Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MEASLES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Measles in Ibadan: a continuous scourge.

Measles remains one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in the world, despite the availability of a safe, effective, relatively inexpensive vaccine. It is also one of the leading causes of childhood blindness in the developing world. We reviewed the records of cases of measles admitted into Oni Memorial Children's Hospital, Ibadan over a 5-year period, January 2000 to December 2004; to evaluate any changes in the pattern of the disease. A total of 666 cases of measles were admitted comprising of 347 males and 319 females, giving a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. The yearly incidence of measles remained fairly the same from January 2000 to December 2002. There was a marked increase in yearly incidence in the year 2003. The majority of the affected children (74.1%) were 2 years and below. One hundred and thirty-six (20.4%) cases developed measles before the age of 9 months, the recommended age for measles vaccination in Nigeria. The peak incidence occurred in the months February and March. The commonest complication was bronchopneumonia, seen in 45.2% of cases. Other complications include protein-energy malnutrition, tuberculosis, croup, keratopathy, otitis media, heart failure and tension pneumothorax. Fifty-six patients died giving a case fatality rate of 8.4%. Factors associated with increased mortality were young age (<2years) and malnutrition. Measles remains a major threat to the health of the Nigerian child. A significant number of children developed measles before receiving the required vaccination at the recommended age of 9 months. There is a need to review the current immunisation policy, strengthen immunisation practices and improve the living standards in order to make the eradication of measles a reality.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of four techniques of measles diagnosis: virus isolation, immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase & ELISA.

In an attempt to develop reliable, quick, simple and less expensive methods for diagnosing measles in rural areas, a study was undertaken in December, 1989, at the main health centre in Yaoundé, during the measles outbreak, which allowed access to 80 per cent of children living in Yaoundé. During the epidemic, 120 cases of measles were detected (clinically diagnosed) among the 1580 children examined. The control group comprised 120 children without symptoms of measles. Sick and control children were between 6 and 36 months old and comprised 54 males and 64 females. Measles was diagnosed by isolation of measles virus by cell culture, direct immunoperoxidase (DIP), direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and ELISA. Using cell culture, 8 measles virus (7%), 22 herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), 6 varied enterovirus and 4 adenovirus were isolated in the sick group. In the control group, 8 HSV1, 5 enteroviruses and 4 adenoviruses were isolated. By DIP and DIF, 36 positive cases were detected (30%) and 84 negative cases in the sick group. By ELISA IgM, we found 72 positive cases which confirm clinical diagnosis in 60 per cent and 48 negative cases in the sick group. None of the three methods (DIP, DIF, ELISA) yielded positive cases in the control group. Evidence of the high prevalence of HSV1 during the measles outbreak leads to the question whether there is a primo-infection by the herpes simplex virus or a reactivation by the measles virus.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1991

[A new combined vaccine against yellow fever and measles in infants aged 6 to 24 months in Mali].

In a rural area in Mali, 453 children were randomly enrolled in a study comparing the safety and the immunogenicity of a combined yellow-fever-measles freeze dried vaccine with each yellow-fever and measles separate administration. Children were divided in 2 populations 4-8 and 12-24 month old. 249 were controlled for measles (inhibition of hemagglutination) and yellow-fever (seroneutralization) antibodies. Seroconversion rates for measles were 82% when administrated before 9 months and 100% when given in 12-24 months period. Measles GMT is similar whatever the schedule or the age group; so, early vaccination does not impair the immunogenetic response. Moreover, 96% of the children vaccinated before 9 months still have detectable measles protective antibodies 8 months after. Among the initially seronegative children, the yellow-fever response is satisfactory with 92 to 96% seroconversion rate and post-immunization GMT ranging 16.5 to 29.5 without any statistical difference between the vaccine and age groups. The safety of the combined yellow-fever-measles vaccine is assessed by the rare number of reactions which are equivalent with the normally expected reactions with each vaccine administered separately. The results demonstrate the satisfactory immunogenicity and safety of the combined yellow-fever-measles vaccine. Combine yellow-fever-measles vaccination could help to improve the feasibility of EPI.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Mild measles and secondary vaccine failure during a sustained outbreak in a highly vaccinated population.

A prolonged school-based outbreak of measles provided an opportunity to study "vaccine-modified" mild measles and secondary vaccine failure. Thirty-six (97%) of 37 unvaccinated patients had rash illnesses that met the Centers for Disease Control clinical case definition of measles, but 29 (15%) of 198 vaccinated patients did not, primarily because of low-grade or absent fever. Of 122 patients with seroconfirmed measles, 10 patients (all previously vaccinated) had no detectable measles-specific IgM and significantly milder illness than either vaccinated or unvaccinated patients with IgM-positive serum. Of 108 vaccinated patients with seroconfirmed measles, 17 patients (16%) had IgM-negative serology or rash illnesses that failed to meet the clinical case definition; their mean age (13 years), age at the time of vaccination, and time since vaccination did not differ from those of other vaccinated patients. The occurrence of secondary vaccine failure and vaccine-modified measles does not appear to be a major impediment to measles control in the United States but may lead to underreporting of measles cases and result in overestimation of vaccine efficacy in highly vaccinated populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1966

Viral infections of Toronto children during 1965: II. Measles encephalitis and other complications.

Among 16 cases of measles encephalitis observed in Toronto during 1964 and 1965, including six who were stuporous or comatose on admission and five who presented with convulsions, measles virus was isolated from CSF of one patient, rising titres of measles antihemagglutinin were detected in another patient, and 14 showed high antibody titres in sera collected as early as two to five days after onset of the measles rash. Increasing levels of measles antibody were detected in paired sera from three of seven patients with uncomplicated measles, and elevated antihemagglutinin titres were found in 16 cases of measles without neural involvement. Measles virus was isolated from lung tissue of a fatal case of giant cell pneumonia. Administration of pooled human gamma globulin to one leukemic patient, and of leukocytes from a convalescent donor to another leukemic child, may have assisted their recovery from measles.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Measles outbreak in 31 schools: risk factors for vaccine failure and evaluation of a selective revaccination strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk factors for measles vaccine failure and to evaluate the effectiveness of a selective revaccination strategy during a measles outbreak. DESIGN: Matched case-control study. SETTING: Thirty-one schools in Mississauga, Ont. SUBJECTS: Eighty-seven previously vaccinated school-aged children with measles that met the Advisory Committee on Epidemiology's clinical case definition for measles. Two previously vaccinated control subjects were randomly selected for each case subject from the same homeroom class. INTERVENTIONS: All susceptible contacts were vaccinated, and contacts who had been vaccinated before Jan. 1, 1980, were revaccinated. When two or more cases occurred in a school all children vaccinated before 1980 were revaccinated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of measles associated with age at vaccination, time since vaccination, vaccination before 1980 and revaccination. RESULTS: Subjects vaccinated before 12 months of age were at greater risk of measles than those vaccinated later (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 7.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6 to 38.3; p = 0.01). Those vaccinated between 12 and 14 months of age were at no greater risk than those vaccinated at 15 months or over. Subjects vaccinated before 1980 were at greater risk than those vaccinated after 1980 (adjusted OR 14.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 135.6). Time since vaccination was not a risk factor. Revaccination was effective in reducing the risk of measles in both subjects vaccinated before 1980 and those vaccinated after 1980 (adjusted OR reduced to 0.6 [95% CI 0.1 to 5.3] and 0.3 [95% CI 0.13 to 2.6] respectively). However, only 18 cases were estimated to have been prevented by this strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to routine measles vaccination for all eligible children is important in ensuring appropriate coverage with a single dose. The selective revaccination strategy's high labour intensiveness and low measles prevention rate during the outbreak bring into question the effectiveness of such a strategy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Measles history and atopic diseases: a population-based cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT: Many recent cross-sectional studies have suggested that lack of early exposure to communicable diseases, including measles, in affluent countries may have increased rates of atopic disease. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between natural measles infection and atopy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional nationwide study in Finland using data gathered between November 1, 1982, and June 30, 1986. SUBJECTS: A total of 547910 individuals aged 14 months to 19 years who at the time of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination had relevant information collected on the occurrence of measles and allergic rhinitis, eczema, and asthma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime occurrence of atopic manifestations in subjects who had had measles compared with those who had not, expressed as age-specific and age-adjusted prevalence ratios. RESULTS: The age-adjusted prevalence ratio of atopic manifestations among those who had had measles (n = 20 690) compared with those who had not (n = 527 220) was 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-1.36) for eczema, 1.41 (95% CI, 1.33-1.49) for rhinitis, and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.54-1.79) for asthma. The positive association between measles and atopy was evident at all ages, in both urban and rural dwellers, and among subjects with many or few contacts at home or in day care. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data, measles and atopy occur more frequently together than expected, which does not support the hypothesis that experiencing natural measles infection offers protection against atopic disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Complement dependen cytotoxic antibody activity against measles virus in multiple sclerosis.

The presence of measles cytotoxic (CT) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in 195 multiples sclerosis (MS) patients and 251 controls was tested. The measles virus Lu carrier cells labeled with 51Cr were exposed to serum specimens in the presence of complement in order to test the presence of CT antibody. The analysis of complement dependent CT antibodies against measles virus revealed significantly (P less than 0.01) higher titers in MS patients than in the control group. However, the measles HI test failed to show this difference. Measles CT titers greater than or equal to 1: 32 among MS patients occured in 54.9% and in 35.5% among the controls. In comparison with this the HI method revealed measles titers greater than or equal to 1:128 more often in the control group than in MS cases (27.9 and 17.9%, respectively). The presence of CT antibodies against measles virus in MS proves that these patients have a function defence mechanism to eliminate virus infected cells. The high measles antibody titer among MS patients could be due to recurrent antigenic stimulation caused measles virus persistency. Whether this virus persistency plays a role in MS can not be decided on the available data.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2004

Measles: immune suppression and immune responses.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that remains the leading vaccine-preventable cause of child mortality worldwide. Deaths from measles are due largely to an increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial and viral infections, attributed to a prolonged state of immune suppression. Several abnormalities of the immune system have been described, including changes in lymphocyte number and function, shifts in cytokine responses, immunomodulatory effects of interleukin-10, down regulation of interleukin-12, impaired antigen presentation, and altered interferon alpha/beta signaling pathways. Although the current vaccine is very effective, knowledge of the molecular basis of the immune responses to measles virus could contribute to the development of a safer, more immunogenic measles vaccine. However, the safety of new measles vaccines must be carefully investigated, as two measles vaccines have resulted in unintended immunologic consequences: atypical measles following administration of the formalin-inactivated measles vaccine and increased mortality in girls following administration of high-titer measles vaccines.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Measles surveillance and control in Tunisia: 1979-2000.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze measles epidemiology in Tunisia after the introduction of specific vaccine in 1979 and the results of the serological investigation of suspected cases, introduced as part of the National Program for Measles Elimination recently implemented. METHODS: Available data were used to examine trends in measles epidemiology from 1979 to 2000: number of reported cases, patient's age, reporting date, epidemiological link with similar cases and laboratory confirmation. Serological investigation included the detection, by ELISA, of measles and rubella IgMs in 542 suspected measles cases sampled from 1997 to 2000. RESULTS: Measles coverage level increased gradually and was maintained to over 90% since 1992. In parallel, the annual incidence of reported cases declined and outbreaks became less frequent, the latest occurred in 1992. Measles-specific IgMs were detected in only nine patients who received measles vaccine few days before blood collection, anti-rubella IgMs were detected in 52% of cases. CONCLUSION: Vaccination strategies including routine and supplemental immunizations, implemented in Tunisia, achieved a substantial decrease in measles incidence. Virological results highlight frequent confusion, at the clinical level, with the other etiologies of rash and fever and the importance of systematic serological confirmation of cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Cloning of DNA complementary to the measles virus mRNA encoding nucleocapsid protein.

Double-stranded cDNA synthesized from total poly(A)-containing mRNA, extracted from monkey cells infected with measles virus, has been inserted into Pst cleavage site of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 and cloned. A clone containing measles virus DNA sequences was identified by hybridization to a measles virus-specific 32P-labeled cDNA probe prepared from the mRNA of measles virus-infected cells. Cellular sequences in the probe were neutralized by prehybridization with an excess of unlabeled mRNA from uninfected monkey cells. The insert of cloned cDNA isolated contans 1420 base pairs, as shown by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. The size of the mRNA complementary to this cloned cDNA is 1750 nucleotides, as determined by the reverse Southern technique. The cloned DNA fragment was further identified as the reverse transcript of the mRNA coding for the nucleocapsid protein of measles virus on the basis that the major cell-free translation product of mRNA selected by hybridization to the cloned DNA comigrated with the nucleocapsid protein and was immunoprecipitated by measles virus-specific antibodies. Subsequently, the cloned DNA was used to detect specific measles virus sequences in the poly(A)-RNA extracted from brain autopsy material from a patient with subacute sclerosing panecephalitis. The cloned DNA can thus be used as a probe to study the structure and expression of the measles genome, and in particular, to study diseases of the central nervous system in which persistent infection with measles virus has been implicated.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Measles surveillance in the United States: an overview.

The elimination of endemic measles from the United States has been a national goal since the introduction of measles vaccine, and measles surveillance has been crucial to guide the elimination efforts. The United States surveillance system is geared towards detection of measles virus transmission, rapid discovery of measles outbreaks to facilitate outbreak control, and identification of risk factors for measles. The surveillance system is a passive reporting system that, when activated by a reported case of suspected measles, triggers a search for additional cases around the reported case. Cases are typically reported by health care providers or from schools and day care centers. The sensitivity of the system is increased through reporting and investigation of all suspected measles cases by means of an inclusive case definition (generalized maculopapular rash and fever), and the specificity is increased through laboratory testing for measles of all suspected cases.

Disease Notification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measles in India.

Measles is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among the children of India. In spite of this it is not considered a serious problem by the health authorities. Practically no cases are reported, and only those children with significant complications are hospitalized. Thus hospital records do not reflect the magnitude of the problem. In recent years attention has been focused on the evaluation of the morbidity and mortality due to measles in India. In the absence of reliable estimates, it is presumed that almost everyone in India suffers from measles before the age of 10 years. Hospital-based studies have found that 20%-70% of children with measles develop minor and major complications. On the basis of the few hospital-based studies and community surveys, it appears that the mortality rate due to measles is 3%-15%, depending on the health-care system in the community. All available data point to the necessity of immunization programs against measles, but logistical and economic constraints have prevented introduction of measles immunization in the Expanded Programme on Immunization. A limited experience with measles vaccine in India has shown that practically no cases occur among immunized children and that seroconversion rates are excellent. It is urgent to create awareness among health authorities, physicians, and health workers of the problem of measles.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measles: summary of worldwide impact.

Nearly every measles infection results in well-recognized clinical disease. In nonimmunized populations almost every child will get measles early in life. The universality of the disease in nonimmunized communities, particularly those in the developing world, has led to a more or less passive acceptance of measles as an unavoidable risk of early life. The clinical spectrum of measles ranges from a mild, self-limiting illness to a fatal disease. Conditions encountered mainly in the developing world, e.g., unfavorable nutrition, high risk of concurrent infection, and inadequate case management -- particularly at home -- favor the development of complications and adverse outcome. Conversely, good clinical management of an otherwise healthy child, a situation seen mostly in the developed world, greatly influences the course of the disease. Hence many in the medical profession believe that measles is a mild disease except among populations living under particularly unfavorable conditions. Measles vaccine is effective in preventing disease in the individual and in controlling it in the community if it is given at the critical age when maternal antibodies wane and the risk of natural infection increases sharply and if a high immunization rate is maintained in the target population. The experience with immunization, particularly in sub-saharan Africa, is rewarding: mothers who had previously accepted measles as an unavoidable risk clamour for immunization of their children once its effectiveness has been demonstrated. No reason exists for measles to claim its present toll of morbidity and mortality. With extension of the Expanded Programme on Immunization of the World Health Organization, the impact of measles should progressively decline.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Elimination of indigenous measles from the United States.

In October 1978, a nationwide initiative to eliminate indigenous measles from the United States by October 1, 1982, was announced. The measles elimination program has three major elements: attaining and maintaining high immunization levels, aggressive and effective surveillance, and vigorous response to cases. In 1980, immunization levels in children entering school for the first time were 96%, indicating that the necessary levels have been attained in the age group. Mechanisms are in place to assure maintenance of these levels; these rely heavily on the use of immunization requirements for school attendance in each state. Aggressive surveillance systems have been developed for each state to detect suspected measles cases as soon as possible after they occur and to investigate them within 24 hr of notification. The clinical definition of measles used is fever of greater than or equal to 101 F (38.3 C); rash of three or more days duration; and cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis. The response to outbreaks involves identifying persons in the area who are at risk of contracting measles, determining those who are possibly susceptible, and ensuring that these persons are vaccinated. In school outbreaks, susceptible students are vaccinated or excluded from school until the outbreak is over. During 1981, measles morbidity reached a record low level of only 3,032 reported cases (provisional total). Epidemic measles occurred in only a few outbreaks of limited size and duration, and endemic cases were restricted to a small number. Imported cases averaged slightly more than two per week, occasionally producing limited outbreaks, but more often resulting in no secondary spread. Transmission of measles has been interrupted in most of the United States. With continued vigorous implementation of the current strategy and with additional measures to lessen the risk of importations, it appears likely that the goal to eliminate indigenous measles transmission will be attained by October 1982.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Measles in rural Bangladesh: issues of validation and age distribution.

In the Third World, scientists have described thoroughly the pattern of measles in Africa. In Asia, however, the epidemiology of measles has been poorly described. In 1989, a measles surveillance system was initiated in Matlab, rural Bangladesh in order to monitor measles incidence in the area. The population (100,000), which has relatively low immunization coverage, has an excellent demographic surveillance system which allows accurate follow-up. The system works through trained community health workers who visit all households every fortnight and report possible cases of measles. Medical doctors review a proportion of index cases and cases in infants soon after the appearance of the rash. Of the 4673 cases reported in all age groups, 18% were visited by medics. Confirmation of diagnosis was related to the age at onset and overreporting by community health workers is documented. The incidence of measles was estimated at 43% of children < 5 years old. Of cases < 5 years of age, 14% occurred below the age at vaccination (incidence rate = 5.5%). A strong seasonal pattern is reported. Case-fatality rates are low. This is the first report which shows the effect of age on reliability of reported measles. It shows the misclassification likely to occur when reporting measles in large-scale surveys, particularly in infants. It also shows that the pattern of measles in this community resembles the pattern reported for African communities and calls for a review of immunization strategies with vaccination below 9 months of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Validity of measles mortality data using hospital registers and community surveys.

BACKGROUND: Case-fatality rates (CFR) for measles cases have previously been reported to be higher in hospital than in community studies. METHODS: Data on measles morbidity and mortality obtained in community investigations of measles outbreaks in two rural districts in Kenya were compared to data from the same time period on measles morbidity and mortality in children hospitalized with measles in the respective district hospitals. RESULTS: The CFR were found to be considerably lower in the respective district hospitals, 1.7 and 2.1%, than in the community surveys, 8.0% and 9.4%, respectively (relative risk [RR] 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.30, and RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.05-0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Hospital-based studies of the CFR in measles infection are not representative of measles mortality in the community. It may be misleading to use hospital data in measles control surveillance systems. Further studies are needed of the mortality after discharge of hospitalized measles cases.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Measles vaccination and inflammatory bowel disease: a national British Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Measles vaccination has been suggested as a risk for inflammatory bowel disease. Atypical age of measles infection has also been associated with Crohn's disease. This study was designed to examine the relationship of measles vaccination and age of measles vaccination with later inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: A prospective population-based national birth cohort was used, of those born in 1 wk in April 1970 in Great Britain. The data are from 7616 responding members of the 1970 British Cohort Study with complete vaccination data, who were traced at age 26 yr. A diagnosis of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and diabetes mellitus (a control disease) was obtained by survey at age 26 yr, and confirmed by physicians. Vaccination data were from survey at age 5 yr. Measles and mumps infection data were obtained from the survey at age 10 yr. Adjustment was made for sex, household crowding in childhood, and father's social class at birth. RESULTS: No statistically significant association was found between measles vaccination status at 5 yr and Crohn's disease (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27-1.63), ulcerative colitis (adjusted OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.20-1.61), or diabetes (adjusted OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.33-1.74). There was a statistically significant trend (p = 0.040) with increasing age of measles vaccination for risk of Crohn' s disease, although this was based on very few cases vaccinated after age 2 yr. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, monovalent measles vaccination status is not associated with inflammatory bowel disease by age 26 yr. Older age at measles vaccination needs to be examined in other studies to confirm whether it is a genuine risk for Crohn's disease.

Adult↗