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PubMedDate not supplied

Infant sleep position: associated maternal and infant factors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the maternal and infant characteristics associated with the back sleep position for infants to guide efforts to increase its use and reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of 3349 mothers delivering in California, February-May 1999. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of infants were placed in the back sleep position. Factors associated with a lower likelihood of using the back position included all levels of maternal education less than college (eg, for education eighth grade or less--adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.86); income at or below federal poverty level (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90); multiparity (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.95); race/ethnicity African American (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.37-0.65) and Asian/Pacific Islander (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48-0.89); speaking a non-English language (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55, 0.86); and infant age over 7 months (OR, 0.70, 95% CI, 0.52-0.96). Women in Los Angeles (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42-0.77) and urban areas other than San Diego (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.53-0.92) were less likely to use the back position than those in San Francisco. CONCLUSIONS: Greater efforts are needed to promote the back sleep position among families with mothers who lack education beyond some college; live in poverty; and who are African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, multiparous, or non-English speaking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations in pregnant sheep I: diurnal variations in mid- and late pregnancy.

Two or three foetal lambs regularly result in a varying degree of carbohydrate shortage in mother ewes in late pregnancy. We have investigated the correlation between plasma insulin, growth hormone and energy substrate concentrations in ewes 8 and 1 weeks before lambing. Plasma growth hormone was fairly constant (2-3 ng/ml) throughout the 24-h cycle 8 weeks before parturition. Seven weeks later higher average levels and increased diurnal fluctuations were observed in 3 out of 4 multiparous ewes. The average post-absorptive insulin levels were reduced by 50 per cent during the same interval. Simultaneously decreased post-absorptive sugar and increased acetoacetate levels were observed. It is concluded that the hormonal adaptations to the increasing carbohydrate deficit in late pregnancy, especially among multiparous ewes, include: a) reduced post-absorptive plasma insulin levels, b) reduced insulin responses to feeding, and c) increased levels of growth hormone in the plasma.

Acetoacetates↗
PubMed1997

Risk factors for fetal macrosomia: the importance of a positive oral glucose challenge test.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether minor abnormalities of glucose metabolism without gestational diabetes are a risk factor for fetal overgrowth. DESIGN: A sample of 1883 unselected white mother-infant pairs were screened for gestational diabetes using a 50 g 1-h oral glucose challenge test (GCT) in two periods of pregnancy: early (16-20 weeks) and late (26-30 weeks). METHODS: The effects of risk factors (glucose metabolism, previous history of mothers, obesity, multiparity and age of mothers) were estimated using a multinomial logit model. RESULTS: The level of risk was related to gestational age at the appearance of an abnormal GCT. Patients with an abnormal GCT in the early and late periods of pregnancy (Group 1) had a risk of delivering a large for gestational age (LGA) infant seven times higher than the control group (normal GCT in both periods), and patients with a normal GCT in the early period and an abnormal GCT in the late period (Group 2) showed a risk three times higher than the control group. Among the historical risk factors for LGA infants, such as maternal obesity, multiparity, previous gestational diabetes and previous delivery of an infant weighing 4000 g or more, only the latter was associated with fetal overgrowth with a risk level 4.7 higher than the control group. Group 1 patients had a significantly higher incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension and preterm birth. There were no differences in the frequency of 5-min Apgar score < 7 and metabolic complications among the infants of all groups. We found a significantly higher rate of shoulder dystocia in Group 1 infants than in infants in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a positive GCT at 26-30 weeks is the most important risk factor for fetal overgrowth. This result was strongly enforced in patients who had also shown a positive early GCT at 16-20 weeks.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1979

Delayed implantation in lactating bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus.

The time of blastocyst implantation in lactating and non-lactating female bank voles was studied. In primiparous females implantation started 4 days and 9-11 h after mating. A delayed implantation of at least 1 1/2 days was found in lactating, multiparous females when compared to non-lactating, multiparous and primiparous females.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of age and parity on the breeding potential of mice with one or two ovaries.

Although removal of one ovary from young CBA/Ca mice and CFLP mice did not reduce the overall numbers of ova shed at ovulation, the total number of live offspring delivered during the lifespan was reduced to 65% and 50%, respectively, of control values. This reduction was due to fewer and smaller litters. The capacity of intact and unilaterally ovariectomized animals to support gestation of embryos transferred from young donors was tested to determine whether premature exhaustion of uterine function had occurred as a result of embryo overloading. An effect of breeding history on embryo survival to Day 19 of pregnancy was found after unilateral transfer, the least favourable sites for survival being the primigravid horns of ageing intact and unilaterally ovariectomized mice (0% and 1% survival, respectively, in CBA/Ca mice). The proportion of embryos surviving in multiparous horns of the one-ovary animals (24%) was greater than in horns of primigravidae and less than in horns of intact multigravidae of similar age and parity (48%). A larger proportion of ova survived in young uteri than in any of these aged horns. The results suggested that the normal decline with age in breeding potential is due to decreased uterine capacity and that the rate of loss is accelerated by both repeated embryo overloading and prolonged nulliparity, probably as a result of local factors. The decidual response was reduced in older animals, although there was no clear-cut variation with parity. Ageing uteri accumulated mass cells and macrophages, but the latter were abundant only in multiparous horns and were probably related to puerperal involutionary activities. There was no evidence that these changes in cell number or response were responsible for decreased gestational potential in ageing animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Trace and anxiety of nursing mothers with insufficient and normal breast feeding indicators].

The objective of this study was to identify and compare the trace and the anxiety state on the 10th day postpartum and the anxiety state on the 30th day postpartum of primiparous and multiparous nursing mothers who present insufficient breast feeding indicators and nursing mothers with normal breast feeding, in order to verify the possible relationships between the anxiety state of the nursing mothers in those two moments with the insufficient breast feeding indicators presented. This is an exploratory and descriptive study, whose data has been gotten from 168 nursing mothers and their children by means of interviews in nursing consultations in the 10th and 30th day postpartum. The results obtained showed that primiparous and multiparous with insufficient breast feeding and primiparous with normal lactation presented higher anxiety state trace than the anxiety state on the 10th and 30th day postpartum. There was remission of the maternal signals of anxiety with the passing of time, which may be caused by the correction of the breast feeding technique and support to the nursing mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The maternal serum cortisol levels after onset of labor.

We measured maternal cortisol levels after the onset of labor. Blood from 82 primiparas and 48 multiparas were collected 124 times and 60 times, respectively. When duration of labor was within 3 hr, there were no differences in cortisol levels between the primiparous (n = 11, 50.4 +/- 7.0 micrograms/100 ml, mean +/- S.E.) and multiparous (n = 14, 37.8 +/- 4.3 micrograms/100 ml). However, when duration of labor was from 3 to 6 hr, cortisol levels in the primiparas (n = 20, 59.7 +/- 5.1 micrograms/100 ml) were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than those in the multiparas (n = 22, 46.8 +/- 2.9 micrograms/100 ml). In cases of duration of labor from 6 to 9, cortisol level of the primiparas (n = 24, 64.3 +/- 4.4 micrograms/100 ml) were also significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than those in multiparas (n = 12, 49.4 +/- 4.7 micrograms/100 ml). When duration of labor was more than 9 hr there was no significant difference in cortisol level between the primiparas and multiparas. Maternal cortisol level had a significant (p less than 0.01) negative correlation (n = 166, r = -0.243, Y = -0.09X + 30.47) with unconjugated estriol level. These data suggest that maternal cortisol levels after the onset of labor are slightly different between the primiparous and multiparous, and that maternal unconjugated estriol levels decrease owing to reduction of the feto-placental blood circulation accompanied with uterus contraction during labor.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Oestradiol negative feedback inhibition on LH secretion during lactation is prolonged in adolescent primiparous rhesus monkeys.

Lactational infertility in rhesus monkeys is significantly prolonged in adolescent primiparous compared with adult multiparous mothers. In order to determine if this longer period of infertility for young mothers is the result of a greater sensitivity to nursing-induced inhibition of LH release either by enhanced oestradiol negative feedback or a direct non-gonadally mediated suppression, the effects of periodic administration of oestradiol on serum LH concentrations in nursing ovariectomized adolescent primiparous (Prp; n = 5) and adult multiparous (Mlt; n = 7) mothers was assessed. Females were treated every 5-6 weeks with a 21-day time-release capsule of oestradiol which produced serum concentrations of approximately 250, 90 and 45 pmol/l by +6, +13 and +20 days after treatment. Thus, the design permitted assessment of LH and prolactin concentrations under a regime of 21 days of decreasing oestradiol levels followed by 2-3 weeks of no oestradiol treatment. Females were studied from week 3 to week 42 post partum and oestradiol treatment occurred during weeks 5, 11, 21, 26, 31, 36 and 41. Behavioural observations indicated that the amount of time mothers nursed their offspring decreased in a similar fashion throughout the lactational period for both Prp and Mlt females. LH concentrations under the 'no oestradiol' conditions progressively increased throughout lactation reaching maximum levels by week 36 post partum in a similar manner for both Prp and Mlt mothers. These data suggest that differences in fertility between adolescent and adult nursing mothers observed previously cannot be attributed to a difference in a direct non-gonadally-mediated affect on LH. With respect to oestradiol negative feedback inhibition of LH, oestradiol treatment effectively suppressed serum LH concentrations at all points during lactation up to week 31, at which time LH concentrations were maximally suppressed in both Prp and Mlt mothers at +6 days after treatment but by day +13 LH values were significantly higher in Mlt females. After oestradiol treatment during week 36, LH values were again maximally suppressed on day +6 in Prp females but not in Mlt females. However, the response of serum LH after oestradiol treatment during week 41 was similar between Prp and Mlt females at all sampling points.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The infant care questionnaire: assessment of reliability and validity in a sample of healthy mothers.

Few instruments are available to assess perceptions of competence in the specific maternal role function of infant care provider. This article reports on a methodological study of the development and evaluation of the Infant Care Questionnaire (ICQ), a self-report scale designed to measure the mother's perceptions of her abilities and competence as an infant care provider. The sample consisted of healthy low-risk primiparous and multiparous mothers (N = 164) of term infants. Principal components factor analysis with a Varimax rotation produced a three factor solution that explained 42% of the total variance. The three factors were Mom&Baby, Emotionality, and Responsiveness with Cronbach alpha coefficients of .86, .79, and .58, respectively. Validity evidence included higher Mom&Baby scores for multiparous mothers, F (1, 139) = 10.78, p = .001; those with greater time in the mothering role, F (2, 138) = 21.78, p = .000; and a significant correlation with the similar Maternal Confidence Scale, r (155) = .48, p = .000. Acquisition of competence was shown in a greater proportion of mothers rated "competent" at five weeks compared with one week postnatal, chi 2 (1, N = 156) = 22.77, p = .000. While the ICQ demonstrated adequate reliability and validity, establishment of clinical relevance and appropriateness with other groups is required.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of iron status on cadmium dose among pregnant women. METHODS: Iron status and cadmium concentration in blood, urine, and placenta were determined among women followed for 2 years from early pregnancy. RESULTS: Blood cadmium and urinary cadmium were correlated with iron status throughout the study period. Urinary cadmium increased longitudinally among women with exhausted iron stores during their pregnancy. The increase in urinary cadmium with age was more pronounced in multiparous than in nulliparous women. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency during pregnancy leads to increased cadmium absorption and body burden. Multiparous women exhibit additional increases with increasing age.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between normal oral glucose tolerance test in women at risk for gestational diabetes and large for gestational age infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the glycemic status of pregnant women with a normal 3-h 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is related to outcome with respect to large for gestational age (LGA) infants. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective study of 2631 women was conducted. One hundred seventy-six women had an OGTT based either on a 1-h 50-g OGTT (n = 105) or clinical risk factors (n = 71). Thirty-three women were diagnosed as having gestational diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Negligible discriminatory capacity for the variables with respect to prediction of LGA infants was indicated by the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for fasting blood glucose, 2-h OGTT blood glucose, and the OGTT response curve area for women with a normal OGTT (n = 143). However, a statistically significant increased incidence of LGA infants was established for both the OGTT-positive and normal OGTT groups (P less than 0.0001). Multiparity, a maternal weight greater than or equal to 70 kg, and birth of a male infant were other factors associated with a significantly increased frequency of LGA infants. CONCLUSIONS: The results may be interpreted as either indicating a role for confounding variables, i.e., maternal weight, multiparity, and birth of a male infant, or the imprecision of the OGTT in assessing physiologically important changes in maternal hyperglycemia.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2000

Growth of the conceptus in alpacas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine growth of the alpaca conceptus during early gestation, using ultrasonography. ANIMALS: 40 pregnant alpacas (20 multiparous, 20 nulliparous). PROCEDURE: Transrectal ultrasonography with a 5-MHz probe was performed 3 times weekly from days 7 through 45 after copulation (day of copulation = day 0). Blood samples were collected for progesterone assay on days of ultrasonography. RESULTS: Forty embryonic vesicles and embryos were identified and measured. Embryonic vesicles were first detected on day 12 after copulation and appeared spherical. Cumulative percentage of embryonic vesicles detected was 50, 82.5, and 100% on days 12, 14, and 16, respectively. Embryos were first detected by day 22 and heartbeats by day 24. Similarly, cumulative percentage of embryos detected was 17.5, 82.5 and 100% for 22, 24, and 26 days after copulation, respectively. Embryonic vesicles occupied both uterine horns beginning on day 19. A positive correlation existed between length and width of embryonic vesicles. Size of embryonic vesicles and embryos and progesterone concentrations did not differ between multiparous and nulliparous females. Five sets of twins were detected from days 21 through 33 after copulation, but the conceptus identified in the right uterine horn became nondetectable between days 28 and 33. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ultrasonography was useful in detecting the earliest appearance of alpaca embryonic vesicles and determining the changes in growth from days 12 through 45 after copulation. Embryos were first detected by day 22. Transrectal ultrasonography was not harmful to animals and did not provoke embryonic death in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation in beef cattle that calved in late winter and late summer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of breed and oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation on serum vitamin E and IgG concentrations in beef cows that calved in late winter and late summer and in neonatal calves. ANIMALS: 73 Angus and 43 Hereford primiparous and multiparous cows and their calves. PROCEDURE: Cows in groups that were homogeneous regarding breed and age distribution were randomly allotted to groups that were orally supplemented (n = 59) or not supplemented (57) with vitamin E beginning 30 days prior to onset of 65-day calving seasons. Supplemental vitamin E was provided in a vitamin-mineral mix offered free-choice until parturition. RESULTS: Cows that calved in late winter and were supplemented orally with vitamin E had higher serum vitamin E concentrations at calving and after calving than did unsupplemented cows; differences between groups before calving were not significant. Calves from supplemented multiparous cows had higher vitamin E concentrations than did calves from unsupplemented cows. Winter-born calves from supplemented Hereford cows had heavier 205-day adjusted weaning weights than did winter-born calves from unsupplemented Hereford cows. Supplementation did not affect vitamin E or IgG concentrations in the herd that calved in late summer and did not affect calf growth. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation may be economically beneficial in certain cow-calf operations in which late-gestation cows are consuming stored forages.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of administration of a controlled-release monensin capsule on incidence of calving-related disorders, fertility, and milk yield in dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a controlled-release monensin capsule administered at cessation of lactation on incidence of calving-related disorders, fertility, and milk yield in dairy cows. ANIMALS: 290 dairy cows treated with monensin and 290 untreated control cows. PROCEDURE: Treated cows received a capsule that released monensin at 335 mg/d for 95 days. Incidence of calving-related disorders; daily milk yield up to 20 days postpartum; test-day milk yield, fat, protein, and mature-equivalent 305-day milk production; and body condition score at calving were determined. Reproductive variables were conception rate at first service, pregnancy rate, and calving-to-conception interval. RESULTS: Cows treated with monensin were 2.1 times as likely to develop dystocia and 0.8 times as likely to develop metritis as control cows. For milk yield, there was an interaction of treatment X time X parity. In multiparous cows, monensin significantly improved milk yield at test days 4 and 7. In addition, monensin increased body condition score at calving. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite increasing the likelihood of developing dystocia and metritis, administration of monensin improved the lactational performance of multiparous cows and may be a promising additive for use at the time of cessation of lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of effect of estradiol cypionate administered prophylactically to postparturient dairy cows at high risk for metritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 4 mg of estradiol cypionate (ECP) administered prophylactically to high-risk postparturient dairy cows decreases incidence of postpartum metritis. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-masked clinical trial. ANIMALS: 250 postparturient dairy cows in a herd with postparturient hypocalcemia, retained fetal membranes, dystocia, stillbirth, or twins. PROCEDURE: Cows were given 4 mg of ECP (treatment) or 2 mL of vegetable oil (control) by i.m. injection within 24 to 36 hours of calving. Monitoring rectal temperatures and evaluation for metritis was performed once daily for 10 days. Cows with fever > or = 39.7 degrees C (103.5 degrees F) were treated with 1.5 g of ceftiofur hydrochloride. RESULTS: When assessed by ordinal logistic regression, there were no differences between groups in incidence of mild or severe metritis. Cows that calved during the second or third quarter of the year were at increased risk of metritis, compared with those that calved during the fourth quarter. Following stratification by lactation (first and > or = 2), it was observed that multiparous cows that did not receive antimicrobials during the first 3 days of the postparturient period were 5 times as likely to have metritis, compared with cows treated with antimicrobials on the basis of fever or other concurrent disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Prophylactic administration of ECP to dairy cows at high risk for metritis did not reduce risk for metritis. Treating multiparous cows with antimicrobials on the basis of fever during the early postpartum period was associated with decreased incidence of metritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Memories of labor and birth: reliability of post partum questionnaire reports.

The stability of reports of feelings during vaginal births was assessed in three studies. In Study I, post partum reports from 475 primiparous women who participated in a childbirth preparation program were compared to identify differences between reports completed from the day of the birth to more than six weeks after the birth. In Study II, the post partum reports of 46 primiparous and 95 multiparous women completed 1, 3, or 6 mo. after giving birth were compared. In Study III, test-retest reliabilities were calculated for post partum reports completed by 22 primiparous and 16 multiparous women during the 5th and 7th post partum weeks. In these studies, reports of pain during labor were stable.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Enhancement of sow reproductive performance by beta-carotene or vitamin A.

Two experiments were conducted at separate commercial farms. In Exp. 1, all primiparous sows and an equal number of multiparous sows weaned each week were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Treatments consisted of one i.m. injection on the day of weaning of 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg of beta-carotene. Sows were checked for estrus with boars once daily and mated at first estrus after weaning. A sample of sows (n = 100) was selected for determination of plasma beta-carotene and vitamin A. Blood samples were obtained from another group (n = 120) 14 d after injection to determine plasma progesterone. In Exp. 2, treatments consisted of i.m. injection of 200 mg of beta-carotene, 50,000 IU of vitamin A, or vehicle on the day of weaning, on the day of mating, and on d 7 after mating. In both experiments, the sow diet was supplemented with 11,000 IU/kg of vitamin A. In Exp. 1, there was no effect of dose of beta-carotene on the interval from weaning to estrus or on the repeat service rate. There was a dose x parity interaction on the number of pigs born dead (P < .01) and born alive (P < .10), because treatment with beta-carotene did not affect reproduction in primiparous sows, but litters subsequently farrowed by multiparous sows had more pigs born alive and fewer pigs born dead. There was a dose x day interaction (P < .05) on plasma beta-carotene; beta-carotene was elevated on d 6 and 13 after injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Kinetics of splanchnic progesterone metabolism in ewes fed two levels of nutrition.

The objective of this study was to determine whether chronic nutritional treatment influences progesterone (P4) metabolism by splanchnic tissues and to develop a mathematical model of P4 metabolism in ewes. Five ovariectomized (ovx), multiparous ewes were assigned to a high feed intake and five multiparous ovx ewes were assigned to a low feed intake. The ewes with high feed intake received daily ME intakes of 99 kcal/BWkg.75, and the ewes with low intake received daily ME intakes of 63 kcal/BWkg.75. Catheters were placed surgically in the abdominal aorta, the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic vein, and a mesenteric vein. Blood and plasma flows across visceral organs were determined by marker dilution (p-aminohippuric acid), and P4 was determined with a RIA. The net splanchnic P4 flux and oxygen (O2) consumption were determined during five rates of P4 infusion into the jugular vein (112, 224, 449, 897, and 1,795 micrograms/h). Splanchnic O2 consumption was greater (P = .05) in the ewes with high feed intake. Net splanchnic P4 flux did not differ (P > .10) between nutritional treatments. The correlation between net splanchnic P4 flux and O2 consumption did not differ from zero (P = .69). Net splanchnic P4 flux was related linearly to plasma arterial P4 concentration. Splanchnic tissue clearance rate was 18% of the infusion rate. The behavior of the P4 model indicates that whole-body P4 metabolism is the sum of first-order kinetic reactions. The data indicate that splanchnic clearance of P4 is not affected by nutritional status.

Animal Feed↗