured by the GHQ and BDI. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Refining the measurement of axis II: a Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology.

The measurement of personality disorders (PDs) has proven to be a difficult enterprise. This article describes two initial studies of the validity and reliability of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP), a Q-sort procedure that quantifies clinical judgment, which may be useful both for assessing personality pathology and for empirically refining Axis II categories and diagnostic criteria. In the first study, 153 clinicians from a random national sample used a version of the Q-sort to describe either a prototype or actual patient with either a borderline, antisocial, histrionic, or narcissistic personality disorder. Correlations between aggregated prototype and actual patient profiles provided evidence for convergent and discriminant validity, and a cluster-analytic procedure (Q-factor analysis) produced revised criteria for the four disorders that minimized the problem of comorbidity. In Study 2, a pilot sample of patients were interviewed using a clinical research interview that mirrors the way clinicians assess personality and PDs. The study yielded promising results with respect to the possibility of obtaining reliable Q-sort descriptions based on an interview that resembles a clinical interview rather than the direct-question format used in current Axis II structured interviews. It also produced strong correlations between Q-sort descriptions made by interview and those made independently by the treating clinician, further supporting the validity of the instrument. The findings suggest the potential utility of the SWAP as a measure of PDs and as a method for empirically refining Axis II categories and criteria.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Genetic heterogeneity in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct and Pendred syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Pathogenic variants in the SLC26A4 gene, encoding for Cl-/HCO3- and I- anion transporter pendrin, are associated with non-syndromic hearing loss with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (NSEVA) and Pendred syndrome (PDS). In the Caucasian population, up to 75% of patients fail to identify a genetic cause through biallelic mutations in the SLC26A4 gene. The CEVA haplotype could therefore play an important role in the diagnostics of NSEVA. The aim of the study was to determine the genetic etiology of hearing loss with EVA or with fully developed PDS in 37 probands and the functional characterization of novel variants identified in the SLC26A4 gene. METHODS: To determine the genetic etiology, Sanger sequencing, WES and KASP genotyping assay were used. Functional characterization of SLC26A4 variants c.140G>A (p.R47Q), c.415G>A (p.G139R), c.441G>A (p.M147I), c.481T>A (p.F161I), c.1589A>C (p.Y530S) and c.2260del (p.D754Ifs*5) involved determination of iodide influx, total and plasma membrane pendrin expression level and subcellular localization of pendrin by confocal imaging. The nanopore sequencing of nasopharyngeal swab samples was performed to confirm the pathogenic effect of potential splice site variant c.415G>A. RESULTS: Biallelic variants in the SLC26A4 gene (M2 genotype) were identified in ten probands and a complete CEVA haplotype was confirmed in three probands harbouring SLC26A4 monoallelic variants (M1 genotype). Fifteen variants in the SLC26A4 gene were identified in total, three of which are novel. The functional characterization of the novel variants and variants which were not yet functionally characterized confirmed the pathogenic potential of five out of six tested variants (p.G139R, p.M147I, p.Y530S, p.D754Ifs*5, and p.F161I). Analysis of nasopharyngeal swab samples confirmed exon 4 skipping due to novel variant SLC26A4:c.415G>A. Probands with biallelic SLC26A4 variants had significantly larger thyroid volume per m2 of body surface area than subjects with monoallelic SLC26A4 variants and the CEVA haplotype. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic aetiology was determined in 13 out of 37 probands (35%), seven manifested with PDS and six with NSEVA. The present study highlights the importance of functional testing to confirm the pathogenicity of SLC26A4 variants and the phenotype-genotype correlation in SLC26A4-related disorders.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Inventory of interpersonal problems: a three-dimensional balanced and scalable 48-item version.

Interpersonal relating has been a focus of attention in psychiatry for decades. To address this domain, a self-rating scale, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP; Horowitz, Rosenberg, Baer, Ureño, & Villaseñor, 1988), was developed. Analysis of the psychometric properties of IIP presented in this article was performed by principal component analysis (PCA) for the purpose of obtaining subscales with a balanced, bipolar dimensionality. The model was validated by the resulting dimensions' ability to discriminate among different categories of personality disorders (PDs). The problem of a General Complaint factor affecting PCAs of questionnaires such as the IIP is discussed thoroughly, and ways of avoiding the problem are outlined. We present a three-dimensional structure of the IIP with both theoretically appealing and statistically robust dimensions of Assertiveness, Sociability, and Interpersonal Sensitivity based on 48 (out of 127) items. Balanced, additive indexes using the subset of 48 items appeared psychometrically sound by showing much lower correlations internally and less confounding from the General Complaint factor than extant indexes derived from the IIP. External validity seemed to be bolstered by all subscales' discriminating significantly between different PDs versus no PDs, on both cluster and single diagnosis levels. Our analysis seemed to substantiate the reliability (scalability) of three dimensions of the IIP tapping different areas of the interpersonal relational field.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Quantitative restoration of advanced spermatogenic cells in adult male rats made azoospermic by active immunization against luteinizing hormone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

The ability of testosterone to quantitatively restore spermatogenesis in rats made azoospermic by active immunization against LH or GnRH was examined. Sexually mature adult male rats (n = 15/group) were actively immunized against ovine LH or GnRH-human serum globulin conjugate, while control rats (n = 10) were injected with saline. After 10 weeks of immunization, five rats per group were euthanized. For each rat, trunk blood was collected for determination of LH, FSH, and testosterone by RIA; seminiferous tubule fluid (STF) was collected from one testis per rat, and testosterone concentration was measured by RIA; the number of advanced spermatids per testis was determined from the contralateral testis. The results obtained after 10 weeks of treatment were as follows. 1) Serum LH and FSH were undetectable by RIA in GnRH-immunized rats. 2) Serum testosterone was undetectable in both the LH- and GnRH-immunized groups. 3) The testosterone concentration in STF (STF-T) was reduced from the control value of about 64 ng/ml to about 2 ng/ml in the LH- and GnRH-immunized rats. 4) LH- and GnRH-immunized rats were azoospermic. After the initial 10-week treatment period, five rats in each of the LH- and GnRH-immunized groups received 24-cm testosterone-filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDS-T) capsules (3 x 8 cm long) sc. The remaining immunized rats (n = 5/group) received empty capsules. Two months later, all rats were euthanized. Testis weights, serum testosterone, and STF-T concentrations remained significantly reduced in LH- and GnRH-immunized rats that did not receive testosterone supplementation, and the rats remained azoospermic. STF-T concentrations rose significantly (P less than 0.05) in the LH- and GnRH-immunized rats that received PDS-T, but were still significantly less (by approximately 80%) than the concentration in intact controls. Nonetheless, implantation of PDS-T caused restoration of advanced spermatogenic cells in the testes of both LH- and GnRH-immunized rats to numbers that were not significantly different from the number in controls. These data indicate that 1) testosterone is capable of quantitatively restoring spermatogenesis in rats actively immunized against LH or GnRH, suggesting that FSH may not be required for the restoration of spermatogenesis in adult rats; and 2) quantitatively complete restoration of spermatogenesis can occur at STF-T concentrations that are significantly reduced compared to those in intact controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Exogenously administered testosterone maintains spermatogenesis quantitatively in adult rats actively immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

The administration of testosterone via Silastic capsules has been shown previously to maintain advanced spermatid number quantitatively in intact rats in which LH but not FSH was suppressed, but not in hypophysectomized rats, indicating that pituitary factors in addition to LH are required for the quantitative maintenance of spermatogenesis in the rat. The objective of the present study was to examine whether testosterone is capable of maintaining quantitatively normal spermatogenesis in rats in which both LH and FSH are suppressed. Intact adult male rats were actively immunized against GnRH by intradermal injection of GnRH conjugated to human serum globulin; control rats received intradermal injections of saline and adjuvant. Four weeks after the primary immunization, GnRH-immunized rats received the first booster injection and, at the same time, received testosterone-filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDS) implants of 4, 8, 12, or 24 cm or empty implants. Booster injections were repeated every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. At that time, rats were killed, and serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone, testicular advanced spermatid number, and seminiferous tubule fluid testosterone concentrations were determined. Four weeks after the initial administration of GnRH immunogen, i.e. before the first booster injection, serum levels of testosterone, LH, and FSH and the number of advanced spermatids per testis were not different from those in controls. Eight weeks after the first booster injection, serum LH and FSH and advanced spermatids were undetectable in all GnRH-immunized rats. The administration of testosterone-filled PDS implants of 4 and 8 cm to GnRH-immunized rats for 8 weeks resulted in the maintenance of 105 +/- 6 and 161 +/- 5 x 10(6) advanced spermatid/testis, respectively, significantly less than the control value (237 +/- 19 x 10(6)). In GnRH-immunized rats that received testosterone-filled PDS implants of 12 or 24 cm, the advanced spermatid numbers per testis (228 +/- 4 and 229 +/- 8 x 10(6), respectively) were not significantly different from those in controls. These results indicate that testosterone is capable of maintaining spermatogenesis quantitatively in the adult rats testis, in the absence of both radioimmunoassayable LH and FSH.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The regulation of porcine theca cell proliferation in vitro: synergistic actions of epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor.

An important but poorly understood aspect of mammalian follicle development involves the regulation of theca cell proliferation. To investigate the premise that growth factors regulate theca cell proliferation, porcine theca cells were prepared by collagenase/DN'ase digestion of follicle linings after the removal of the granulosa cells and allowed to attach for 24 h. This method provided a monolayer of theca cells that had little if any granulosa cell contamination and which secreted high levels of androstenedione relative to granulosa cells during moderate-term culture (33-fold difference, P less than 0.01). In medium containing fetal calf serum (10%), theca cells were significantly more responsive to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) than epidermal growth factor (EGF) in terms of proliferation (13.4 +/- 0.2-vs. 7.0 +/- 0.1-fold increases relative to the initial cell count, P less than 0.05). This is in contrast to granulosa cells which were significantly more responsive to EGF than PDGF (7.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.2 fold-increases, P less than 0.05). Since serum has been shown to contain both EGF and PDGF, proliferation studies were performed using plasma-derived serum (PDS) which is growth factor restricted to examine more closely the direct effects of growth factors. In medium containing 0.25% PDS and within experiments, PDGF (1-25 ng/ml) stimulated theca cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (2.3-fold increase relative to controls, P less than 0.05) whereas EGF did not. EGF, however, markedly enhanced the proliferative action of PDGF (6.4-fold increase relative to controls, P less than 0.05). Insulin-like growth factor I and low density lipoprotein, factors which enhance markedly the proliferative effects of EGF and PDGF in terms of granulosa cell proliferation, exhibited only a modest synergistic effect with respect to EGF and PDGF upon theca cells (9.5-fold increase vs. a 6.4-fold increase above controls, P less than 0.05). Temporal studies in vitro indicate that theca cell proliferation is low during the first 3-day exposure to growth factors irrespective of treatment (a 2-fold increase over the seeding density). During the second 3-day exposure, however, theca cell proliferation increases 4- to 5-fold. The temporal pattern of theca cell proliferation stimulated by fetal calf serum supplemented with EGF or PDGF and PDS-containing medium supplemented with PDGF, EGF, insulin-like growth factor I, and low density lipoprotein is similar. These results suggest that PDGF is a major mitogen toward porcine theca cells and that EGF greatly enhances its activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Characterization and semiquantitative analyses of pendrin expressed in normal and tumoral human thyroid tissues.

The gene mutated in Pendred syndrome (PDS), the PDS gene, is expressed in the inner ear, kidney, and thyroid. It encodes a membrane protein named pendrin that is endowed with the function of anion transporter or exchanger. It has been postulated that in the thyroid pendrin could participate in the transport of iodide from the cell to the lumen of follicles. We generated antipeptide antibodies directed against the C- terminal sequence of human pendrin 1) to characterize the protein expressed in the human thyroid, and 2) to analyze its expression level in relation to the functional activity of thyroid tissue. In denaturing conditions, a single molecular species of 110-115 kDa was identified in human thyroid membrane fractions. After treatment of thyroid membranes with N-glycosidase F, pendrin had an apparent molecular mass of 85 kDa. Analyzed by ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradient in nondenaturing conditions, pendrin sedimented as a main 120- to 140-kDa component. Pendrin was assayed by semiquantitative Western blot in thyroid membrane fractions from 25 hyper- or hypofunctioning tumors and paired normal tissue samples. Pendrin was increased 2-fold in toxic adenomas, was not significantly altered in follicular adenoma, and was decreased, on the average, by 35% in papillary carcinomas compared with levels in paired normal tissue. The variations in the pendrin tissue content and PDS transcript levels, assayed by RT-PCR on duplicate samples of the same tumors, were similar. In conclusion, we show that pendrin expressed by the human thyroid gland is a mainly monomeric glycoprotein and that the level of expression of pendrin, although somewhat related, only moderately varied with the functional status of the thyroid tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Glutamate decarboxylase is not genetically linked to pyridoxine-dependent seizures.

Several aspects of pyridoxine-dependent seizure (PDS) suggest a mutation affecting glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) as a possible cause. To examine the possibility of GAD linkage with PDS, the authors performed genotype analyses of three families using polymorphic markers near the GAD genes (GAD1 and GAD2). In each family, the affected siblings exhibited different genotypes for the GAD2 gene; in two families the GAD1 genotype was disparate. These findings suggest that a mutation of GAD is not directly involved in all cases of PDS.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Residents' and program directors' attitudes toward research during anesthesiology training: a Canadian perspective.

We assessed the attitudes of residents and program directors (PD) toward research training in Canadian anesthesiology residency programs. Questionnaires were sent to all 476 anesthesiology residents in Canada and a modified questionnaire was sent to the PD of each of the 16 anesthesiology programs between November 2003 and April 2004. There was a 60% response rate to the resident questionnaire and 95% from the PDs. Eighty-one percent of programs have mandatory research activity, although only 41% of residents think research should be mandatory. A majority of residents were recently involved in a research project. There was a discrepancy between PDs' and residents' views about the availability of some resources to facilitate research. Residents regard the time needed to learn clinical anesthesia, schedule conflicts, inadequate faculty support, and a lack of protected research time as the top barriers to undertaking a research project. PDs do not consider schedule conflicts or a lack of time as important barriers for resident research. Seventy-five percent of residents would prefer to do another academic activity, such as learning transesophageal echocardiography or taking postgraduate programs in education, rather than completing a research project during their residency.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2004

Efficient method for the reduction of large piston errors in segmented-mirror telescopes.

Phase discontinuity sensing (PDS) is one of two successful approaches to segment phasing that are currently in use at the Keck telescopes, but it has only a limited capture range. We describe and present numerical simulations of a broadband version of the current (narrowband) PDS algorithm that can extend the capture range from 0.4 to 40 microns. Like the original algorithm, the new broadband PDS algorithm requires no special-purpose hardware but only a high-resolution area detector operating in the 2-3-microns range. The potential application of this algorithm to extremely large telescopes is also discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Provocation dose and discriminant analysis in histamine bronchoprovocation. Are the current predictive data satisfactory?

In 20 normal subjects (N) and 20 asthmatic patients (A) using bronchodilators as needed, the PD40, PD10, PD15, PD20, PD10T, and PD20C were measured (PD being provocation dose, subscript being -% delta in Gaw/VL for PD40, lowest FEV1 for PD20C, and best FEV1 for the remaining PDs; 10T means delta FEV1 greater than -10 percent). For discriminant analysis we used an ad hoc graphic (best case) method, a ceiling method based on highest PD in A and two methods (logistic and linear) which considered PDs in both N and A (PDN and PDA, respectively). The distribution of PDN and PDA had substantial overlap and appeared log normal. The PD15, PD20, and PD20C displayed the smallest mean misclassification error followed by PD10T, PD40, and PD10. The linear and logistic methods produced balanced sensitivity and specificity but, predictably, a misclassification error higher than that of the graphic method. The ceiling method proved unsatisfactory with 100 percent sensitivity but approximately equal to 60 percent specificity. Using linear and logistic methods, the posttest likelihood of asthma could be expressed as a function of its pretest likelihood and level of PD recorded. We concluded that: (1) the most discriminant PDs are PD20, PD15 and PD20c; and (2) new normative data for diagnostic bronchoprovocation are needed, because: (a) when PDA and PDN overlap, the currently used ceiling method leads to a high misclassification rate, while the linear and logistic method based on mathematical model have a better discriminant ability; (b) to separate PDA from PDN and allow the application of the ceiling method, "as-needed bronchodilators" is not a reproducible criterion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Biliopancreatic diversion with transitory gastroplasty preserving duodenal bulb: 3 years experience.

BACKGROUND: The authors have performed 521 bariatric surgery operations (319 restrictive procedures and 202 malabsorptive procedures). METHODS: During the last few years we have introduced an evolution of biliopancreatic diversion (BPD): BPD with transitory gastroplasty, preserving the duodenal bulb (53 cases). From a technical point of view, the operation consists of a BPD, coupled with a gastroplasty which is transitory due to the use of a polydioxanone (PDS) band. In the last few cases, instead of a VBG (with PDS band) in order to make the operation completely reversible without any suture on the stomach, we made a gastric pouch by banding with PDS calibrated with the same tube as for the Lap-band (20 cc). We maintained completely the duodenal bulb (5 cm from the pylorus), making an end-to-side duodeno-ileal isoperistaltic anastomosis. RESULTS: With this anastomosis, only 2% of patients developed an anastomotic ulcer. With this new procedure, results have been good in terms of weight loss (similar to that of BPD-AHS) and in nutritional complications. No patient has had hypoalbuminemia, diarrhea or halitosis. CONCLUSION: BPD with temporary gastric restriction has provided satisfactory results.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A question of style: refining the dimensions of personality disorder style.

The frequent finding that meeting criteria for one type of personality disorder (PD) is commonly associated with meeting criteria for several other PDs indicates significant problems in defining and measuring PDs independently of each other, whether measured categorically or dimensionally. This study was designed to enrich recent DSM descriptor sets and, with the enriched set of descriptors, develop refined PD dimensions. A large sample of patients with a PD or significant personality disturbance were studied, with most analyses based on self-report (SR) data, but with corroborative witness (CW) data also collected to validate refinement analyses. The original descriptor set comprised 139 DSM descriptors and 127 items obtained from other sources. Personality disorder dimensions of interest were refined by factor analyses. We specifically identify items that failed to "belong" to their original PD "base." A refined set of 92 items demonstrated greater independence of the underlying dimensions and suggested an underlying five-factor structure at some variance to the current DSM-IV cluster set. The study should assist measurement of individual PDs by identifying items and constructs that build to more homogeneous dimensions that define lower-order and higher-order PD traits.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Validation of the Wisconsin Personality Disorders Inventory-IV with the SCID-II.

The Wisconsin Personality Disorders Inventory (WISPI-IV; Klein & Benjamin, 1996) is the latest version of a self-report measure of DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs) derived from an interpersonal perspective. When categorical diagnoses derived from the WISPI-IV were compared with independent SCID-II diagnoses, the majority of the kappas were poor (>.40). However, all but one of the effect sizes for the differences in WISPI-IV means between groups with and without SCID-II diagnoses were large (>.80). When SCID-II and WISPI-IV dimensional scores were considered, the average r between profiles was .61 (median = .58) and correlations between corresponding PD scales (mean diagonal r = .48; mean off-diagonal r = .18) indicated good convergent and discriminant validity for five of the WISPI-IV scales. These results add to the cumulating evidence suggesting greater reliability and validity of dimensional over categorical scores for PDs. Researchers and clinicians interested in having an efficient method of assessing PDs may consider using a dimensional approach such as the WISPI-IV as an alternative to diagnostic interview.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Early maladaptive schemas in personality disordered individuals.

The present study aimed to examine the specificity of schema domains in three personality disorder (PD) groups, namely borderline (BPD), obsessive-compulsive (OCPD), and avoidant PD (AvPD), and to correctly identify the three PD groups on the basis of these schemas. The sample consisted of 48 clinical participants diagnosed with PDs and assigned to 1 of 3 groups on the basis of their Axis II diagnoses (BPD: n = 13; OCPD: n = 13; AvPD: n = 22). High scores on Dependence/Incompetence, Defectiveness/ Shame and Abandonment were found for the BPD group. Such pattern appears to be most consistent with Young's theory of BPD. Consistent with the theory and empirical findings of Beck et al. (1990, 2001), OCPD was associated with elevations on the Unrelenting Standards schema domain, but not on Emotional Inhibition, which was found to be elevated for AvPD. In conclusion, the present study suggests that there are different patterns of schema domains across different PDs and that the Schema Questionnaire (SQ) is potentially useful in differentiating between these PDs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗