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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[The formation of medical knowledges in Russia before 1800: contributions of German speaking physicians].

Under the Moscovian grand duke VASILIJ III (1505-1533) the physician NICOLAUS BüLOW from Lübeck translated into Russian "Gaerde der Suntheit" (The garden of health), printed at Lübeck in 1492. Many German oral and literal medical transfers to Russia are documented since, amongst those from whole Europe, which SABINE DUMSCHAT has actually investigates (1998; 2003). At the end of the 16th century the German translation fo JOHANN REMMELINS (1583-1632) "catoptron microcosmicum" (1661) was translated into Russian for teaching the first Russian military surgeons (fel'dshery). JOSIAS WEITBRECHT (1702-1747) from Württemberg, member of the Imperial Academy of Science at St Petersburg since 1725, created a catalog of the anatomical preparations in the Petersburg Chamber of Arts, which Peter I let buy from FREDERIK RUYSCH in 1717 at Amersterdamn. WEITBRECHT lectured on anatomy and physiology at the Academy since 1730, what DANIEL BERNOULLI (1700-1782) had done there before. JOHANN BLATHASAR HANHART (1704-1739) from Winterthur, surgeon since 1733 at the new Petersburg Admiralty's hospital was ordered to create the Latin terminology for the first anatomical atlas, ever printed in Russia (1744). When HANHART had died, the surgeon from Petersburg Army's hospital CHRISTOPH JAKOB VON MELLEN (1705-1765) from Lübeck finished his work. In 1757 and 1761 the chief-surgeon at the Admiralty's hospital MARTIN SHEIN (1712-1762) published the first textbooks on anatomy and surgery in Russian, having translated JOHANN ZACHARIAS PLATNERS 'Institutiones chirurgicae", Lipsiae 1745. In 1764 the accoucheur-surgeon JOHANN PAGENKAMPF, Personal surgeon of EKATERINA II, translated and published a German textbook from JOHANN HORN for accoucheuses into Russian for teaching at the Moscow school for accoucheuses under JOHANN FRIEDRICH ERASMUS from Strasburg, founded in 1757.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1985

[Pathoanatomists--veterans of World War II 1941-1945].

During the Great Patriotic War, many pathologists, both pre-war professionals and those receiving the degree at a war-time, worked in the ranks of the Red Army. Moreover, many future pathologists who have got medical training after the war, participated in the battles with fascists aggressors as soldiers and officers of different kinds of troops as well as in the partisan movement. Prewar merits of the veterans in the field of pathology and their successful professional and administrative work after the war are listed. Likewise the achievements of pathologists who were soldiers or officers of the Red Army during the war and who after the war got their medical degree and became well-known scientists or clinical pathologists efficiently working in the Soviet public health, science and teaching, are recorded.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2006

Historical approaches to post-combat disorders.

Almost every major war in the last century involving western nations has seen combatants diagnosed with a form of post-combat disorder. Some took a psychological form (exhaustion, combat fatigue, combat stress reaction and post-traumatic stress disorder), while others were characterized by medically unexplained symptoms (soldier's heart, effort syndrome, shell shock, non-ulcer dyspepsia, effects of Agent Orange and Gulf War Syndrome). Although many of these disorders have common symptoms, the explanations attached to them showed considerable diversity often reflected in the labels themselves. These causal hypotheses ranged from the effects of climate, compressive forces released by shell explosions, side effects of vaccinations, changes in diet, toxic effects of organophosphates, oil-well fires or depleted-uranium munitions. Military history suggests that these disorders, which coexisted in the civilian population, reflected popular health fears and emerged in the gaps left by the advance of medical science. While the current Iraq conflict has yet to produce a syndrome typified by medically unexplained symptoms, it is unlikely that we have seen the last of post-combat disorders as past experience suggests that they have the capacity to catch both military planners and doctors by surprise.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Commitment.

Many trends in military medicine and civilian medical practice portend change that is unsettling to physicians. Historically, the medical profession has responded to patients' needs with both the art and the science of medicine. Many of the lessons learned regarding humanism in medicine are worth repeating. It is the job of physicians as teachers to keep bringing us back to certain basic principles. Commitment to God, country, honor, courage, leadership, and teaching should be stressed among those principles. Military physicians must also develop an attitude regarding their dual officer/doctor role because military and medical objectives may present difficult ethical decisions. In addition, observance of time-honored customs and traditions can bring a sense of justifiable pride to the physician caring for our nation's military members, their families, and retirees.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1986

Arguments against tighter restrictions on the use of animals and in favor of experimenter-regulated research.

There are several potential problems with stronger animal welfare legislation. Partly because there are no simple logical rules separating what most people would consider acceptable and what is inhumane, it may not be possible to stop the program before the restrictions become so strict that science is harmed. Provisions should at least be included that improve animal welfare without threatening science. The researcher is often best at deciding whether to do an experiment because he can best estimate the benefits. The time and effort spent meeting the bureaucratic requirements and administering the program may be largely wasted in many countries because the cruel experiments never would have been conducted in the first place. Military research is likely to be exempt from the restrictions and may become a haven for prohibited civilian research to the detriment of both the animals and science. The legislation provides legal means by which some people are given the right to impose their moral beliefs upon others, by essentially creating and administering new laws, and judging and penalizing offenders, all outside of the existing legal structure.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1984

[Aerospace medicine and its scientific and technological fallout in the field of general biomedicine].

A general preliminary study is made of possible "fall-out" applications from military technology--especially in certain electronics sectors--enabling such technology to be used for non-military purposes that would greatly benefit society, for example in the biomedical field. The continued and profitable exchange that is rapidly developing, not only between technology and science but also between science and technology in the specific sector of aviation medicine, in discussed in detail. The direct and indirect theoretical and practical applications of aviation medicine in medical science, practical medicine and health services are briefly outlined (apparatus for inhaling oxygen; safety and "delethalisation" methods for accidents caused by violent impact; the application of minor technologies in the fields of immunology and hygiene-prophylaxis to air transport and rescue services; the selection and medico-legal check-ups of all military and civilian flight personnel; the emergency transport of transplant organs and seriously ill patients requiring emergency transplants, etc.). Current and possible future practical applications of the vast experience acquired by space medicine had to solve complex problems relating to space flight and man's survival in space, such as: the absence of gravity (and its functional effects on the body's main system and organs), exposure to cosmic and solar radiation, conditioning and prolonged isolation in the space capsule, modifications in circadian rhythms, "space sickness", etc. Finally, the study recalls that the evolution and refinement of aerospace technology has made it possible to make use of exceptional space conditions, such as "microgravity", to conduct in-depth studies--in extreme conditions--of certain biological phenomena and to gain further knowledge of the genesis and to gain of various vital processes. Another area under study is the production--in extremely favourable conditions--of new, vaccines, enzymes and hormones, new drugs for therapy and prophylaxis and for biopharmacology, and new food sources which are of prime importance for man's future requirements.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Science, politics and ethics in the low dose debate.

The roles of science, ethics and politics are identified in respect of the risks of exposure to low-dose radiation. Two case studies, the epidemiology of the United Kingdom nuclear test veterans and the risks to civilians associated with the military use of depleted uranium, are considered in the context of their ethical framing, scientific evaluation and political resolution. Two important issues for the present and future, the safe management of U.K. radioactive waste and the future of nuclear power, in which the science of low dose effects will be crucial and where the ethical issues are much more complex, are introduced. Specific consideration is given to the potential hereditary effects of ionising radiation in relation to the current state of radiobiological knowledge. It is concluded that for science to be useful in public health policy making there needs to be some reform from within the profession and the political imperative for freely independent scientific institutions.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed2005

Noninvasive vascular testing--a 35-year reflection.

Noninvasive vascular testing has made a major contribution to the care of vascular surgery patients. This article a reflection on a 35-year corroborative association with Doctor Norman Rich, during which many of the advances in noninvasive vascular testing have been witnessed and effected. I served my vascular surgery fellowship under Doctor Rich in 1967-68 at Walter Reed Army Hospital. The only noninvasive vascular equipment then was a pencil probe Doppler. The value of the Doppler in the management of peripheral vascular disease that year and in determining limb viability in combat surgery in Vietnam the following year was established, and both experiences were published. Later, Doctor Rich established the annual Military Vascular Surgery Meeting and was appointed as the first Chair of the Department of Surgery at the Uniformed Services University for Health Sciences (USU). I entered private practice in Central California in 1976, and ultrasonic imaging was developed which allowed noninvasive examination of the carotid arteries. I then developed a protocol to screen for the three silent, immediate causes of stroke, employing a "a quick carotid scan" for carotid artery disease, a lead II rhythm strip for atrial fibrillation, and blood pressure determination for hypertension so that these common causes of strokes could be recognized and treated, and potentially prevent the majority of strokes. My association with USU, Doctor Rich, and others involved proved instrumental in initiating implementation of stroke prevention screening. The structure established at USU provides a means of establishing the protocol nationally. Noninvasive vascular testing is an addition to Medical Science that has led to significant improvements in individual patient care and that has the potential of allowing a major reduction in death and disability from stroke and other vascular diseases. Throughout a 35-year collaborative association with Doctor Norman M. Rich, I have witnessed and developed many of these advances. These contributions to noninvasive vascular testing reflect the value of our collaboration.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2006

Research for the soldier: bringing science fiction medicine to life.

Through means of a science fiction vignette, this paper presents and discusses many of the current research projects ongoing to enable the U.S. military medical services to provide an outstanding level of care in future conflicts. The research capabilities and programs of the U.S. Army Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC) are discussed, as are the partnerships between the TATRC and its collaborating researchers.

Biomedical Research↗