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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects.

Recovered recurrently depressed patients were randomized to treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU plus mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Replicating previous findings, MBCT reduced relapse from 78% to 36% in 55 patients with 3 or more previous episodes; but in 18 patients with only 2 (recent) episodes corresponding figures were 20% and 50%. MBCT was most effective in preventing relapses not preceded by life events. Relapses were more often associated with significant life events in the 2-episode group. This group also reported less childhood adversity and later first depression onset than the 3-or-more-episode group, suggesting that these groups represented distinct populations. MBCT is an effective and efficient way to prevent relapse/recurrence in recovered depressed patients with 3 or more previous episodes.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1998

Meta-analyses comparing theory of mind abilities of individuals with autism, individuals with mental retardation, and normally developing individuals.

A deficit in theory of mind (ToM) abilities has been described as the core deficit in autism. The authors performed 3 meta-analyses, comparing ToM abilities of individuals with autism, individuals with mental retardation (MR), and normally developing individuals. Results indicated that individuals with autism and MR have impaired ToM abilities. The etiology associated with MR (i.e., Down syndrome, undifferentiated etiology) was found to be an important moderator variable. Chronological age (CA) and verbal mental age (VMA) of the normally developing children and CA, VMA, and performance mental age of individuals with MR, and type of matching between the groups were also found to be moderator variables. Discussion focuses on the implication of the findings and emphasizes the need to consider the specific etiology of comparison groups when studying abilities and impairments of individuals with autism and MR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Social support, positive states of mind, and HIV treatment adherence in men and women living with HIV/AIDS.

Numerous studies have linked social support to better medication adherence among illness groups, but few have examined potential mechanisms for this relationship. Relationships were examined between social support, depression, positive states of mind (PSOM), and medication adherence among HIV positive men who have sex with men (n = 61) and women (n = 29) on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Depression and PSOM were evaluated as potential mediators of the relationship between support and adherence. Cross-sectional data showed that greater social support and PSOM related to better adherence whereas higher depression scores related to nonadherence. PSOM partially mediated the relationship between social support and adherence. PSOM may be an important mechanism through which social support is related to better medication adherence in this population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Theory of mind and motion perception in schizophrenia.

This study investigated the relationship between theory of mind (ToM) deficits and visual perception in patients with schizophrenia (N=52; 17 remitted and unmedicated) compared with healthy controls (N=30). ToM was assessed with the Eyes Test, which asked participants to choose which of 4 words best described the mental state of a person whose eyes were depicted in a photograph. Visual perception was evaluated with form and motion coherence threshold measurements. Results revealed that patients with schizophrenia (both remitted and nonremitted) showed deficits on the Eyes Test and the motion coherence task. ToM dysfunctions were associated with higher motion coherence thresholds and more severe negative symptoms. This suggests that ToM deficits are related to motion perception dysfunctions, which indicates a possible role of motion-sensitive areas in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impairments in theory of mind shortly after traumatic brain injury and at 1-year follow-up.

Most studies into acquired theory of mind (ToM) deficits assessed patients once, long after the onset of brain injury. As a result, the time course of acquired ToM impairments is largely unknown. The present study examined whether ToM impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI) recover, remain stable, or worsen over time. Because of the alleged association between ToM and social communication, ToM impairments may deteriorate because of changes in patients' social environment following injury. ToM ability and executive functioning were assessed shortly after injury and at 1-year follow-up. Compared with the orthopedic control group, the TBI group was impaired on ToM and executive functioning tasks at both assessments. Furthermore, the ToM impairments in the TBI group remained stable over time.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The mind of a rationalist: German reactions to psychoanalysis in the Weimar Republic and beyond.

In this article, the author seeks to trace the various attempts on the part of well-known German psychologists in the Weimar Republic to emphasize the rational side of psychoanalysis. In doing so, the author tries to demonstrate that the early reception in this period often resembled a critique of Freud's rationalism. It is possible to discern one particular form of criticism that emerged time and again, namely the association of psychoanalysis with the rationalist mind. If researchers wish to pinpoint further what lay beneath this purported connection, then it is possible to perceive a pronounced desire to prevent analysis of what many deemed to be sacred and beyond scientific scrutiny: the soul. It is precisely this discontent with Freud's thought that survived well into the Federal Republic, when other forms of critique had been discredited or no longer commanded serious attention.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed2003

Making sense of self-conscious emotion: linking theory of mind and emotion in children with autism.

Self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment and shame are associated with 2 aspects of theory of mind (ToM): (a) the ability to understand that behavior has social consequences in the eyes of others and (b) an understanding of social norms violations. The present study aimed to link ToM with the recognition of self-conscious emotion. Children with and without autism identified facial expressions conscious of self-conscious and non-self-conscious emotions from photographs. ToM was also measured. Children with autism performed more poorly than comparison children at identifying self-conscious emotions, though they did not differ in the recognition of non-self-conscious emotions. When ToM ability was statistically controlled, group differences in the recognition of self-conscious emotion disappeared. Discussion focused on the links between ToM and self-conscious emotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Our chimpanzee mind.

Some might consider the title of this piece preposterous. Bishop Wilberforce would no doubt have shaken his fist at it, just as he disputed Huxley's championing of darwinian continuity. But the title of this essay is no more outrageous than one entitled 'The chimpanzee's bird brain', for there has been extensive evolutionary conservation of many neural and psychological functions across species. We share with chimpanzees some--but not all--mental functions, some of which are shared with other species as well. As the publication of the chimpanzee genome reveals, we also share a good deal of our DNA. Unfortunately, we are virtually in the dark when it comes to understanding how genes build minds. If comparative genomics is to enlighten our understanding of human origins, it must be accompanied by an equally rich description of animal psychology, both in terms of its underlying neural signatures and the evolutionary processes that led to convergence and divergence with other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Placebos and painkillers: is mind as real as matter?

Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect, and most of our knowledge originates from the field of pain and analgesia. Today, the placebo effect represents a promising model that could allow us to shed new light on mind-body interactions. The mental events induced by placebo administration can activate mechanisms that are similar to those activated by drugs, which indicates a similarity between psychosocial and pharmacodynamic effects. These new neurobiological advances are already changing our conception of how clinical trials and medical practice must be viewed and conducted.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2002

Neural systems involved in "theory of mind".

What is the nature of our ability to understand and reason about the beliefs of others--the possession of a "theory of mind", or ToM? Here, we review findings from imaging and lesion studies indicating that ToM reasoning is supported by a widely distributed neural system. Some functional components of this system, such as language-related regions of the left hemisphere, the frontal lobes and the right temporal parietal cortex, are not solely dedicated to the computation of mental states. However, the system also includes a core, domain-specific component that is centred on the amygdala circuitry. We provide a framework in which impairments of ToM can be viewed in terms of abnormalities of the core system, the failure of a co-opted system that is necessary for performance on a particular set of tasks, or the absence of an experiential trigger for the emergence of ToM.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1998

Schizophrenia: all in the mind or locked in the brain?

This paper questions whether a natural science language can be transposed either into the care of individuals affected by mental illness or the educational curricula of those preparing to care for them. The importance of biological research into schizophrenia is not denied. However, it is suggested that paradigms which depend upon ownership (of knowledge) may be less worthwhile to schizophrenic people than an approach which rests upon a philosophy of being. In this sense, a consideration of the place of consciousness in investigations into brain function is stated to be relevant: issues of mind and brain are central to discussions about schizophrenia. It is not denied that the laboratory-bench may ultimately unravel genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. However, a biology of persons - however persuasive its language - can lead, in the case of schizophrenia, to formulations of human defect. Forms of care which proceed from determinism can lead, as they did in the past, to the curtailment of individual aspirations for both carers and patients.

Biological Psychiatry↗
PubMed2002

Conservation of dynamic localization among MinD and MinE orthologues: oscillation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae proteins in Escherichia coli.

Min proteins are involved in the correct placement of division septa in many bacterial species. In Escherichia coli (Ec) cells, these proteins oscillate from pole to pole, ostensibly to prevent unwanted polar septation. Here, we show that Min proteins from the coccus Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) also oscillate in E. coli. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions to gonococcal MinD and MinE localized dynamically in different E. coli backgrounds. GFP-MinDNg moved from pole to pole in rod-shaped E. coli cells with a 70 +/- 25 s localization cycle when MinENg was expressed in cis. The oscillation time of GFP-MinDNg was reduced when wild-type MinENg was replaced with MinENg carrying a R30D mutation, but lengthened by 15 s when activated by MinEEc. Several mutations in the N-terminal domain of MinDNg, including K16Q and 4- and 19-amino acid truncations, prevented oscillation; these MinDNg mutants showed decreased or lost interaction with themselves and MinENg. Like MinEEc-GFP, MinENg-GFP formed MinE rings and oscillated in E. coli cells when MinDEc was expressed in cis. Finally, in round E. coli cells, GFP-MinDNg appeared to move in a plane parallel to completed septa. This pattern of movement is predicted to be similar in gonococcal cells, which also divide in alternating perpendicular planes.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2001

Healing through the mind: extending our theories, research, and clinical practice.

This paper was prompted by experience with 2 kinds of experimental designs used to investigate the impact of psychological therapies on longevity in patients with metastatic cancers. The more conventional design, a randomized controlled trial, gave a null result, and the associated psychometric tests yielded essentially no useful information on qualities of patients that might favor healing. By contrast, the second study, using a mixed qualitative/quantitative analysis of data, and a basically correlative design, produced a wealth of information on the modes of psychological adaptation of different patients to their cancer, and on the relationship of many of these qualities to longer survival. This would seem to constitute an argument for more studies of this kind in research on healing. Drawing on this experience, I discuss some general principles for research, clinical practice, and theory building in this area, among them: the value of detailed, qualitative examination of subjects case by case; ways of applying quantitative measurements to rather ill-defined psychological variables; the need for intensive psychoeducational therapy designed to foster personal growth and change; importance of the spiritual component in therapy; the validity of psychological prognoses for medical conditions; the value of higher order constructs (for example, "involvement in self-help"); and conceptualization of healing as a progressive, developmental process, in which stages may be recognized. Some definitions and distinctions between different kinds of healing are also offered, in particular, distinguishing between spontaneous, externally-assisted, and internally-assisted healing, the last being what is meant by "healing through the mind."

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

On the biophysics of consciousness and thought and characteristics of the human mind and intellect.

Since the cerebral cortex is deeply infolded (to provide a large surface area) and the celerity of neuropropagation across Golgi's layer 1 (the 'molecular feltwork' of the outer brain) has the slowest rate possible in living tissue, we suggest that consciousness, sentience and cognition are wave interference phenomena related to electroencephalographic (EEG) 'rhythms' that appear and disappear for physical reasons. To investigate this proposition, we have likened the outermost layer of the cerebral cortex to the surface of a pond, on which 'brainwaves' can travel and interfere with one another in the holographic mode to convert the neuroelectric patterns on its surface into virtual images and thoughts. We are unconscious when no waves are present, and remain so when the waves are too widely spaced to produce continuous activity on the brain's outer surface. But, as that wave-spacing decreases (i.e. EEG frequency rises), we experience REM sleep and dreams, then awareness, alertness and heightened sentience and cognition until we reach an upper state of unconsciousness when there is no longer time for our brain to be renourished during the refractory period of its neurons. These physical results may be hard to accept, but they account for the limits of consciousness (discussed quantitatively later on) and show why thoughts can seem like frequency-dependent 'phantoms of the brain'. They arise, as a virtual aspect of real biologic processes, from patterns of neurodischarge on the paleo- and neo-cortices which engender (respectively) the somatic and carnal realisms of our mind and the abstract creations of our intellect.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inhibition of Single Minded 2 gene expression mediates tumor-selective apoptosis and differentiation in human colon cancer cells.

A Down's syndrome associated gene, Single Minded 2 gene short form (SIM2-s), is specifically expressed in colon tumors but not in the normal colon. Antisense inhibition of SIM2-s in a RKO-derived colon carcinoma cell line causes growth inhibition, apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor growth in a nude mouse tumoriginicity model. The mechanism of cell death in tumor cells is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the pathways underlying apoptosis. Apoptosis was seen in a tumor cell-specific manner in RKO cells but not in normal renal epithelial cells, despite inhibition of SIM2-s expression in both of these cells by the antisense. Apoptosis was depended on WT p53 status and was caspase-dependent; it was inhibited by a pharmacological inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Expression of a key stress response gene, growth arrest and DNA damage gene (GADD)45alpha, was up-regulated in antisense-treated tumor cells but not in normal cells. In an isogenic RKO cell line expressing stable antisense RNA to GADD45alpha, a significant protection of the antisense-induced apoptosis was seen. Whereas antisense-treated RKO cells did not undergo cell cycle arrest, several markers of differentiation were deregulated, including alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of terminal differentiation. Protection of apoptosis and block of differentiation showed a correlation in the RKO model. Our results support the tumor cell-selective nature of SIM2-s gene function, provide a direct link between SIM2-s and differentiation, and may provide a model to identify SIM2-s targets.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1992

Dorsal-ventral patterning in Drosophila: DNA binding of snail protein to the single-minded gene.

The Drosophila snail gene is required for proper mesodermal development. Genetic studies suggest that it functions by repressing adjacent ectodermal gene expression including that of the single-minded (sim) gene. The snail gene encodes a protein with a zinc-finger motif, and here we report that the snail gene product is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. The snail protein recognizes a 14-base-pair consensus sequence that is found nine times in a 2.8-kilobase sim regulatory region. These results provide evidence for the direct control of sim transcription by snail.

Adenovirus Early Proteins↗
PubMed1997

Two murine homologs of the Drosophila single-minded protein that interact with the mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein.

Drosophila single-minded, which acts as a positive master gene regulator in central nervous system midline formation in Drosophila, its two mouse homologs SIM1 and SIM2, and the mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) proteins are members of the basic-helix-loop-helix.PAS family of transcription factors. In the yeast two-hybrid system, we demonstrate strong constitutive interaction of ARNT with SIM1 and SIM2 and fully ligand-dependent interaction of ARNT with AHR. Both the helix-loop-helix and the PAS regions of SIM1 and of ARNT are required for efficient heterodimerization. SIM1 and SIM2 do not form homodimers, and they do not interact with AHR. We also failed to detect homodimerization of ARNT. The interaction of ARNT with SIM1 was confirmed with in vitro synthesized proteins. Like AHR, in vitro synthesized SIM1 associates with the 90-kDa heat shock protein. SIM1 inhibits binding of the AHR.ARNT dimer to the xenobiotic response element in vitro. Introduction of SIM1 into hepatoma cells inhibits transcriptional transactivation by the endogenous AHR.ARNT dimer. The mouse SIM1. ARNT dimer binds only weakly to a proposed DNA target for the Drosophila SIM.ARNT dimer. In adult mice mRNA for SIM1 was expressed in lung, skeletal muscle, and kidney, whereas the mRNA for SIM2 was found in the latter two. ARNT is also expressed in these organs. Thus mouse SIM1 and SIM2 are novel heterodimerization partners for ARNT in vitro, and they may function both as positive and negative transcriptional regulators in vivo, during embryogenesis and in the adult organism.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Differential transcriptional regulation by mouse single-minded 2s.

Single-minded 1 and 2 are unique members of the basic helix-loop-helix Per-Arnt-Sim family as they are transcriptional repressors. Here we report the identification and transcriptional characterization of mouse Sim2s, a splice variant of Sim2, which is missing the carboxyl Pro/Ala-rich repressive domain. Sim2s is expressed at high levels in kidney and skeletal muscle; however, the ratio of Sim2 to Sim2s mRNA differs between these tissues. Similar to full-length Sim2, Sim2s interacts with Arnt and to a lesser extent, Arnt2. The effects of Sim2s on transcriptional regulation through hypoxia, dioxin, and central midline response elements are different than that of full-length Sim2. Specifically, Sim2s exerts a less repressive effect on hypoxia-induced gene expression than full-length Sim2, but is just as effective as Sim2 at repressing TCDD-induced gene expression from a dioxin response element. Interestingly, Sim2s bind to and activates expression from a central midline response element-controlled reporter through an Arnt transactivation domain-dependent mechanism. The differences in expression pattern, protein interactions, and transcriptional activities between Sim2 and Sim2s may reflect differential roles each isoform plays during development or in tissue-specific effects on other protein-mediated pathways.

Alternative Splicing↗