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PubMed2002

Assessing cervical cancer risk in Hispanics.

Population-based cancer registries rely on various methods to assign Hispanic ethnic identifiers to patients in the registry. The methods may result in misclassification of patient ethnic identities. Such misclassification may obscure the real incidence of cervical cancer among Hispanic women. This review summarizes previous literature on the accuracy of methods used to ascertain Hispanic ethnicity in numerator and denominator data for the calculation of cancer incidence. In addition, cancer registry ethnicity ascertainment methods were examined for six United States states (California, Florida, Illinois, New Mexico, New York, and Texas) that have a high proportion of Hispanics. The percentage of persons classified as Hispanic who self-identified as Hispanic (predictive value positive) in various reported studies ranged from 54 to 76% for women. The accuracy of ethnicity assignments based on either the United States census list or the Generally Useful Ethnic Search System (GUESS) program show slight differences in percentages of self-identified Hispanics who were classified as Hispanic (sensitivity among women: 62-80% for 1980 United States census list, 63-82% for GUESS program). Higher sensitivity and lower predictive value positive is achieved with a greater number of sources used. In conclusion, decisions about collecting racial and ethnicity information are influenced by demographic changes, immigration trends, changes in ethnic and racial identity, legislative needs, and public policies. The rapidly growing Hispanic population and the excess incidence of cervical cancer in this population requires improving the accuracy of ethnicity information.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

West Nile virus activity--United States, September 8-14, 2004.

During September 8-14, a total of 195 cases of human West Nile virus (WNV) illness were reported from 26 states (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The coevolution of ritual and society: new 14C dates from ancient Mexico.

New (14)C dates from Oaxaca, Mexico, document changes in religious ritual that accompanied the evolution of society from hunting and gathering to the archaic state. Before 4000 B.P. in conventional radiocarbon years, a nomadic egalitarian lifeway selected for unscheduled (ad hoc) ritual from which no one was excluded. With the establishment of permanent villages (4000-3000 B.P.), certain rituals were scheduled by solar or astral events and restricted to initiates/social achievers. After state formation (2050 B.P.), many important rituals were performed only by trained full-time priests using religious calendars and occupying temples built by corvee labor. Only 1,300-1,400 years seem to have elapsed between the oldest known ritual building and the first standardized state temple.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2003

The origin of war: new 14C dates from ancient Mexico.

New 14C dates from archaeological sites in Oaxaca, Mexico, support R. C. Kelly's observation that intervillage raiding may begin as soon as a region has segmentary societies. The oldest defensive palisade dates to 3260-3160 B.P. in conventional radiocarbon years, only a few centuries after village life was established. Over the next millennium raiding evolved into war, with residences and temples burned, captives killed, and populations moving to defensible hills. 14C dates are now available for the first use of hieroglyphic writing to record a captive's name, military victories leading to the consolidation of the Zapotec state, the first skull rack, and the building of a fortress in conquered territory.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Coccidia (Apicomplexa) from heteromyid rodents in the southwestern United States, Baja California, and northern Mexico with three new species from Chaetodipus hispidus.

Fecal samples from 223 heteromyid rodents of 4 genera and 13 species were collected from California, New Mexico, and Texas and from Baja California Norte and Sonora, Mexico. Of these, 84 (38%) were infected with coccidian oocysts; 72 of 84 (86%) infected animals had only 1 species of coccidian. Eleven species of coccidia were identified including 1 cyclosporan and 10 eimerians; the cyclosporan and 2 of the eimerians are described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Cyclospora angimurinensis n. sp. were subspheroidal, 21.9 x 19.3 (19-24 x 16-22) microns, with sporocysts lemon-shaped, 11.9 x 9.5 (9-15 x 8-11) microns; it was found in 1 of 20 (4%) Chaetodipus hispidus. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria chaetodipi n. sp. were subspheroidal, 16.7 x 14.6 (13-19.5 x 12-17) microns, with sporocysts ovoidal, 8.7 x 6.6 (7.5-10.5 x 5-7.5) microns; it was found in 3 of 20 (15%) C. hispidus. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria hispidensis n. sp. were subspheroidal, 20.5 x 17.4 (17-23 x 14-21) microns, with sporocysts lemon-shaped, 9.3 x 7.2 (7.5-10.5 x 5-9) microns; it was found in 4 of 20 (20%) C. hispidus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Utilization and purchase of medical care services in Mexico by residents in the United States of America, 1998-1999.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed self-reported frequency of purchase of medications and medical care services in Mexico by southern New Mexico (United States, [U.S.]) residents in relation to their medical insurance coverage. METHODS: We analyzed data obtained in 1998 and 1999 from a health interview survey of residents in a six-county region of southern New Mexico, using prevalence and logistic regression methods for complex survey data. RESULTS: About 22% of southern New Mexico residents had purchased medications and 11% had sought medical care in Mexico at least once during the year preceding the survey. When we adjusted for the effects of other variables, persons able to pay for services out of pocket and those who were uninsured were more likely than persons who were fully covered to purchase medications or medical care in Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: Large numbers of people residing near the border in New Mexico traveled south to Mexico to purchase medications and medical care. Lack of medical insurance was associated with higher frequencies of these purchases. There seems to be a need to establish relationships between U.S. private and public care plans and Mexican medical care providers to identify appropriate mechanisms for U.S. residents to purchase medical care in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Imported plague--New York City, 2002.

On November 1, 2002, a married couple traveled from Santa Fe County, New Mexico, to New York City (NYC), where they both became ill with fever and unilateral inguinal adenopathy; bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) was diagnosed subsequently. This report summarizes the clinical and public health investigation of these cases and underscores the importance of rapid diagnosis and communication among health-care providers, public health agencies, and the public when patients seek medical attention for an illness that might be caused by an agent of terrorism.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Seasonal biochemical changes in coniferous forest canopies and their response to fertilization.

Seasonal changes in concentrations of total nitrogen, free amino acids, chlorophyll, starch and sugar were measured in foliage from fertilized and unfertilized conifer forests in New Mexico and Oregon. In the New Mexico Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca (Beissn.) Franco) forest, fertilization resulted in elevated foliar nitrogen concentrations on all dates, from an average of 9 mg g(-1) in unfertilized trees to 14 mg g(-1) in fertilized trees. In the Oregon western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forest, fertilization increased total N by only 15%, from 13 mg g(-1) in unfertilized trees to 15 mg g(-1) in fertilized trees. Foliar nitrogen concentrations on a weight basis were lowest in winter and spring, but did not vary seasonally when expressed on a leaf area basis. Chlorophyll concentrations increased with fertilization and had greater seasonal variation than did total nitrogen concentrations. Chlorophyll concentrations were significantly higher during the growing season than in the winter and spring months. Fertilization did not result in major changes in the proportion of total nitrogen in chlorophyll at either the Oregon or the New Mexico site. Concentrations of free amino acids varied with date and fertilization treatment; in New Mexico, amino acids were highest in the winter sample, whereas in Oregon, they were lowest in winter and spring. At both sites, amino acid concentrations were significantly higher in fertilized trees than in control trees on most dates and the ratios of amino acid-N to total N were also significantly higher in fertilized trees. For both sites, starch concentrations were nearly zero for most of the year, but increased sharply just before bud break and initiation of new growth in the spring. Although fertilization resulted in increased nitrogen concentrations in foliage at both sites, the response in New Mexico was much greater than in Oregon. These results are in agreement with forest productivity data that suggest that growth in the New Mexico site is limited by nitrogen, whereas in the Oregon site it is not.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Medicaid managed care for mental health services in a rural state.

State governments throughout the country increasingly have turned to managed care for their Medicaid programs, including mental health services. We used ethnographic methods and a review of legal documents and state monitoring data to examine the impact of Medicaid reform on mental health services in New Mexico, a rural state. New Mexico implemented Medicaid managed care for both physical and mental health services in 1997. The reform led to administrative burdens, payment problems, and stress and high turnover among providers. Restrictions on inpatient and residential treatment exacerbated access problems for Medicaid recipients. These facts indicate that in rural, medically underserved states, the advantages of managed care for cost control, access, and quality assurance may be diminished. Responding to the crisis in mental health services, the federal government terminated New Mexico's program but later reversed its decision after political changes at the national level. This contradictory response suggests that the federal government's oversight role warrants careful scrutiny by advocacy groups at the local and state levels.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMed1979

Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans.

Individuals of Spanish and Mexican descent in New Mexico have used a number of plants as emmenagogues and abortifacients. Of the plants used, cotton root bark (Gossypium sp.), inmortal ((Asclepias capricornu Woodson), poleo chino (Hedeoma oblongifolia (Gray) Heller), rue Ruta graveolens L.), wormseed (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), and three species of Artemesia seem to be used most widely. Of these, the cotton root bark, when used as an abortifacient, seems to exhibit the lowest toxicity. Rue is notable because of its use independently within different cultures, but may exhibit toxic side effects when used as an abortifacient. Seven other plants are outlined on the basis of anecdotal and folkloric reports. Investigations are underway to look at use effectiveness, side effects, impact on fertility, and acceptance among cultures of the Southwestern United States.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1988

The checkerboard cardiovascular curriculum: a culturally oriented program.

A cardiovascular health education curriculum was designed and pilot-tested with 218 fifth grade students from rural New Mexico. The program incorporated materials, examples, and exercises relevant to the Navajo and Pueblo American Indian and Hispanic cultures of the students. Significant increases in knowledge about the cardiovascular system, exercise, nutrition and obesity, tobacco use, and habit change were found, suggesting a culturally oriented program may help promote a healthy lifestyle in minority group children.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low cancer rates in Hispanic women related to social and economic factors.

Differences in the occurrence of three common types of cancer among Hispanic compared to Anglo women are presented. These are cancers of the breast, colon, and lung, which together account for about half of all newly diagnosed cancers in the U.S. Differences occur in at least three different geographic areas, Texas, New Mexico, and Los Angeles. These cancer differences are presented in the light of some social and economic differences between Hispanic and Anglo women. Among them are several indicators of social class or economic development, fertility patterns, urban-rural differences, migration status and dietary habits resulting in different nutritional status between the two groups. Although a dietary hypothesis is attractive to explain the differences in breast and colon cancers, it is by no means proved. The magnitude of the differences in these cancers, coupled with their frequency of occurrence in the population, make them important sources for future study. The differences strongly suggest the existence of protective factors associated with ethnic-related life styles of Hispanic women.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Multistate outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infections associated with eating ground beef--United States, 2004.

Salmonella infections cause an estimated 1.4 million human illnesses and 400 deaths annually in the United States. Although the incidence of several other foodborne bacterial infections decreased substantially during 1996-2004, the incidence of Salmonella infections declined modestly. In September 2004, the New Mexico Department of Health received reports from the New Mexico Scientific Laboratory Division of eight Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates that had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns using XbaI and BlnI restriction enzymes. The patients were from three New Mexico counties and had onsets of illness during August 18-29. A review of PFGE patterns submitted to the National Molecular Subtyping Network for Foodborne Disease Surveillance (PulseNet) database for Salmonella revealed 31 indistinguishable patient isolates of S. Typhimurium from nine states (Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin) and the District of Columbia, with illness onset occurring during August 11-October 2, 2004. The S. Typhimurium isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. An investigation conducted by state health departments, CDC, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) identified ground beef purchased at a national chain of supermarkets as the source of S. Typhimurium infections. Traceback results indicated product originating from a common supplier; however, evaluators determined that plant practices conformed to FSIS production guidelines, and no product recalls were made. This report describes the investigation and underscores the risk for salmonellosis from contact with contaminated ground beef, despite regulatory directives to reduce Salmonella contamination in beef production. Reduced contamination and consumption of raw or undercooked meat and further education of the food service industry and consumers are critical to reducing foodborne salmonellosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in Hispanic New Mexicans.

CONTEXT: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a rare myopathy caused by polyalanine triplet repeat expansion in the gene for poly(A) binding protein 2 (PABP2) and is found in isolated cohorts throughout the world. We have observed numerous cases of OPMD in New Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical, genetic, and demographic features of the OPMD population in New Mexico. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cohort study with analysis of outpatient clinic medical records from 1965 to 2001 at the University of New Mexico Hospital and the New Mexico VA Health Care System in Albuquerque, which serve the entire state. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical phenotype, supplemented with genetic confirmation (n = 10 patients) and in-depth clinical evaluations (n = 49 patients). RESULTS: We identified 216 cases of OPMD (99 women and 117 men) from 39 kindreds of New Mexicans spanning up to 4 generations. All patients were Hispanic, and the majority of probands came from northern New Mexico. In patients who had both ocular and pharyngeal muscle weakness, ptosis was just as likely to occur before or concurrent with dysphagia. Proximal limb muscle weakness and gait abnormalities were common and occurred later than ocular or pharyngeal weakness. The clinical expression of OPMD caused marked debility, although life-table analysis showed no decrease in life expectancy compared with unaffected family members (P =.81). Ten individuals from different kindreds were found to have an identical polyalanine triplet repeat expansion ([GCG](9)) in the PABP2 gene. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals in this cohort had clinical and genetic characteristics of classic OPMD. Longevity was not affected, but patients experienced considerable morbidity. The origin of the PABP2 mutation in New Mexican OPMD patients is unclear, although the geographic and genetic isolation of northern New Mexicans with a long ancestry in this region may have contributed to the development of this cohort. This disease cohort represents a large and previously unrecognized health care issue in the state of New Mexico and should serve to raise the awareness of this disorder among clinicians who treat Hispanics in the Southwest and throughout the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

"Where have all the students gone?" Retaining medical school graduates through educational innovations.

CONTEXT: New Mexico is a sparsely populated rural state in the USA, with 20% of New Mexicans living in poverty. There is a need for physicians in the state, especially in primary care. New Mexico's only medical school, the University of New Mexico School of Medicine is state supported. New Mexico and its medical school have a vested interest in its graduates returning to the state to practice. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effects of early community preceptorships on graduating physicians' specialty choice and subsequent return to practice in the state where they attended medical school. STRATEGIES: A Primary Care Curriculum (PCC) was introduced into the medical school in 1979. Students expressing interest in this programme were considered. Twenty students per year were assigned to the PCC. The remainder went through the traditional curriculum. The PCC used a problem-based learning model. All PCC students participated in a 16-week, one-on-one community preceptorship (Phase 1B) in a small or rural community during their first year. Graduates from 1983-1996 were analysed for specialty and practice location. MAIN OUTCOMES: Of the 294 students doing Phase 1B, 99 (40%) returned to New Mexico to practice compared to 221 (32%) of traditional students. Fifty-eight (23%) of the Phase 1B students practice primary care compared to 112 (16%) of the traditional students. CONCLUSION: Self-selected students choosing and participating in early community-based clinical experiences coupled with problem-based learning are more likely to return to the state and to practice primary care.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2005

A pathogenic new species of Eimeria from the pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis, in Washington and Oregon, with description of the sporulated oocyst and intestinal endogenous stages.

In January 2003, fecal samples from 13 live pygmy rabbits, Brachylagus idahoensis (Merriam, 1891), were collected at the Oregon Zoo in Portland, Oregon, and sent to the University of New Mexico (UNM), Albuquerque, New Mexico, to be examined for coccidia. In July 2004, 14 more fecal samples were collected and sent to UNM, 6 from some of the same rabbits and 8 from 16 other rabbits (4 were pooled samples from siblings). In addition, tissue sections from 3 dead rabbits (2 from the Oregon Zoo, 1 from Washington State University) also were examined. Two of 4 (50%) pooled fecal samples and 8 of 17 (47%) 1-rabbit samples were positive for a single species of Eimeria, which we describe here as a new species. Sporulated oocysts were subspheroidal, 25.6 x 23.8 (22-28 x 21-27) microm, with a length:width (L:W) ratio of 1.1 (1.0-1.2). A micropyle (approximately 2 microm wide) and 0-1 polar granules were present, but an oocyst residuum was absent. Sporocysts were ellipsoidal, 13.4 x 8.1 (11-16.5 x 7.5-9) microm, with a L:W ratio of 1.7 (1.3-2.2), and they had a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum. Tissue sections showed a heavy infection of the villous epithelial cells of the proximal and mid-small intestine with coccidial endogenous stages, but no stages were found in liver hepatocytes. Meronts with approximately 46 (26-70) merozoites per infected cell appeared to be fully developed and were subspheroidal, 14.8 x 13.9 (13-18 x 10.5-16.5) microm. Developing macro- and microgamonts were indistinguishable from each other and were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 10.4 x 9.5 (9-11 x 7.5-10.5) microm. Mature macrogamonts were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 14.2 x 13.7 (12-17 x 11-16) microm, and mature microgamonts were smaller and subspheroidal, 11.9 x 10.8 (10.5-13 x 9-12) microm. This eimerian seems to be extremely pathogenic to young pygmy rabbits, and given the precarious nature of this unique genetic population, it appears to be an emerging pathogen that deserves immediate further study.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Melanoma within a southwestern Hispanic population.

The New Mexico Melanoma Registry and New Mexico Tumor Registry identified 81 cases of melanoma involving the skin and mucous membranes of Hispanics. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of these tumors were compared with those observed in whites. The frequency of melanoma in Hispanics appears to be no more than a sixth of that observed in whites. Female patients were more prevalent within the Hispanic population. The median patient age at diagnosis was similar in Hispanics and whites. A much larger proportion of melanomas in Hispanics occurred on the palms, soles, and in subungual regions. Acral lentiginous melanomas were correspondingly more frequent among Hispanics, as was mucous membrane melanoma. Melanomas arising from the palms, soles, subungual regions, and mucous membranes tended to be advanced in stage, to occur in older individuals, and to metastasize. These cases explain the generally poorer prognosis for Hispanic patients compared with whites. The epidemiology of melanoma relevant to these findings is discussed.

Adolescent↗