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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Left atrial function as a predictor of haemodynamic response in patients with mitral stenosis: a dobutamine stress echocardiographic study.

OBJECTIVE: The mechanisms of the different haemodynamic and clinical responses to dobutamine infusion in mitral stenosis (MS) are not clearly established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between left atrial (LA) function and haemodynamic response in patients with MS during dobutamine infusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-two consecutive moderately symptomatic patients (33 women, 9 men; mean age 46+/-9, range from 26 to 66), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II with MS (mean mitral valve area 1.7+/-0.1 cm2) were evaluated with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Haemodynamic measurements were obtained at rest and during peak dobutamine infusion. LA fractional shortening at rest was used as an index of global LA function. Group I consisting of patients with significantly elevated pulmonary artery pressure (> 60 mm Hg) and mean transmitral gradient (> 15 mm Hg) at peak dobutamine infusion were defined as haemodynamically serious MS. Group II consisted of the remaining 30 patients whose haemodynamic data were below these levels. While baseline haemodynamic parameters and mitral valve characteristics were not different between the two groups, LA fractional shortening was significantly lower (18.9+/-2.8 vs. 32.3+/-5.1%, p<0.0001) and left atrial dimension was significantly larger in group I (49.7+/-2.3 mm vs 43.6+/-5.3 mm, p<0.0001). Left atrial fractional shortening was negatively correlated with the increase in mean transmitral gradient (r:-0.58, p<0.01). When the patients were divided using a LA fractional shortening level of 25% as the cut-off point, we observed that the patients with low LA fractional shortening had a greater increase in mean transmitral gradient (7.3+/-3.1 mm Hg vs. 4.6+/-1.4 mm Hg), p = 0.005) and pulmonary artery pressure (22.4+/-3.5 mm Hg vs. 16.1+/-8.5 mm Hg, p = 0.001) compared to the patients with high LA fractional shortening. Based on these haemodynamic results, management was changed in 12 patients (28%): 5 underwent percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy and 7 received intensive medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that haemodynamic response during dobutamine stress echocardiography correlates with LA fractional shortening in patients with MS. The evaluation of left atrial function at rest in patients with ambiguous symptoms and mild mitral stenosis may be useful in clinical decision making. Atrial dysfunction at rest may predict the haemodynamic response during stress echo in these patients.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1995

Left atrial appendage flow velocity and spontaneous echo contrast in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis: a multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic study.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC), a putative marker of thrombo-embolic risk, is commonly located in the left atrial appendage (LAA). The aims of this work were to evaluate, using multiplane transesophageal echography, the echocardiographic determinants, specifically LAA outflow Doppler velocity, in the presence of SEC in patients with rheumatic MS. METHODS: Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic tests were performed on 61 patients. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the presence and type of valvular disease. Patients in group I (n = 28) presented with rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). Patients in group II (n = 18) presented with valvular heart disease other than MS, and patients in group III (n = 15) had no history of valvular heart disease. The left atrium and appendage were examined for the presence of spontaneous echocontrast and thrombus, using multiplane echo scopy with transducer rotation. Minimal and maximal appendage areas were measured, on a computer-assisted bablet, by tracing a line from the top of the limbus of the left upper pulmonary vein to the appendage endocardial border. The LAA ejection fraction was calculated according to the formula: (maximal area-minimal area)/maximal area. Mitral valvular condition was evaluated with transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Left atrial appendage blood flow velocity profiles were obtained with pulsed-wave Doppler at the orifice of the LAA. RESULTS: LASEC was present in 18 of 28 patients with mitral stenosis (64.3%). Patients with LASEC showed a greater incidence of atrial fibrillation (14/18 vs 12/43, p < 0.005), larger LAD (53.67 +/- 8.74 vs 40.54 +/- 14.85, p < 0.005), smaller LAAEF (38.7 +/- 1.53 vs 69.5 +/- 24.0, p < 0.05), smaller LAAMEV (20.28 +/- 10.07 vs 2.95 +/- 25.11, p < 0.005) and smaller LAAMFV (24.6 +/- 12.23 vs 36.00 +/- 11.01, p < 0.01), when compared with patients without LASEC. For group I, LAAEF, LAAMEV and LAAFV were smaller in patients with SEC than in patients without SEC (p < 0.005, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). However LAD values were similar for patients with and without SEC (53.67 +/- 8.75 vs 54.20 +/- 18.81, p = NS). Both LAAMEV and LAAMFV were related to SEC in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, LAD did not show the same trend. CONCLUSIONS: LASEC is more commonly observed in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis or atrial fibrillation. Both LAAMEV and LAAMFV are associated with SEC in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular systolic functions in pure mitral stenosis.

Detailed echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular muscle thickness and systolic functions was performed in twenty two cases of isolated rheumatic mitral stenosis without clinical signs of systemic venous congestion, tricuspid regurgitation or atrial fibrillation. Twenty two age and sex matched normal persons formed the control group. Right ventricular thickness was significantly increased in the patients with mitral stenosis. End-diastolic and end-systolic long axis measurements and areas were significantly increased and fractional shortening of these parameters was significantly reduced in the patient group. Our results show that right ventricular systolic functions are significantly impaired even in absence of clinical signs of systemic venous congestion. This impairment of systolic function did not correlate with pulmonary flow acceleration time. Myocardial involvement in rheumatic process could be one possibility. Systolic movement of the Tricuspid annulus and right ventricular mid cavity short axis dimension were not sensitive in detecting right ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Changing patterns of mitral stenosis in childhood and pregnancy in Sri Lanka.

The findings in rheumatic mitral stenosis appear to have undergone changes, probably in association with improved socioeconomic conditions, in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess such changes and to adapt strategies of management. The clinical and pathologic features, mortality rate, long-term functional class and restenosis rate in 168 children and 62 pregnant women who underwent closed transventricular mitral valvotomy in the first 14-year period (June 1964 to May 1978) were compared and correlated with those of 140 children and 106 pregnant women in the following 7-year period (June 1978 to May 1985). During the late period, there were attenuated severity of the disease, emergence of a mild pathologic type of valve involvement confined to the commissures (commissural band stenosis), decreased mortality (1.2%) and restenosis rates (p less than 0.001) and increased long-term improvement (p less than 0.001) during childhood. The best results of closed valvotomy were obtained in simple commissural and commissural band stenosis, the latter forming the predominant group in children and pregnant women in the late period (p less than 0.001). Poor results were observed in patients with the subtype of combined stenosis characterized by commissural rigidity, cuspal stenosis and chordal fusion, demonstrating the inapplicability of closed valvotomy. Closed valvotomy is safe in all stages of pregnancy, as evidenced by the zero mortality rate and rate (1.8%) of fetal death, and offers good long-term palliation. However, in pregnant women with pure mitral stenosis characterized by simple commissural or commissural band stenosis, balloon valvuloplasty is an acceptable alternative, especially in light of the risks associated with surgery. The choice of the procedure for the relief of stenosis is determined by the pathologic anatomy of the valve stenosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Resolution of left atrial thrombi after anticoagulant therapy in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis: report of four cases.

The presence of a left atrial thrombus is considered to be a relative contraindication to percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. However, resolution of left atrial thrombus after anticoagulant therapy with warfarin makes PTMC possible. From July 1989 to June 1991, a total of 70 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis received PTMC at National Taiwan University Hospital. Of these, four patients underwent PTMC uneventfully after resolution of left atrial thrombi with anticoagulant therapy. The prothrombin time was kept at around 1.5 times that for the normal controls and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was used for follow-up. The time for resolution of left atrial thrombi was 1.5, 11, 12, and 2 months. In all four patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, TEE revealed the presence of left atrial thrombi; in only two of these cases was there a suspicion of left atrial thrombi on transthoracic echocardiography. It is concluded that: (1) left atrial thrombi may be resolved after anticoagulant therapy with warfarin, but the time required varies for different patients; and (2) TEE is better than conventional transthoracic echocardiography for detecting a left atrial thrombus and is recommended as the tool of choice for observing the response of a left atrial thrombus to anticoagulant therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Membranous supravalvular mitral stenosis: a treatable form of congenital heart disease.

The clinical data, echocardiographic findings, operative anatomy and postoperative follow-up were assessed in 14 patients who had surgery for membranous supravalvular mitral stenosis between 1978 and 1985. The patients ranged in age from 6 weeks to 13 years at the time of operation, and 8 of the 14 had associated mitral valve abnormalities. Other associated lesions included ventricular septal defect (n = 7), coarctation of the aorta (n = 5), left superior vena cava (n = 6), subaortic stenosis (n = 3) and atrial septal defect (n = 1). Twelve of the 14 patients had successful removal of the supravalvular membrane, which was usually adherent to the valve, and 2 patients with associated mitral valve abnormalities underwent mitral valve replacement. There were no operative deaths. Review of preoperative two-dimensional echocardiograms, which were available in 11 patients, revealed two types of membranous supravalvular mitral stenosis in 10 patients. In four of these patients, the membrane was only evident after repeated stop action viewing from a single subcostal or parasternal location. The membrane was never seen in one patient. Eleven patients had follow-up in excess of 1 year, and there was one late death. Eight of the remaining 10 patients are asymptomatic, and 7 have no clinical evidence of residual mitral obstruction. Failure to recognize membranous supravalvular mitral stenosis can result in undue delay of cardiac surgery with resultant cardiopulmonary deterioration. Patients with evidence of left ventricular inflow obstruction should have extensive echocardiographic evaluation in an effort to detect membranous supravalvular mitral stenosis, which may be amenable to surgical repair.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Hemodynamic and clinical efficacies of catheter balloon percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy: experience of 100 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis.

From January 1987 to December 1988, 100 patients with symptomatic severe rheumatic mitral stenosis underwent percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC). The patients included 32 males and 68 females, aged 19-71 years (mean of 41). Mild mitral regurgitation (grade 1 or 2) was present in 23 patients and a history of thromboembolism in 12. One patient had had mitral restenosis after surgical open mitral commissurotomy 9 years earlier. The mitral valve was successfully dilated in 97 patients. PTMC resulted in immediate improvements in hemodynamic measurements. The left atrial pressure decreased from 24.5 +/- 5.3 to 14.8 +/- 5.2 mmHg (p less than 0.001), the mean mitral transvalvular gradient from 13.8 +/- 4.8 to 5.0 +/- 2.8 mmHg (p less than 0.001), and the mean pulmonary artery pressure from 38.8 +/- 12.0 to 30.6 +/- 10.3 mmHg (p less than 0.001). The mitral valve area increased from 1.1 +/- 0.3 to 2.2 +/- 0.8 cm2 (p less than 0.001). The cardiac output increased from 4.5 +/- 1.2 to 4.84 +/- 1.2 L/min (p less than 0.05). The right atrial pressure did not change significantly after PTMC (6.5 +/- 3.8 vs 6.4 +/- 4.0 mmHg). The mitral valve area measured by 2-D echocardiograms increased from 1.04 +/- 0.48 to 1.88 +/- 0.66 cm2 after PTMC (p less than 0.001). All 97 patients were followed for 6-24 months (median of 13) after the PTMC. After an initial recovery period of 1-2 weeks, all patients reported improvements in symptoms and in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class by at least one class. A comparison between treadmill exercise test durations before, and 3 months after PTMC, showed an increase from 9.1 +/- 4.3 to 15.4 +/- 3.8 minutes (n = 60; p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Asymptomatic large left-atrial ball thrombus. Secondary to mitral stenosis.

We describe the very unusual case of a patient with a large, free-floating left-atrial thrombus secondary to severe mitral stenosis, in whom the peculiar symptoms and complications of a ball thrombus were absent. The patient's only symptom before the episode reported here was mild dyspnea, which was attributed to mitral stenosis. She experienced neither embolism nor syncope. While even her clinical signs did not indicate a left-atrial ball thrombus, both echocardiography and angiography showed a free-floating thrombus. Because of the risk of stroke and acute obstruction of the mitral valve, emergency surgery was performed upon diagnosis of the ball thrombus. The surgery, which consisted of removing the thrombus and replacing the mitral valve with a mechanical prosthesis, was uneventful. A computed tomographic brain scan prior to discharge did not detect any cerebral infarction.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Failure of oral atenolol and verapamil to increase the capacity and duration of exercise in patients in sinus rhythm with mitral stenosis.

The efficacy of oral atenolol in increasing the capacity and duration of exercise in 43 patients in sinus rhythm with mitral stenosis was evaluated and compared with that of oral verapamil in an open-label cross-over design. It was observed that although oral atenolol (100 mg per day) caused significant reductions in heart rate while resting and during exercise (P less than 0.001), the increases in capacity and duration of exercise were not significant. Oral verapamil (80 mg three times per day) also caused significant reductions in the heart rates at rest and during exercise (P less than 0.05) but the increases observed, although greater than that with atenolol, failed to reach the level of statistical significance. Occasional side effects occurred with both the drugs. Subjective symptoms of dyspnoea at rest and on exertion were relieved with both the drugs. We conclude that, although both drugs reduce the symptoms of dyspnoea, they cause only minor increases in the objective parameters. They do not, therefore, provide an alternative to surgery and have only a temporary place in the management of patients in sinus rhythm with mitral stenosis who are awaiting surgery.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Left ventricular volume overload in isolated rheumatic mitral stenosis.

Having shown the absence of chronic preload insufficiency as the mechanism of modestly depressed left ventricular ejection performance in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis in our previous work, we sought to characterise a subset of patients with left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiographically determined ventricular load, ejection and contractile performance and left ventricular geometry were studied in 19 patients with mitral stenosis having left ventricular volume overload (end-diastolic volume > 90 ml/m2, Group I) and in 83 patients with normal volume (end-diastolic volume < 90 ml/m2, Group II). The two groups were well matched for age, gender, body size and mitral valve area. Left ventricular ejection fraction was similar in the two groups; however, the patients in Group I had higher end-diastolic volume (101 +/- 15 vs 58 +/- 18 ml/m2, p < 0.0001), end-systolic wall stress (81.7 +/- 17 vs 64 +/- 22 Kdynes/cm2, p < 0.0001), left ventricular mass (109 +/- 20 vs 82 +/- 19 gm/m2, p < 0.001) but lower relative wall thickness (26 +/- 6 vs 34 +/- 9%, p = 0.007), mass/volume ratio (1.1 +/- 0.23 vs 1.49 +/- 0.46 gm/ml, p < 0.001) and wall stress/end-systolic volume ratio (2.07 +/- 0.58 vs 2.65 +/- 0.92, p = 0.016). Of these 19 patients in Group I, seven had isolated volume overload while 12 had associated eccentric hypertrophy. Wall stress correlated well with fractional shortening in Group II (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) but not in Group I (r = 0.09).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗