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When peace breaks out--Mozambican refugees: a study in socio-economic reintegration.
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Migration distances: an international comparison.
Comparing the level or amount of migration within different countries has been a longstanding problem because the local administrative areas commonly used as the basis for measuring migration vary greatly in size and significance within and between countries. Distance moved is a critical aspect of most concepts of migration, and measuring it would facilitate cross-national comparisons. Apparently only the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden have measured migration distances for the country as a whole, and this information is used as the basis for comparative analysis of spatial mobility.
Two distinct subpopulations of endosomes involved in membrane recycling and transport to lysosomes.
Functionally distinct subpopulations of endosomes involved in targeting internalized material to specific intracellular destinations were resolved as two distinct peaks by free-flow electrophoresis. The less anodally shifted peak contained a population of early endosomes selectively labeled by brief exposures to endocytic tracers or by receptor-bound transferrin. Late endosomes, labeled only after longer periods of internalization, migrated more toward the anode. While both fluid phase and certain receptor-bound markers could be rapidly chased from early to late endosomes, transferrin remained in vesicles comigrating with early endosomes even after prolonged uptake. Thus early and late endosomes are kinetically related but functionally distinct: early endosomes serve as the major site of recycling of membrane and surface receptors and late endosomes are involved in delivery to lysosomes. The subpopulations each contain unique polypeptides not found on the plasma membrane. Thus, endosomes cannot be derived entirely from internalized cell surface components, and may have at least partly independent biosynthetic origins.
Effects of international law on migration policy and practice: the uses of hypocrisy.
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Migration and marital status. The case of Switzerland.
"The present study describes...a part of the interrelation of living arrangements and migration: The connection between marital status and spatial mobility. Moreover, the significance of the reasons for family migration will be assessed. [Section] 2 covers the relationship between family or household structure and change of residence and refers to the findings of other studies. The third [section] presents the empirical findings which are to be seen against the background of changing household and family patterns in Switzerland over the last 20 to 30 years. With the aid of aggregated data from censuses and population registration offices, the differences in migratory behaviour by socio-demographic characteristics are first shown: by age, sex, marital status and nationality. In addition, a distinction is made between intercommune, intercantonal and international migration. The initial findings of the descriptive analysis are followed by multivariate statistics produced with the aid of microdata from the Swiss Labour Force Survey." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)
"Population" on development agenda.
"There is no peace without development and without the eradication of poverty neither would be achieved". This was the thread permeating the first inter-governmental consideration of the report of the UN Secretary-General on "An Agenda for Development" at the 1994 session of the Economic and Social Council on 28 June 1994. The meeting also agreed that pressures caused by population growth, international migration and urbanization should be given thorough consideration in the Agenda for Development. The Secretary-General thought that the time was ripe for the Agenda for Development to appear. The very concept of development had changed, he said; the concept needed to be expanded. "I am firmly convinced that the fiftieth anniversary of the UN must be, for us, the opportunity to rethink and to reinvent our economic and social development policy", he said.
Migration and substance use: evidence from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey.
Representative data from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey are used to investigate the substance use patterns of immigrants and compare them to those of the native born populations. The information examined is from the 1991 supplementary Drug and Alcohol Use Data File, which examined the self-reported substance use behaviors of approximately 21,000 adults aged 18-44. Findings indicate that immigrants to the U.S. in the late twentieth century are less likely to use alcohol and other drugs than are native born citizens. Additional findings suggest assimilation processes by which exposure to mainstream American society leads to patterns of alcohol and illicit drug use among long term immigrants that approximates that of the native born population. The patterns of substance use observed among immigrants, however, are not consistent with acculturative stress mechanisms. These findings provide an important and representative profile of the substance use patterns of one of the largest international migration streams of the past one hundred years.
[Immigration of dentists and its effects on the dental profession in Hungary].
There were a very remarkable ethnic and demographic shift in the social composition of dental health care providers in Hungary after the collapse of the old regime in 1989. Hungary is surrounded by states with large ethnic Hungarian minorities blocked in their free migration up to the late 1980's. Although the non-educated members of the Hungarian diaspora did not leave these areas in mass numbers, a great number of highly educated people (among them preeminently health care professionals) moved to the mother state mainly for economic reasons. Dentistry comparing to other medical professions has a special financial advantage because of the considerable share of private financing in the Hungarian dental business. Unfortunately, no statistical analysis was made on the impact of this professional migration in the last 15 years. The present article based on a cross-sectional survey conducted at the end of 2004 demonstrates the proportion of immigrants (mean 7.81 %) among the total number of dental health care providers (5670 to a 10.2 million population) There are 2764 area bounded solo practices contracted to the National Health Insurance (NHI), the other 2907 professionals are engaged in the free market business, and/or they are public employees of the universities with dental faculty as well. As expected, the share of immigrants is higher in NHI-practices, but it varies in a wide range (1.9 - 23.6%) amidst the different counties (19 units plus the capital). Nevertheless, the immigrants may also participate in the free market segment of the dentistry. The variations can be explained by geographic, internal migrational and local economic reasons.
Global estimates of high-level brain drain and deficit.
Brain drain, the international migration of scientists in search of better opportunities, has been a long-standing concern, but quantitative measurements are uncommon and limited to specific countries or disciplines. We need to understand brain drain at a global level and estimate the extent to which scientists born in countries with low opportunities never realize their potential. Data on 1523 of the most highly cited scientists for 1981-1999 are analyzed. Overall, 31.9% of these scientists did not reside in the country where they were born (range 18.1-54.6% across 21 different scientific fields). There was great variability across developed countries in the proportions of foreign-born resident scientists and emigrating scientists. Countries without a critical mass of native scientists lost most scientists to migration. This loss occurred in both developed and developing countries. Adjusting for population and using the U.S. as reference, the number of highly cited native-born scientists was at least 75% of the expected number in only 8 countries other than the U.S. It is estimated that approximately 94% of the expected top scientists worldwide have not been able to materialize themselves due to various adverse conditions. Scientific deficit is only likely to help perpetuate these adverse conditions.
U.S. population: where we are; where we're going.
This Bulletin reviews recent trends in the dynamics and character of the U.S. population, the outlook for the remainder of the 1980s, and prospects for longterm growth. Estimated at 232 million as of mid-1982, the U.S. population is currently growing at about 1% a year, one of the developed world's highest growth rates. Natural increase (births-deaths) still adds some 1.7 million people a year, despite the rapid postbaby boom fall in fertility to a near-record low rate of 1.9 births/woman in 1981. With increasing numbers of refugees, net legal immigration averaged 600,000/year in 1979-81 and the net inflow of illegal immigrants may now be 500,000 a year. Uncertainty over potentially large numbers of immigrants complicates projections of future U.S. population size. Currently, the U.S. death rate is at an alltime low. More than 1/2 the population now resides in the South and West. Rural areas and small towns grew faster than urban areas in the 1970s for the 1st time in over a century. Educational attainment is at an alltime high, as is labor force participation, due to increasing employment among women and the baby boom generation's arrival at working ages. The age composition of the population, with the bulge of the baby boom generation surrounded by the older "depression" generation born during the 1930s and the younger "baby bust" generation born since the end of the 1960s, presents special problems for U.S. society.
Stop female genital mutilation: appeal to the international dermatologic community.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional cultural practice, but also a form of violence against girls, which affects their lives as adult women. FGM comprises a wide range of procedures: the excision of the prepuce; the partial or total excision of the clitoris (clitoridectomy) and labia; or the stitching and narrowing of the vaginal orifice (infibulation). The number of girls and women who have been subjected to FGM is estimated at around 137 million worldwide and 2 million girls per year are considered at risk. Most females who have undergone mutilation live in 28 African countries. Globalization and international migration have brought an increased presence of circumcised women in Europe and developed countries. Healthcare specialists need to be made aware and trained in the physical, psychosexual, and cultural aspects and effects of FGM and in the response to the needs of genitally mutilated women. Health education programs targeted at immigrant communities should include information on sexuality, FGM, and reproduction. Moreover, healthcare workers should both discourage women from performing FGM on their daughters and receive information on codes of conduct and existing laws. The aim is the total eradication of all forms of FGM.
Endocytosis in proximal tubule cells involves a two-phase membrane-recycling pathway.
The aims of the present study were to examine the initial events of endocytosis with respect to migration, internalization, and recycling of protein binding sites on the luminal plasma membrane of genuine renal proximal tubule cells (not cultured cells), and in particular the sequential involvement of dense apical tubules (DAT). Isolated rabbit proximal tubules were first perfused at low temperature (9 degrees C) with insulin-gold to label the binding sites and then with disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) for 20 min to covalently cross-link insulin-gold and binding sites. The tubules were subsequently perfused for 4-30 min at 25 or 37 degrees C before fixation to follow the pathways of the binding sites. The present experimental approach allowed a temporal separation of the subcellular processes involved in endocytosis. The identity and organization of the different organelles were certified by serial sectioning of the experimental tubules. In tubules fixed directly at low temperature after cross-linking the label was located on the microvilli membranes and in plasma membrane invaginations. The labeling of microvilli decreased with time of perfusion at 25 degrees C in parallel with a simultaneous increase of labeling of invaginations, suggesting lateral migration of the binding sites. The invaginations pinched off from the surface to form endocytic vesicles. The binding sites were subsequently trafficked either to 1) tubular elongations from endocytic vesicles or small vacuoles, which again form DAT, or 2) in a later sequence trafficked to larger vacuoles, from which tubular elongations and DAT also form. The elongations formed the DAT that transported binding sites back to the luminal plasma membrane. Lysosomes and Golgi apparatus were not involved in membrane recycling. Thus the present study provides evidence for a two-phase recycling pathway of membrane proteins involved in endocytosis.
Female genital mutilation in the context of migration: experience of African women with the Swiss health care system.
BACKGROUND: In contrast to other European countries, the Swiss health care system does not deal with the specific needs of women with female genital mutilation (FGM) in a consistent manner, though migrants from countries where FGM is commonly practised are living in Switzerland. METHODS: For this study, the interaction of women who had undergone FGM, with the Swiss health services was analysed both from the perspective of the women concerned and that of health care professionals (doctors and midwives). The methods used were mainly qualitative, including focus group discussions with 29 women from Somalia and Eritrea and telephone interviews with 37 health care professionals. RESULTS: It is estimated that some 6000 girls and women with FGM could be living in Switzerland. The fact that health care providers rarely see such patients and the absence of professional guidelines give rise to misunderstandings. Counselling of the women is often inadequate, and there is a striking lack of communication about FGM between health care providers and users, as well as within the women's communities. As a surprising finding, reinfibulation is carried out in Switzerland when requested by the patient. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that at present the specific gynaecological and obstetric health care needs of migrant women who have undergone FGM are not adequately addressed in the Swiss health system. The situation could be easily improved by taking into consideration the fairly simple measures suggested by the women and the health care providers taking part in this study. KEY POINTS: Due to international migration, female genital mutilation (FGM) has become an issue of increasing concern in host countries such as Switzerland. Objectives of this study were to analyze how immigrant women with FGM experience gynaecological/obstetrical care in the Swiss health care system, and to investigate if gynaecologists/obstetricians and midwives treat and counsel FGM related complications adequately. Specific health care needs of women with FGM should--and easily could--be better considered by the Swiss health care system. Recommended measures include capacity building and professional guidelines on FGM for health care providers; and access to culturally appropriate information and self-help groups for the communities concerned.
[Successful use of a button system in "buried bumper" syndrome].
HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: A 65-year-old patient had a fracture of the skull with resulting swallowing disorder and underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) 9 months previously. A specific home care and maintenance of the PEG was not provided. The patient was referred to our hospital because of haematemesis on the suspicion of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. He was in a generally reduced condition with the clinical signs of anaemia and with a positive shock index. INVESTIGATIONS: The laboratory tests revealed an anaemia. The gastroscopy showed an active bleeding ulcer under the migrated internal bumper of the PEG (buried bumper syndrome). The bleeding activity was classified as Forrest lb. In addition, the chest X-ray and the bronchoscopy showed bilateral pneumonia. DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND COURSE: Summarizing the diagnoses there was an active bleeding ulcer in the sense of a buried bumper syndrome in combination with bilateral pneumonia caused by aspiration. After releasing the bumper the bleeding was stopped by local injection therapy. As additional treatment of the lesion it was aimed to lower pressure on the affected mucosal area. This was achieved by the use of a button gastrostomy with a liquid-filled retention balloon that was placed through the preexisting stoma. The pneumonia was treated with antibiotics. Follow-up gastroscopies revealed good healing of the ulcer and the patient was discharged. CONCLUSIONS: The complication of a buried bumper syndrome with ulcer bleeding can effectively be treated by the use of a button gastrostomy. Treatment is based on sufficient pressure relief in the affected mucosa area. Advantages can be seen in the maintenance of the stoma and in the opportunity for an early continuation of enteral feeding.
Predictors of psychological well-being amongst Korean immigrants to the United States: a structured interview survey.
BACKGROUND: As international migration becomes a common phenomenon in many countries, the health issues of immigrants are becoming an important area of concern among health care professionals worldwide. OBJECTIVE: Adopting the stress-health outcome framework, this study examined risks and resources of both positive and negative affect (i.e., happiness and depression) among Korean Americans who experienced acculturative and recent life stresses. METHODS: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to examine correlates of positive and negative outcomes in the stress process on a final sample of 147 Korean immigrants from a cross-sectional study. RESULTS: For happiness, lower levels of acculturative stress and recent life stress, a greater sense of mastery, and greater social support were associated with an increased level of happiness. None of the individual characteristics were significant. R(2) for the full model was .53. For negative affect, acculturative stress and recent life stress explained a significant portion (41%) of the total variance associated with depression (R(2)=.51). As with the happiness variable, individual characteristics failed to add to the predictiveness of the equation, while sense of mastery and social support functioned as significant resources in reducing depression. CONCLUSION: Increased mastery and greater social support were consistently predictive of greater happiness and less depression. Implications for future immigrant research are discussed.
International Organization for Migration: experience on the need for medical evacuation of refugees during the Kosovo crisis in 1999.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) developed and implemented a three-month project entitled Priority Medical Screening of Kosovar Refugees in Macedonia, within the Humanitarian Evacuation Program (HEP) for Kosovar refugees from FR Yugoslavia, which was adopted in May 1999. The project was based on an agreement with the office of United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and comprised the entry of registration data of refugees with medical condition (Priority Medical Database), and classification (Priority Medical Screening) and medical evacuation of refugees (Priority Medical Evacuation) in Macedonia. To realize the Priority Medical Screening project plan, IOM developed and set up a Medical Database linked to IOM/UNHCR HEP database, recruited and trained a four-member data entry team, worked out and set up a referral system for medical cases from the refugee camps, and established and staffed medical contact office for refugees in Skopje and Tetovo. Furthermore, it organized and staffed a mobile medical screening team, developed and implemented the system and criteria for the classification of referred medical cases, continuously registered and classified the incoming medical reports, contacted regularly the national delegates and referred to them the medically prioritized cases asking for acceptance and evacuation, and co-operated and continuously exchanged the information with UNHCR Medical Co-ordination and HEP team. Within the timeframe of the project, 1,032 medical cases were successfully evacuated for medical treatment to 25 host countries throughout the world. IOM found that those refugees suffering from health problems, who at the time of the termination of the program were still in Macedonia and had not been assisted by the project, were not likely to have been priority one cases, whose health problems could be solved only in a third country. The majority of these vulnerable people needed social rather than medical care and assistance a challenge that international aid agencies needed to address in Macedonia and will need to address elsewhere.
African gene flow to north Brazil as revealed by HBB*S gene haplotype analysis.
Haplotypes linked to the HBB*S gene were analyzed in a sample of 260 chromosomes of Brazilian sickle cell anemia patients from the population of Belém, state of Pará, to evaluate if the present-day haplotype frequencies correlate as well as expected with historical information on the geographic origin of African slaves sent directly to Northern Brazil. The HBB*S gene haplotype distribution (66% Bantu, 21.8% Benin, 10.9% Senegal, and 1.3% Cameroon) is in agreement with those observed for other Brazilian populations regarding the highest proportion of the Bantu type, followed by the Benin type, but it differs significantly concerning the Senegal type as this haplotype is rare or absent in samples from other Brazilian regions already studied. In addition, our results are in accordance with historical records that establish that about 90% of the slaves sent to Northern Brazil were from Angola, Congo, and Mozambique, where the Bantu haplotype predominates, in contrast to 10% of slaves from Senegambia, Guine-Bissau, and Cape Verde, where the Senegal haplotype is the most common. On the other hand, the observed frequency of the Benin haplotype in Belém was much higher than that expected by historical data. This fact corroborates the suggestion that the high prevalence of the Benin type in Belém is due to domestic slave trade and later internal migrations, mainly from the Northeast, since there are no historical records of direct slave trade from Central West Africa to North Brazil.